| 释义 |
horizontal, a. (n.)|hɒrɪˈzɒntəl|
[f. L. type *horīzontāl-is, f. horīzōn, horīzont- (see prec. n.). Cf. F. horizontal (1545 in Hatz.-Darm.).]
A. adj.
1. Of or belonging to the horizon; situated on or occurring at the horizon. Now chiefly in special collocations, as horizontal parallax, the geocentric parallax of a heavenly body when on the horizon.
1555Eden Decades 9 The eleuation of the pole from the horizontal lyne. 1665Hooke Microgr. 236 The Astronomers..who have calculated the distance of the Planets from their Horizontal Parallax. 1667Milton P.L. i. 595 As when the Sun new ris'n Looks through the Horizontal misty Air. 1709Berkeley Th. Vision §77 He will..declare the horizontal moon shall appear greater than the meridional. 1816Playfair Nat. Phil. II. 74 The parallax at any given altitude..is to the horizontal parallax as the cosine of the altitude to the radius.
2. a. Parallel to the plane of the horizon; at right angles to the vertical line; level; flat; measured in a line or plane parallel to the horizon.
horizontal equivalent, the distance between two points or two adjacent contours measured in a horizontal plane (rather than along the ground). horizontal plane, in Perspective, a plane at the level of the eye, intersecting the perspective plane at right angles, the line of intersection being the horizontal line. horizontal plane of Camper in Craniometry, the plane passing through the centre of the external ear-holes and the inferior nasal spine; the intersection of this with the median plane of the head is the horizontal line (of Camper). horizontal rainbow, a spectrum occasionally seen on or just above the surface of a lake, appearing as an oval or as an open curve with its arms pointing away from the observer.
1638Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 158 The Horyzontall plaine which is..discovered from thirty rising Turrets there, yeelds most pleasure [to look on]. 1665Hooke Microgr. 151 The bended part or Index of it lay horizontal. 1696Phillips (ed. 4), Horizontal Projection, a Projection of the Sphere in Arches of Circles, called Stereographic, wherein the Sphere is pressd into the plain of the Horizon and the Meridians and Parallels of the Sphere projected thereon. 1704F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1711) 27 Changing..from an Horizontal to an Erect Position. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Horizontal Range (in Gunnery), the Level-range of a piece of Ordnance, being the Line it describes parallel to the Horizon. 1834Medwin Angler in Wales II. 210 The head is..circular in its horizontal section. 1886R. C. Leslie Sea-painter's Log 192 That strange family of fish which, commencing life on edge..change that position at an early age for a horizontal one. 1889G. W. Usill Pract. Surveying x. 199 The known difference of height thereof are [sic] called the vertical intervals, and their distance apart upon the survey are termed the horizontal equivalents. 1906Nature 26 Apr. 608/2 (heading) A horizontal rainbow. 1916Monthly Weather Rev. (Wash.) XLIV. 66/1 In general these horizontal rainbows are confined to the early hours of the day. 1952Monkhouse & Wilkinson Maps & Diagrams ii. 74 If two points on a hill-side are projected on to a horizontal plane, as they are on a map, the distance between them is known as the Horizontal Equivalent (H.E.). 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. vi. 419 The horizontal rainbow, or iris, is a relatively rare phenomenon, though it has been observed on a number of lakes in many parts of the world.
b. Applied to various mechanical contrivances, or artificial structures, of which the whole or the main part works or lies in a horizontal direction.
horizontal bar, a round bar fixed horizontally at some distance above the ground for gymnastic exercise. horizontal dial, a dial with the face, or surface on which the hours are marked, horizontal. horizontal (steam) engine, one in which the piston moves horizontally. horizontal escapement (in a watch), ‘one in which the impulse is given by the teeth of a horizontal wheel acting on a hollow cylinder on the axis of the balance; invented by Graham about 1700’ (Knight Dict. Mech.). † horizontal rudder Aeronaut., an elevator on an aircraft. horizontal watch, one having a horizontal escapement. horizontal wheel, a wheel the plane of which is horizontal, the axis being vertical; in a carriage, the wheel-plate or ‘fifth wheel’.
