| 释义 |
hydro-|haɪdrəʊ|
before a vowel also hydr-, = Gr. ὑδρ(ο-, combining form of ὕδωρ water, employed in many compounds adopted or formed from Greek.
Of the numerous compounds in Greek some were adopted in Latin, whence they passed into English either directly or through French: the earliest of these are hydropic, hydropsy, hydromancy, and hydromel, found in the 13th and 14th c. A few others were added to the language during the 16th and 17th c., as hydrocele, hydrographer, -graphy, hydrology, hydrophobia, hydrostatic; but the greater number of the words now in use belong to the common scientific vocabulary of the 19th c. (including the end of the 18th c.).
The words so formed may be thus classed: a. Miscellaneous terms, in which hydro- has the sense of ‘water’, as in hydrography, hydrometer, hydropathy, hydrostatics. These pass into terms in which hydro- is used in more or less loose combination, as hydrogeology, hydro-galvanic, hydro-electricity, hydro-extractor, hydro-propulsion. b. In medical and pathological terminology, hydro- is extensively used to form names of diseases (chiefly in Latin or Greek form), being prefixed (a) to names of parts of the body, to denote that such part is dropsical or affected with an accumulation of serous fluid, as in hydroabdomen (dropsy of the abdomen, ascites), hydroblepharon (-um) [Gr. βλέϕαρον eyelid], hydrocardia [Gr. καρδία heart], hydro-cranium, hydro-derma, hydro-gaster [Gr. γαστήρ belly], hydro-gastria, hydro-hystera [Gr. ὑστέρα womb], hydromphalum (-us) [Gr. ὀµϕαλός navel], hydromyelus, hydro-myelia [Gr. µυελός marrow, used for ‘spinal cord’], hydro-nephros [Gr. νεϕρός kidney], hydro-ovarium [see ovary], hydro-pericardium, hydro-peritonæum, hydrorrhachis [Gr. ῥάχις spine], hydrosalpinx [Gr. σάλπιγξ trumpet, used for ‘Fallopian tube’], hydrothorax; also, in the combination hydropneumo-, to express the presence of water and air, as in hydropneumopericardium, hydropneumothorax; (b) to names of diseases or diseased formations, denoting the accompaniment of dropsy or of an accumulation of serous fluid, as hydrocachexia, -y [see cachexy], hydro-diarrhœa, hydro-hæmothorax, hydro-meningitis, hydro-pericarditis, hydro-peritonitis, hydrorrhachitis, etc.; hydrocirsocele, hydr(o)enterocele, hydromeningocele, hydro-myelocele, hydro-physocele, hydro-sarcocele, hydroscheocele, etc.
c. Prefixed to names of minerals, hydro- denotes a hydrous compound, or the addition of water or its constituents to the elements of the primary mineral.
d. (a) In modern chemical terms (the earliest of which were formed in French), the prefix hydro- originally meant combination with water. In many cases however this really amounted to combination with the hydrogen supplied by the water; so that hydr(o- has become the regular combining form of hydrogen, like oxy- for oxygen, nitro- for nitrogen, cyano- for cyanogen.
1822J. Imison Sc. & Art II. 21 To distinguish the acids formed by hydrogen, from those formed by oxygen, the former are designated by the word hydro, as the hydro⁓chloric acid. 1853W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) 4 If composed of oxygen united to a metalloid, such as carbon, or a metal..the acid is simply named from the metalloid or metal, as carbonic acid, chromic acid. But if the acid contains hydrogen united to a metalloid, the word ‘hydro’ is prefixed; as hydro-chloric acid (hydrogen and chlorine), hydro-sulphuric acid (hydrogen and sulphur), &c.
