| 释义 |
almond|ˈɑːmənd|
Forms: 3–4 almand(e, 3–5 almaund(e, 4–5 almound(e, alemaund, 4–6 almonde, (5 almund, 5–7 almon, 6 alomond, aulmond), 5– almond.
[a. OFr. almande, alemande, earlier alemandre, alemandle (also amande, amandre); cf. Sp. almendra, Pg. amendoa, It. mandorla, mandola, Pr. and med.L. amandola; pointing to early Romanic *amendla, -ola, -ala, from L. amygdala, a. Gr. ἀµυγδάλη. Cf. the change of smaragdum to smeraldo. The initial al- in Fr. and Sp. prob. arose in the latter, by confusing the initial a- (dropped in It., as if no real part of the word) with Arab. article al-, as in almidon (Fr. amidon), almirante (amirand), almáraco (amáracum).
The genealogy of almond is therefore: Gr. ἀµυγδάλη, L. amygdala = ăˈmigdălă, ăˈmingdălă; early Rom. ăˈmendəlă (thence Pg. ăˈmendŏă); splitting up into 'ˈmendəlă (thence It. ˈmandŏla), al-'ˈmend(ə)lă (thence Sp. alˈmendră), and al-ăˈmendəlă, al-ăˈmandəla, whence OFr. alĕˈmandlĕ, alĕˈmandrĕ; OFr. and E. alĕˈmandĕ, alˈmandĕ; E. alˈmaund, ˈalmaund, ˈalmŏnd, ˈāmənd.]
1. The kernel of a drupe or stone-fruit, the produce of the almond tree, of which there are two kinds, the sweet and the bitter.
a1300Cursor M. 6895 Almandes [v.r. almondes, -maundes, -mound] was groun þar-on. 1388Wyclif Numb. xvii. 8 The blossoms..weren fourmed in to alemaundis [1382 almaundes]. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. iii, Yf a foxe eteþ almoundes he schal dye. 1463Mann. & Househ. Exps. 217 Item, vjl. almundys, xviijd. 1542Boorde Dyetary xii. (1870) 263 Almons be hote & moyste; it doth comforte the brest. 1586Bright Melanch. xl. 267 Oile of bitter alomonds. 1611Bible Gen. xliii. 11 Myrrhe, nuts, and almonds. 1769Sir J. Hill Fam. Herb. (1812) 5 Sweet almonds are excellent in emulsions. 1814Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. 83 The principal part of the almond..[is] a substance analogous to coagulated albumen.
2. The tree which bears almonds, Amygdalus communis (family Rosaceæ), closely allied to the genus Prunus, which contains the plum, peach, nectarine, etc. Often in comb. as almond-tree.
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. I. 272 Mark well the flowring Almonds in the Wood. 1735Miller Gard. Dict. s.v. Amygdalus, The common Almond..is cultivated more for the beauty of its flowers, than for its fruit. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 78 The almond and the palm flourish together.
3. A comfit enclosing an almond kernel.
1855,1892[see sugared ppl. a. 1 d].
4. A kernel similar to the almond.
1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 85 Two or three Nuts or Berries, which contain in each a little luscious Almond.
5. Anything shaped like an almond, whether solid or superficial, as:
a. An ornament of that shape;
b. A name given by lapidaries to pieces of rock crystal used in adorning branch candlesticks;
c. An oval with pointed ends.
1853Ruskin Stones Ven. II. ii. §12. 22 Six balls, or rather almonds, of purple marble.
d. Applied attrib. to eyes shaped like an almond, esp. of certain Asian peoples. So almond-eyed adj.
1870‘Mark Twain’ Wks. (1900) XIX. 145 An ‘unsuspecting, almond-eyed son of Confucius’. 1891Wilde Critic as Artist in Intentions 179 The almond-eyed sage of the Yellow River. 1915W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage xxii. 94 He [a Chinaman] laughed..and his almond eyes almost closed as he did so. 1935Discovery Aug. 244/1 Mongol is but a generic term, associated with almond eyes and high cheek bones.
e. attrib., of a face.
1878Wilde Ravenna 8 The almond-face which Giotto drew so well.
6. The tonsils: also called almonds of the throat, jaws, or ears. The latter name is also given to ‘a small lymphatic gland over the mastoid process or below the external ear,’ Syd. Soc. Lex. arch.
1578Lyte Dodoens i. lxxxi. 120 Ulcers of the aulmondes or kernels of the throte. 1607Topsell Four-footed Beasts (1673) 500 Goats milk..gargarized in the mouth, is very effectual against the pains and swellings of the almonds. 1641Baker Chron. (1679) 401/1 The Almonds of her Jaws began to swell. 1709Phil. Trans. XXVI. 318 A pain on the left side about the Almonds of the Ear. 1835Hoblyn Dict. Med., Almonds of the Ears, a popular name for the exterior glands of the neck.