1674Moxon Tutor Astron. v. Prob. iii. (ed. 3) 150, I would make an Horizontal Dyal for Londons Latitude. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 372/2 A Horizontal Dial..is a Dial for a Pillar or top of a Post. 1755Specif. Bosley's Patent No. 698 The scapemt. of the ballance of these my horizontal watches. 1782Specif. T. Tyrer's Patent No. 1311 [For a] Horizontal scapement for a Watch. 1794W. Felton Carriages (1801) I. 45 When the carriage is intended for a whole or horizontal wheel, the perch has no hooping-piece, but is bolted by the plates at each end to the inside of the transoms. Ibid. 46 Extending to the out circumference of the horizontal half-wheel. 1817Horizontal rudder [see sail n.1 1 d]. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 139 Horizontal and vertical windmills. 1827G. Hamilton Elem. Gymnastics 55 The performer, taking hold of the horizontal bar, swings backward and forward. 1843Lancet 27 May 302/1 [I] made her exercise twice a day on a horizontal bar erected for the purpose. 1875T. Frost Circus Life ix. 161 The rising school of young gymnasts..began to practise on..the horizontal bar, and the flying rings. 1875Aëronaut. Soc. Gt. Brit. 9th Ann. Rep. 1874 56 This problem M. Renaud has solved by means of his automatic rudder... The idea occurred to him of placing a small horizontal rudder behind the sustaining planes. 1878M. Jewry Warne's Model Cookery Inside front cover (Advt.), Practical Instructions on the Horizontal Bar, Parallel Bars. 1884Punch 8 Mar. 117/1 Let the Ladies learn gymnastics..They'll improve too pale complexions..After practice on the ladders and the horizontal bars. 1895Maclaren Phys. Educ. 254 It is important that every gymnasium should contain two forms of horizontal bar. 1903A. Bennett Truth abt. Author ii. 16 He..taught us to fence, and to do the lesser circle on the horizontal bar. 1909C. C. Turner Aerial Navig. viii. 121 The aviator must further correct this instability by control of the horizontal rudder. 1913A. E. Berriman Aviation vii. 71 Originally the elevator was often called the horizontal rudder. 1964G. C. Kunzle Parallel Bars i. 36 In this case it is very similar to position 2 (c)..on the Horizontal Bar.
c. Bot. Applied to parts or organs having a position at right angles to the stem or axis.
d. Zool. and Anat. Applied to parts, organs, or markings parallel to a plane supposed to extend from end to end and from side to side of the body.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf, Patent Leaf..when it forms perfectly right angles, it is called horizontal. 1880Gray Struct. Bot. vi. §8. 277 Ovules are..horizontal, when borne on one or more sides of the cell and not directed either upward or downward. 1881Mivart Cat 77 The rest is named the horizontal ramus.
3. a. Uniform; producing or based on uniformity. Chiefly U.S.
1842Congress. Globe 17 Mar. 331 Was it expected that this committee would send in a horizontal tariff? 1872Ibid. 28 Mar. 2016/2 The horizontal reduction of duties would do incalculable injury. 1890Ibid. 9 May 4392/2 The Democratic bill made a horizontal cut of 20 per cent. 1907Daily Chron. 23 Sept. 5/3 The ‘Journal of Commerce’ [N.Y.] says that the North German Lloyd Company announced yesterday a practically horizontal cut of 25 dols. on the eastward and westward passages. 1963Times 22 May (Margarine Suppl.) p. viii, The Council of the European Community has already issued a directive in connexion with the use of colour additives. This follows what is known as the ‘horizontal’ system, meaning that it is of application to all food products.
b. In Industry: (see quots. 1959 and 1968). horizontal combination, horizontal integration, horizontal merger, an industrial merger of firms engaged in the same stages or types of manufacture; so horizontal combine, the organization resulting from such a merger.