(b) Prefixed to the name of a compound substance, hydro- usually means the addition or substitution of hydrogen in its constitution, e.g. benzoin C14H12O2, hydrobenzoin C14H14O2; so cinchonine, hydrocinchonine, cellulose, hydrocellulose, etc.
e. In modern zoological terminology, hydro- is used in the nomenclature relating to members of the class Hydrozoa and their characteristic organs or parts. Strictly speaking, hydro- is here a combining form of the generic name hydra; but this is itself a derivative of Gr. ὕδωρ, ὑδρ(ο- water, so that, as being ultimately from the same source, these terms may be classed with the other hydro- formations.
f. Derivatives of Gr. ἱδρώς ‘sweat’ have been erroneously written hydro- instead of hidro- (the error being encouraged by the fact that sweat is a form of water), e.g. hydroadenitis inflammation of the sweat glands, hydrocritics, hydropyretic.
The more important words in all these groups appear in their alphabetical order in the main series; others of less importance follow here.
hydroaeric |ˌhaɪdrəʊeɪˈɛrɪk| a. (see quot.); ˌhydro-alcoˈholic a., in or consisting of a mixture of an alcohol and water; hydroˈapatite Min., hydrous apatite, a milk-white subtransparent mineral; ˌhydro-aroˈmatic a. Chem., having one or more benzene rings which are partially or completely hydrogenated (reduced); also as n., a hydro-aromatic compound; hydrobaˈrometer, an instrument for determining the depth of the ocean from the pressure of the superincumbent water (Webster 1864); hydroˈbenzoin Chem., a crystalline substance, C14H14O2, obtained by the action of nascent hydrogen on oil of bitter almonds; ˌhydro-biˈology, the biology of aquatic plants and animals; hence hydrobioˈlogical a.; hydro-biˈologist, one engaged in the study of hydrobiology; ‖ hydrobiosis |-baɪˈəʊsɪs| Zool. [Gr. βίωσις way of life], the development of living organisms, as bacteria, in fluid media; the conditions of life of such organisms; hydroˈbiotite Min., (a) a hydrated variety of biotite; (b) any clay composed of an intimate mixture of biotite and vermiculite; hydroˈboracite Min. [named 1834], hydrous borate of calcium and magnesium, resembling gypsum; ˈhydrobranch |-bræŋk| Zool. [Gr. βράγχια gills], a member of the Hydrobranchiata, a division of gastropods in Lamarck's classification, containing species which breathe water only; so hydrobranchiate |-ˈbræŋkɪət| a., pertaining to the Hydrobranchiata (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1855); hydroˈcalcite Min. [named 1846], a hydrous carbonate of calcium (Dana Min. (1850) 212); hydroˈcalumite Min. [f. blend of calcium + aluminate], a transparent, colourless to light green hydrated hydroxide of calcium and aluminium, Ca2Al(OH)7.3H2O; ‖ hydroˈcardia Path., dropsy of the heart (see b above); ˈhydrocast Oceanography [contraction of hydrographic cast (cast n. 5)], a long cable having sampling bottles attached at intervals along it; also, a sampling operation in which this is used; hydrocauline |-ˈkɔːlaɪn| a. Zool. [Gr. καυλός stem], pertaining to or characteristic of the ‖ hydroˈcaulus or main stem of the cœnosarc of a hydrozoan; hydroˈcellulose Chem. [a. F. hydro-cellulose (A. Giraud 1875, in Compt. Rend. LXXXI. 1106)], any of the chemically heterogeneous substances produced by the partial hydrolysis of cellulosic material; ‖ hydrocephalis |-ˈsɛfəlɪs| [Gr. κεϕαλή head], the oral and stomachal regions of a hydroid; hydro-ceˈramic a., designating porous, unglazed pottery used for cooling or filtering; hydroˈcerussite Min., a variety of basic lead carbonate; † hydroˈchinone Chem. = hydroquinone; ˈhydro-chore [Gr. χωρεῖν to spread], a plant whose seeds are dispersed by water; hence hydro-ˈchoric, -ous adjs., ˈhydrochory, the dissemination of seeds by water; hydroˈcinchonine Chem., an alkaloid (C20H26N2O) obtained by heating cinchonine (C20H24N2O) with KMnO4; hydroˈcirsocele Path. [cirsocele], hydrocele complicated with a varicose state of the spermatic cord (Syd. Soc. Lex.