†7. Other almond-shaped animal organs: esp.
a. The operculum of a whelk;
b. Some part of a rabbit's leg. Obs.
c1450J. Russell Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. (1868) 60 His [the whelk's] pyntill & gutt almond & mantille awey þer fro ye pitt. 1627Peacham Compl. Gent. xxi. (1634) 253 To make Paste to last long, you may use..those parts of a Connies legges which are called the Almonds. 1631Markham Way to Wealth ii. i. xiii. (1668) 70 Those parts of the Conies leg which is called the Almond of the Coney.
8. The delicate pink colour of the almond blossom. Also, a light shade of yellow or yellowish brown. almond black, a pigment similar to peach-black (peach n.1 6). almond green, a shade of greyish green.
1835,1869[see peach-black s.v. peach n.1 6]. 1879Daily News 13 June 2/2 Cream colour, relieved with cardinal, and almond adorned with the same fashionable hue. 1920Textile Color Card Assoc. Amer. Fall 2/1 Almond O. 3831. 1923Index to Color Names (Textile Color Card Assoc. of U.S. Inc.) 1 Almond green 5864 Sp. '23. 1934Dict. Colour Standards (Brit. Colour Council) 17 Almond green, Russian Green, B.C.C. 10. General representation of samples submitted by Textile and other Colour Using Industries. 1977Western Morning News 30 Aug. 4/1 (Advt.), 1974 (N) Rover 2200 TC. Almond. One owner. 29,000 miles.
9. From its colour: A kind of pigeon, more fully called the Almond Tumbler.
1735J. Moore Columbarium 39 But amongst all [the colours of Tumblers], there is a Mixture of three Colours, vulgarly call'd an Almond, perhaps from the Quantity of Almond colour'd Feathers that are found in the Hackle: Others call it an Ermine. 1765(title) A treatise on domestic pigeons..to which is added, a most ample description of that celebrated and beautiful pigeon called the Almond Tumbler. 1854Poultry Chron. I. 359/2 Marks in the Almond Tumbler... Should it be an almond, it will most likely have a great deal of black about it. 1867Tegetmeier Pigeons ii. 113 The feathers of the Almond should be covered with a metallic lustre or gloss. 1883Stand. 11 Jan. 3/6 The almond tumbler, a round plump bird.
10. Comb. and attrib., in which almond stands in simple attributive relation, as almond blossom, almond colour, almond flower, almond fruit, almond shape, almond wood; in attributive relation of material, as almond cake, almond custard, almond paste, etc.; or in similative or instrumental relation to a pa. pple., as almond-leaved, almond-scented, almond-shaped; almond-shaded. Also almond-comfit = almond 3; almond-kernel (= almond 1, 6); almond oil, the expressed oil of bitter almonds, or benzoic aldehyde; almond-peach, a hybrid between the almond and peach, cultivated in France; almond rock, snow, confections made with almonds; almond tree, the tree that bears almonds, also fig. (from the colour of its flowers) grey hair; almond tumbler (see almond 9); almond willow, or almond-leaved willow, Salix amygdalina; almond-worts, Lindley's name for the plants of his family Drupaceæ or stone-fruits. Also almond-butter, -milk, q.v.
a1842Tennyson To the Queen 16 The sun-lit almond-blossom shakes.
1751Chambers Cycl., Almonds give the denomination to a great number of preparations in confectionery, cookery, etc. whereof they are the basis; as Almond cakes, Almond cream..Almond paste, Almond snow.
1853Mrs. Gaskell Cranford xv. 299 If a little child came in to ask for an ounce of almond-comfits..she always added one more.
1440Promp. Parv., Almaunde frute [1499 almon] Amigdalum.
1601Holland Pliny (1634) II. 146 Tonsils or Almond-kernels on either side of the throat.
a1845Hood T. of Trumpet xiii, The almond-oil she had tried.
1629J. Parkinson Parad. iii. xv. 582 The Almond Peach, so called, because the kernell of the stone is sweete, like the Almond, and the fruit also somewhat pointed like the Almond in the huske.
1880M. E. Braddon Asph. II. 95 The golden tinge of the almond pound-cake.
1859Sala Tw. round Clock 56 The relative merits of almond-rock and candied horehound. 1880Daily News 6 May 5/5 Almond rock and peppermint drops.
1881Wilde By Arno in Poems 162 The almond-scented vale.
a1790T. Warton Poems 60 (Jod.) Carmel's almond-shaded steep.
1830Edin. Rev. LII. 71 Amydaloid is a rock containing almond-shaped cavities.
1388Wyclif Eccles. xii. 5 An alemaunde tre schal floure. 1590Pasquil's Apol. i. E b, Vpon whose siluer heads the Almond-tree hath blossomde. 1611Bible Jer. i. 11, I see a rodde of an almond tree. a1763Shenstone (T.) Trees more and more fady, till they end in an almond-willow.
1867M. E. Herbert Cradle L. i. 3 Floors..made of ebony and almond-wood. |