1927Observer 27 Mar. 5 Looking with a benevolent eye on horizontal combines. 1930M. Clark Home Trade 204 There have been the combinations of one business with one or more of the same type. To this type the term ‘horizontal combine’ is usually applied. 1930Economist 29 Mar. 710/2 Horizontal integration took place in the alcohol and solvents industry. 1959Listener 9 July 46/2 The cotton industry is what is called a horizontal industry... As a rule the processing is done in stages in which the goods pass from one producer to another. 1960Nanassy & Selden Business Dict. 96 Horizontal combination, formation of a business by combining two or more concerns engaged in the same kind of business. 1962H. O. Beecheno Introd. Business Stud. v. 40 When business units of the same type combine..it is called horizontal integration. 1967Economist 15 Apr. 253/3 He also held that all mergers must be judged by the same standards, whether they be vertical, horizontal or conglomerate. 1968J. Ironside Fashion Alphabet 232 The textile and fashion industry works in two ways—horizontal or vertical... The ‘horizontal’ system means that in each stage of its manufacture..the textile goes through different hands... In the ‘vertical’ system, everything from weaving..to making up the garments..is done under one organisation.
c. Denoting a relationship, movement, etc., between a social group of a particular status, class, age-group, etc., and another of similar specifications, as opp. a ‘vertical’ relationship with a higher (or lower) authority, class, age-group, etc.
1931H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness of Mankind (1932) xi. 540 The only remaining physical differences between man and woman are becoming horizontal, i.e., differences between individuals in the same class, and not vertical differences, in which all women are put below all men, or vice versa. 1949Koestler Promise & Fulfilment iii. i. 289 The trend of social migrations is a ‘horizontal’ drift from village and agriculture to town and industry, and a ‘vertical’ drift from working-class to middle-class occupations. 1959Listener 12 Feb. 280/2 When the children's interests turn outwards, when they develop loyalties of a horizontal sort. 1959N. Mailer Advts. for Myself (1961) 374 The old exploitation was vertical—the poor supported the rich. To this vertical exploitation must now be added the horizontal exploitation of the mass by the State and by Monopoly. 1967Listener 13 July 62/2 This horizontal integration of Saudi-Arabian Arab with Egyptian Arab ultimately gave way to the vertical integration of Egyptian peasant with Egyptian professional man.
d. horizontal union = craft union.
1937H. Feldman Probl. Labor Relations iv. 255 Shall the mass production industries..be organized on a ‘horizontal’ (craft union) basis, or in ‘vertical’ (industrial) unions? 1950Theimer & Campbell Encycl. World Politics 425/1 Unions may be craft unions, also known as horizontal unions, or industrial unions, also known as vertical unions.
4. Mus. (See quots. 1955 and 1970.)
1886G. B. Shaw How to become Mus. Critic (1960) 122 The fact that M. Gounod has put too much sugar in it for the palate of a British Protestant might be condoned if the music were not so very horizontal. There is nearly always a pedal flowing along, and the other parts are slipping chromatically down to merge in it. 1900C. W. Pearce Composers' Counterpoint iii. 28 Composers..have re-established the beautiful horizontal polyphony of the two-dimensional period, upon the perpendicular lines of the modern harmonic school. 1942E. Blom Mus. in Eng. ii. 21 Vertical hearing, i.e. listening to the chordal incidence of parts rather than to their separate horizontal flow. 1955L. Feather Encycl. Jazz ii. 53 Similarly ‘horizontal’ or ‘linear’ refers to the relationship of the notes or chords as they are played one after the other, read horizontally across the manuscript. 1962Listener 9 Aug. 225/3 In Webern's texture the distinction between the horizontal and vertical is in a process of complete liquidation. 1970W. Apel Harvard Dict. Mus. (ed. 2) 842/1 Much like woven fabric, music consists of horizontal (‘woof’) and vertical (‘warp’) elements. The former are the successive sounds forming melodies, the latter the simultaneous sounds forming harmonies.
B. n. (ellipt. use of the adj.)
†1. = horizon. Obs.
1555Eden Decades 10 They had euer the northe pole..eleuate in sight aboue the Horizontal. Ibid. 185 It can not bee seene, bycause it is vnder the horisontal.
2. ellipt. A horizontal line, bar, member, etc.
Craniometry. ‘The line drawn from the lower edge of the orbital cavity to the middle of the ear-cavity’ (Cent. Dict.).