(1886); ˈhydroclone [cyclone] = hydrocyclone; ˈhydrocœl(e) |-siːl| Zool. [Gr. κοιλία cavity of the body], the water-vascular system of an echinoderm; also -cele; ‖ hydroˈcœlia |-ˈsiːlɪə| Path. [Gr. κοιλία belly], dropsy of the abdomen, ascites; hyˈdroconite Min. [named, 1847, f. Gr. κονία lime], hydrous calcium carbonate (Dana Min. (1892) 303); ˈhydrocope |ˈhaɪdrəʊkəʊp| Zool. [Gr. κώπη shaft], the peduncle of a hydroid; hydrocoralline |-ˈkɒrəlaɪn| Zool. [coralline] a., pertaining to the Hydrocorallinæ, an order or sub-order of Hydroidea, the coral-making hydroid hydrozoa; n. one of this order of Hydrozoa; hydrocoˈtarnia, -coˈtarnine |-aɪn| Chem., a crystalline alkaloid existing in opium, and containing two atoms of hydrogen more than cotarnine; hydrocouˈmaric a. Chem., in h. acid = melilotic acid; † hydroˈcritics (erron. for hidrocritics): see quot.; ˈhydrocycle [cycle n. 11], a velocipede adapted for propulsion on the surface of water; hence hydroˈcyclist, one who propels a hydrocycle; hydrocyst |ˈhaɪdrəʊsɪst| Zool. [Gr. κύστις bladder, cyst], one of the tentacles or feelers, resembling immature polypites, attached to the cœnosarc in certain Hydrozoa, as in the family Physophoridæ; hence hydroˈcystic a.; hydro-ˈcyclone, a device in which centrifugation in a conical vessel is employed to remove or separate particles in suspension in a flow of liquid; hydroˈdolomite Min., hydrous carbonate of calcium and magnesium, a yellowish-white, greyish, or greenish mineral; ˈhydrodrill, a device for injecting water or fertilizers near the roots of plants; also as v. trans.; hydrœcial |haɪˈdriːsɪəl| a., pertaining to the ‖ hydrœcium |-ˈiːsɪəm| [Gr. οἰκίον, f. ὀ͂ἰκος house], a sac into which the cœnosarc can be retracted in certain Hydrozoa, as the Calycophoridæ; ˈhydro-extract v. trans. [back-formation from hydro-extractor], to dry by means of a hydro-extractor; so hydro-extracting vbl. n.; also ˈhydro-extraction; hydro-extractor [F. hydro-extracteur], a centrifugal machine for drying clothes and other articles; hydroferricyˈanic, -ferridcyanic, a. Chem., in h. acid = hydrogen ferricyanide, H6Fe2Cy12; hence hydroferri(d)ˈcyanate, a salt of this acid; hydroferrocyˈanic a. Chem. in h. acid = hydrogen ferrocyanide, H4FeCy6; hence hydroferroˈcyanate, a salt of this acid; ˌhydroformyˈlation Chem., the catalytic addition of both carbon monoxide and hydrogen to an olefin to produce an aldehyde; hydrofuge |ˈhaɪdrəʊfjuːdʒ| [see -fuge F. hydrofuge] a., impervious to water, as the plumage of ducks, the pubescence of many insects, etc.; n. a substance which is impervious to or resists the action of water; hydrogalˈvanic a. [galvanic], pertaining to the production of galvanic electricity by means of liquids (Webster 1864); hydroˈgarnet Min., any mineral whose formula is that of a garnet in which water molecules replace some or all of the silicate groups; ˈhydroglider, a form of craft designed to glide on the surface of water (see also quot. 1961); † hyˈdrognosy [Gr. -γνωσια knowledge], a history and description of the waters of the earth (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1855); hydroˈgrossular Min., a calcium aluminosilicate with a composition varying between that of hibschite and that of grossular (see quot. 1966); hydroˈhæmatite, -hematite Min., a hydrated sesquioxide of iron, resembling hæmatite, also called turgite; hydrohalite |-ˈhælaɪt| Min. [ad. G. hydrohalit (J. F. L. Hausmann Handbuch d. Mineralogie (ed. 2, 1847) II. 1458)], a hydrated chloride of sodium, NaCl.2H2O; ˌhydrohetærolite |-hɛˈtɪərəʊlaɪt| Min., a hydrous oxide of zinc and manganese similar to hetærolite; hydrohyˈsteric a. Path., pertaining to hydrohystera, an accumulation of water in the womb; hydroiˈodic = hydriodic; hydroˈkineter (also -kiˈneter) [Gr. κινητής, -ήρ one that sets going], a device for heating water at the bottom of large boilers by injecting surplus steam; hydroˈlaccolith Physical Geogr. [from its resemblance to a laccolith], an underground mass of ice in a region of permafrost which tends to increase in size and thrust up the overlying soil forming a mound; a mound so formed, esp. a pingo; so ˌhydrolaccoˈlithic a.; ˈhydrolite Min. [-lite], the zeolitic mineral gmelinite; hydroˈmagnesite Min. [named 1827], hydrous carbonate of magnesium, found in white silky crystals or earthy crusts; hydromedusan |-mɪˈdjuːsən| [Medusa] a., belonging or relating to the Hydromedusæ, now a sub-class of Hydrozoa (called also Craspedota), formerly a synonym of Hydrozoa; n. a member of this subclass; hydromeˈdusoid a. [see -oid], of the form of or resembling the Hydromedusæ (Cent. Dict.); ‖ hydromeninˈgitis Path., inflammation of the cerebral membranes with serous effusion; hydromeˈningocele (see b, and meningocele); ˌhydrometaˈllurgical a., of or pertaining to hydrometallurgy; hydromeˈtallurgy [metallurgy], ‘the act or process of assaying or reducing ores in the wet way, or by means of liquid re-agents’ (Webster 1864); hydro-metaˈmorphism Geol., a kind of metamorphism of igneous rocks effected by means of water; so hydro-metaˈmorphic a., pertaining or relating to this; hydroˈmeteor [see meteor: cf. F. hydrométéore], an atmospheric phenomenon which depends on the vapour of water, as rain, hail, and snow; hence ˌhydrometeoroˈlogical a., pertaining to ˌhydrometeoˈrology, that part of meteorology which deals with atmospheric phenomena depending on the vapour of water (Webster 1864); hydroˈmica Min., a variety of potash mica containing more water than ordinary muscovite; hence hydromiˈcaceous a. hydroˈmorphic, -ˈmorphous adjs. Soil Sci., (of a soil) developed and maintained in contact with a high water-table; (of a soil-forming process) acting in conjunction with a high water-table; hydroˈmotor, a kind of motor for the propulsion of vessels, the propelling power being produced by jets of water ejected from the sides or the stern; hydro-ˈmuscovite Min., a variety of muscovite containing more water and less potassium than that mineral; hydromyd |ˈhaɪdrəʊmɪd| Zool. [Gr. µῦς mouse], a rodent of the genus Hydromys, comprising the water-rats and beaver-rats of the Australian region (Cent. Dict.); ‖ hydromyˈelia, ‖ -ˈmyelus, hydroˈmyelocele Path. (see b above, and quots.); hydroˈnephelite Min., a hydrous silicate of aluminium and sodium, derived from nephelite; † hydroˈnitric a. Chem., containing hydrogen and nitrogen in combination; hydronitric acid, an old name of nitric acid or hydrogen nitrate; ‖ hydro-oˈvarium Path. (see b above and quot.); † hydro-oxide Chem. = hydroxide; † hydro-oxygen Chem. = oxyhydrogen; hydroˈparastates n. pl., Eccl. Hist. [ad. Gr. pl. ὑδροπαραστάται, f. παραστάτης comrade] (see quots.); ‖ hydroperiˈcardium, hydroperitoˈnæum Path. (see b above and quots.); ˈhydrophid Zool. [Gr. ὄϕις serpent], a venomous sea-snake of genus Hydrophis or family Hydrophidæ, found in the Indian Ocean; hyˈdrophilid, a water-beetle of the family Hydrophilidæ; also as adj., of or pertaining to an insect of this type; ˈhydrophite Min., a hydrous