1674Moxon Tutor Astron. v. Prob. iv. (ed. 3) 154 You may reduce all Verticals into Horizontals [in dialling]. 1755Young Centaur v. Wks. 1757 IV. 224 To confess, that, though we are not quite horizontals, yet neither are we quite upright. 1816Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 162 The geology of Spain is an alternation of edges and horizontals. 1890Boldrewood Col. Reformer (1891) 225 The ‘cap’, or uppermost horizontal..of rounded..timber. 1955Oxf. Jun. Encycl. VIII. 429/1 The theodolite is also used to measure vertical angles, that is, angles above or below the horizontal. 1962Listener 15 Mar. 479/2 Bonnard derived his use of horizontals and verticals within the picture from Gauguin.
3. An evergreen Tasmanian tree or, in exposed positions, a shrub, Anodopetalum biglandulosum. Also attrib., as horizontal scrub, the mat of vegetation formed by interlocking branches of a group of trees.
1888R. M. Johnston Geol. Tasmania p. vi (Morris), The Horizontal is a tall shrub or tree. 1891Australasian 4 Apr. (Ibid.), That stuff as they calls horizontal, a mess of branches and root. 1898Morris Austral Eng. 202/2 Horizontal scrub. 1927Blackw. Mag. Oct. 471/2 These tentacles of horizontal were generally clothed with a thick velvety covering of damp green moss. 1936Discovery Jan. 15/1 If he meets with a patch of ‘horizontal scrub’, he will clamber over the tree tops. 1949D. Walker We went to Australia xxi. 200 Arid mountain country covered with ‘horizontal scrub’. This extraordinary growth shoots upward for some twenty feet, the boughs then interlocking over very large areas; and so thickly matted is it that you can walk on the scrub some twenty feet from the ground. 1957Forest Trees Austral. (Commonw. Forestry & Timber Bur.) 218/1 Associated species include myrtle beech..and shrub species such as horizontal.
4. [Fr. (grande) horizontale.] A prostitute. Also grand horizontal; also in French form. slang.
1888E.Dowson Let. 13 Nov. (1967) 18, I shall let the liaison run its course—it will be very amusing & not as costly as an affair with a regular horizontale. 1909J. R. Ware Passing Eng. 154/2 Horizontal. 1928A. Philips Boy at Bank v. i, More than ten thousand professional ‘horizontals’ are light o' loves. 1963Times 4 Apr. 16/2 The ‘grand horizontals’ were merely in the argot of the day the leading fashionable cocottes. 1967Observer 8 Oct. 26/2 A grisette is cheaper than a regular horizontale. 1967C. O. Skinner Madame Sarah iii. 44 La Païva, a contemporary ‘grand horizontal’, had attained respectability by marrying. 1970New Yorker 28 Feb. 113/1 He is over-shadowed throughout by Aunt Augusta, the still unretired grande horizontale of seventy-three.
▸ slang (orig. U.S.). humorous. Designating or relating to sexual intercourse. In compounds preceding a noun, esp. one referring to food or (now usually) an energetic activity, as horizontal jogging, horizontal refreshments, etc.
1889A. Barrère & C. G. Leland Dict. Slang I. 475/2 Horizontal refreshments (common), carnal intercourse with a woman. 1918J. M. Grider War Birds 10 May (1926) 128 I'd be willing to guarantee that no one had indulged in any horizontal refreshments here. 1959G. Morrill Dark Sea Running 37 Ever see a society broad that didn't play horizontal polo? 1983C. Matthew in R. W. Holder Dict. Euphemisms (1995) 184/1 Women didn't go in for all this casual, take-it-or-leave-it horizontal jogging. 1992Houston Chron. (Nexis) 4 Apr. 2 Finally, a special room was set up where couples could participate in ‘horizontal dancing’ while lying on the floor. 1996Guardian 20 Feb. ii. 5/3 All the other usherettes seemed singularly uninterested in any form of horizontal jogging. 2001Toronto Star 21 May d2/3 If Carter had stayed with his teammates, or done one of the popular NBA things—stayed out late, gone to a dice game, done the horizontal mambo once or twice—no one would know or wonder. |