silicate of iron and magnesium, allied to serpentine (ophite); hydrophˈthalic a. Chem. (see d above and quot.); ˈhydrophyll |-fɪl| Bot., Lindley's name for plants of N.O. Hydrophyllaceæ, of which the typical genus is Hydrophyllum, the Waterleaf of N. America; hydrophylliaceous |-fɪlɪˈeɪʃ(ɪ)əs| a. [see -aceous], having the characters of the ‖ hydrophyllium |-ˈfɪlɪəm| [Gr. ϕύλλιον leaflet], one of the protective zooids, of a laminar or leaf-like character, attached either to the cœnosarc or to the pedicles of the polypites in certain oceanic hydrozoa; = bract 2; hydroˈphysocele Path. (see b above, and quot.); ˈhydro-plant, plant for generating hydro-electric power; a hydro-electric generating station; ‖ hydroplanula |-ˈplænjʊlə| [planula], the transitional stage of a hydrozoan intermediate between the planula and the tentaculated actinula (Cent. Dict.); hydropluˈtonic a. Geol. (see quot.); hydroˈpolyp [polyp], a hydrozoan as distinguished from an actinozoan polyp; hydropoˈtassic a. Chem., containing hydrogen and potassium in combination, as hydropotassic sulphate, a double sulphate of H and K, K2SO4.H2SO4, commonly called bisulphate of potash; hydroproˈpulsion, propulsion by means of a hydromotor (Cent. Dict.); hydropult |ˈhaɪdrəʊpʌlt| [f. -pult in catapult n.], a force-pump worked by hand; a garden-pump; hence hydroˈpultic a.; hydropyˈretic a., erron. for hidropyretic, pertaining to Hidropyretos or sweating sickness (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1855); ‖ hydrorachis, -orrhachis |haɪˈdrɒrəkɪs| Path. (see b above, and quot.); hydrorenal |-ˈriːnəl| a. [L. rēn-es kidneys: see renal], characterized by a dropsical condition of the kidney; ‖ hydrorhiza |-ˈraɪzə| [Gr. ῥίζα root], the root-stock or rooting fibres by which a colony of Hydrozoa is attached to some foreign object; hence hydrorhizal |-ˈraɪzəl| a.; ‖ hydroˈsalpinx Path. (see b above, and quot.); hydroˈsarcocele Path. (see b above, and sarcocele); hydroscheocele |haɪˈdrɒskiːəʊsiːl| Path., dropsical oscheocele or scrotal hernia; hydroseˈlenic a. Chem., consisting of hydrogen and selenium in combination; h. acid, another name for hydrogen selenide or seleniuretted hydrogen, H2Se, an offensive gas; hence hydroˈselenate, -seˈlenuret; hydrosere Ecol., a plant succession having its origin in a wet habitat; hydroˈsilicate Min., a silicate containing water, a hydrous silicate; ˈhydro-ski Aeronaut., a hydrofoil on a seaplane or amphibious aircraft that skims the surface of the water and provides hydrodynamic lift; hydroˈsodic |-ˈsəʊdɪk| a. Chem., containing hydrogen and sodium in combination, as hydrosodic sulphate, a double sulphate of hydrogen and sodium, Na2SO4.H2SO4, commonly called hydrated bisulphate of soda; ˈhydrospace, the underwater realms; hydroˈsphygmograph, a kind of sphygmograph in which the variation in the quantity of blood in a part is measured by the pressure on a fluid contained in a closed chamber or vessel (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); hydrospire |ˈhaɪdrəʊspaɪə(r)| Zool. [Gr. σπεῖρα coil, spire], one of the system of lamellar tubes lying between and below the ambulacra in blastoids, supposed to have been respiratory in function; hydroˈtachylite, -lyte Min., a hydrous variety of tachylite; hydroˈtalcite Min. [talc], a hydrous oxide of aluminium and magnesium, a fibrous white mineral of pearly lustre and greasy feel; hydroˈtechnic a. [Gr. τεχνή art: F. hydrotechnique], relating to or dealing with the technical management or utilization of water; hydroteˈlluric a. Chem., formed by hydrogen and tellurium in chemical combination; h. acid, another name for telluretted hydrogen, H2Te, an offensive gas; its salts are hydroˈtellurates; ‖ hydrotheca |-ˈθiːkə| Zool. [L. thēca, Gr. ϕήκη receptacle], one of the perisarcal cups or calycles in which the polypites in certain Hydrozoa (as the Sertularidæ) are lodged; hence hydrothecal |-ˈθiːkəl| a. † hydroˈthion [Gr. ϕεῖον sulphur], an old name of hydrogen sulphide or sulphuretted hydrogen, also called † hydrothiˈonic hydrothionic acid; hence † hydroˈthionate, a salt of this acid, a sulphydrate; so † hydroˈthionous = hydrosulphurous; † hydrothionite, a salt of hydrosulphurous acid; ‖ hydroˌthioˈnæmia Path. [Gr. αἷµα blood], blood-poisoning with sulphuretted hydrogen; hydrotroilite |-ˈtrəʊɪlaɪt, -ˈtrɔɪlaɪt| Min. [ad. Russ. gidrotroilit (M. Sidorenko 1901, in Mém. Soc. Naturalistes Nouv.-Russie XXIV. 1. 119)], a black hydrated ferrous sulphide, FeS.nH2O, occurring in the mud of lakes and inland seas; hydroˈtungstite Min., a hydrated tungstic acid, H2WO4.H2O, occurring as minute green tabular crystals; ˈhydrowire Oceanography [contraction of hydrographic wire], a cable used for hydro-casts; hydroˈzincite, -kite Min., hydrous carbonate of zinc, also called zinc bloom (Dana Min. 1854).
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., *Hydroaeric sound, the percussion note produced over a cavity containing both water and air. Also, the sounds heard on auscultating a similar cavity.
1887A. M. Brown Contrib. Animal Alkaloids 46 The *hydro-alcoholic solution of the alkaloid was injected hypodermically into a dog of medium size. 1951Hydro-alcoholic [see hydrastis]. 1969Biochim. & Biophys. Acta CXCIV. 265 (heading) Optical rotatory dispersion of polyglutamic and polyuridylic acids at low temperatures in fluid hydro-alcoholic solvents.
1858Amer. Jrnl. Sc. Ser. ii. XXV. 408 *Hydroapatite is a hydrous apatite.
1900E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter's Org. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 290 Hexahydrobenzene is the parent hydrocarbon of the *hydroaromatic substances. 1940Industr. & Engin. Chem. Apr. 528/2 The cyclization of paraffins to hydroaromatics is preceded by dehydrogenation. 1951I. L. Finar Org. Chem. xix. 390 Many benzene derivatives may be reduced to the corresponding cyclohexane compounds, and because of this, cyclohexane and its derivatives are known as the hydroaromatic compounds. The cyclic terpenes are hydroaromatic compounds.
1877Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 12) II. 571 Benzoin..converted..by heating with alcoholic potash into *hydrobenzoïn and benzile.
1933Geogr. Jrnl. LXXXI. 533 It [sc. the Arctic Institute of the U.S.S.R.]..carries on geological, geomorphological, hydrological and *hydrobiological investigations.
1932Ecology XIII. 110 The fresh water *hydrobiologists, especially the limnologists, have developed a third type of nomenclature based more upon the habitat than on the biotic communities. 1938Hydrobiologist [see hydrologist]. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 379 The three large brackish water lagoons on the continental coast of the Baltic..have long attracted the interest of hydrobiologists. 1972Nature 28 July 194/1 It is hoped that the committee will be able to produce a register of hydrobiologists working in Britain.
1928K. E. Carpenter Life Inland Waters p. viii, The life of the ocean [has]..engrossed the energies even of followers of the new tradition in *Hydrobiology. 1941J. G. Needham in Symposium Hydrobiol. 3 Hydrobiology is an offshoot from the old maternal rootstock of natural history. 1965Math. in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) 309 His [sc. Antonio Moroni's] main interests are human population genetics and hydrobiology.
1880H. C. Lewis in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 319 Such mica exfoliates slightly when heated, is uniaxial, fusible with difficulty, and might be called *Hydrobiotite for convenience. 1892E. S. Dana Dana's Syst. Min. (ed. 6) 632 Hydrobiotite H. C. Lewis. A hydrated biotite. The name has been similarly but more definitely used by Schrauf. 1934J. W. Gruner in Amer. Mineralogist XIX. 558 Specimens 9 and 10 belong to a species for which the name hydrobiotite is proposed. This name was used long ago by Schrauf and others to designate biotite-like material high in water. Ibid. 575 X-ray diagrams are necessary to distinguish vermiculite from hydrobiotite. 1962W. A. Deer et al. Rock-Forming Min. III. 251 Mixed layer clays with vermiculite as a constituent are not uncommon, the most well known being ‘hydrobiotite’, a random mixture of vermiculite and biotite.
1835C. U. Shepard Min. II. 326 *Hydroboracite. 1868Dana Min. (ed. 5) 595 Hydroboracite..resembles fibrous and foliated gypsum.
1934C. E. Tilley in Mineral. Mag. XXIII. 607 In allusion to its composition as an hydrated calcium aluminate (4CaO.Al2O3.12H2O) the name *hydrocalumite is proposed. 1968I. Kostov Mineral. 215 Apart from hydrocalumite, which is rather soft.., the other minerals are hard.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., *Hydrocardia, a term invented by Hildanus to express a serous, sanious, or purulent tumour of the pericardium.
1960McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IX. 267/1 Such a laboratory is located near the winches used for running out and retrieving a long string of water-sample bottles *(hydrocasts). 1968D. F. Martin Marine Chem. I. i. 8 The vessel must be stationary for the time needed to complete the hydrocast. 1971Nature 7 May 37/1 In 1966, one hydrocast in this narrow and steep-sided deep revealed a temperature of 29·07°C and a salinity of 74·2{pmil}. Attempts to place a hydrocast in the Chain deep on this cruise failed because of high winds and consequent ship drift.
1869Nicholson Zool. 77 The cœnosarc generally consists of a main stem—or ‘*hydro-caulus’—with many branches.
1876Jrnl. Chem. Soc. i. 696 Hydrocellulose is also formed when cellulose is impregnated with dilute acid and submitted to a temperature of about 100°. 1920E. Sutermeister Chem. Pulp & Paper Making i. 9 The formation of friable hydrocelluloses by acids is of great importance industrially for upon it is based the carbonization process for separating cotton from wool. 1956Nature 18 Feb. 319/2 The hydrocelluloses produced by the action of mineral acids on cotton and wood.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 246 The hydranth resembles Hydra in all essentials... Like that organism it consists of a *hydrocephalis (= oral and stomachal regions) and a peduncle or hydrocope which is very short.
1883J. W. Mollett Illustr. Dict. Art & Archæol. 174/1 *Hydro-ceramic (vessels), Gr., vessels made of a porous clay, in which liquids were put for the purpose of cooling them; they were a kind of alcarazas. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 428/2 Hydroceramic, porous unglazed pottery, used for filters and for cooling vessels.
1905F. E. Clements Res. Methods Ecol. iv. 216 *Hydrochores..comprise all plants distributed exclusively by water, whether the latter acts as ocean currents, tides, streams, or surface run-off. Ibid. 218 Most hydrophytes are hydrochorous. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 428/2 Hydrochoric, dispersed by water. 1969L. van der Pijl Princ. Dispersal Higher Plants v. 61 It is difficult to describe concisely the structural modifications of hydrochory. Ibid., Many hydrochores bend their fruit stalks down..whereas in Nuphar (not purely hydrochorous) the seeds mature above water.
1965D. Bradley Hydrocyclone i. 1 ‘Hydraulic cyclone’ has been abbreviated to ‘hydrocyclone’ and even ‘*hydroclone’. 1967Whistler & Paschall Starch II. i. 46 The starch stream..must be further purified by passing..through hydroclones to reduce the protein content.
1888Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. CLXXIX. 266 After separating from the *hydrocele the anterior body-cavity grows towards the ectoderm on the right side. 1900E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. III. viii. 23 Whatever may be the homologies of the hydrocoel, there is..no nephridial or other excretory system in Echinoderma. 1962D. Nichols Echinoderms x. 121 This [sac] is called the left axohydrocoel, the anterior part being the axocoel..and the posterior the hydrocoel.
1873Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 824 *Hydro⁓coumaric Acid exists in the yellow melilot.
1721Bailey, *Hydrocriticks [1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Hydrocritica], critical Judgment of Distempers taken from Sweating.
1893Westm. Gaz. 5 Apr. 4/3 The ‘*hydro-cycle’—hitherto regarded as more or less a mechanical monstrosity—has at length proved its speed and capabilities... The ‘*hydro⁓cyclists’ finished in good condition. 1898River & Coast 9 July 13/1 One of the most interesting items was the Hydrocycle versus Skiff Race.
1952Chem. Abstr. XLVI. 1668 Data are presented on *hydrocyclones used as thickeners in starch processing, as classifiers for highly viscous and non-Newtonian liquids and as washers in ore prepn. 1962Engineering 3 Aug. 146/1 The cone-shaped nozzle at the bottom of the hydrocyclones used by the National Coal Board..(for the separation and thickening of coal and shale fines from water).
1869Nicholson Zool. 82 There occur also in the Physophoridæ certain peculiar bodies, termed *hydrocysts or ‘feelers’. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 770 Hydrocysts or feelers..are polypites in which the distal or oral extremity is imperforate and usually armed with cnidoblasts.
1850Dana Min. (ed. 3) 213 *Hydrodolomite..has the composition of the magnesia alba of the shops.
1962New Scientist 4 Oct. 31/3 They are using a specially-designed ‘*hydrodrill’ to inject relatively small amounts of water into the soil, placing it directly in the plant's root zone. Ibid., The vine cuttings are simply dropped into holes which have been hydrodrilled.
1861J. R. Greene Man. Anim. Kingd., Cœlent. 99 Praya, Hippopodius, and Vogtia have ‘incomplete’ *hydrœcia. 1869Nicholson Zool. 80 This chamber, which is present..in all the genera, is termed the ‘hydrœcium’. 1858Huxley Oceanic Hydrozoa 39 The lateral walls of the hydrœcial canal of the distal nectocalyx.
1928C. E. Mullin Acetate Silk xxxviii. 437 Yarns or loosely knit fabrics which are not liable to crease may be *hydroextracted in the ordinary rotating cage or drum machine. 1952E. Kornreich Introd. Fibres & Fabrics viii. 143 Fabrics can also be hydroextracted by winding them on a perforated beam which is then inserted in a suitable whizzer.
1882Spon's Encycl. Industr. Arts v. 1839 Centrifugal hydro-extracting machines..have been tried for separating beet-juice from the pulp.
1895Trans. Soc. Engin. 1894 227 (heading) The principles and practice of hydro-extraction. 1912H. H. Hodgson tr. Masselon's Celluloid v. 71, 100 kilogrammes of bleached pulp after hydro-extraction should weigh 60 kilogrammes. 1963A. J. Hall Textile Sci. ii. 53 The water in wet viscose rayon materials is best removed by hydro⁓extraction.
1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 1199 *Hydro-extractor..capable of revolving 2,000 times a minute... It will dress..all kinds of materials, cloths, felts [etc.]. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 165 The hydro⁓extractor, in which the yarn is dried like clothes in a laundry, being thrown into a horizontal drum and spun round at lightning speed.
1849D. Campbell Inorg. Chem. Index 376 *Hydroferridcyanic acid, or ferridcyanide of hydrogen. *Hydroferrocyanic acid, or ferrocyanide of hydrogen.
1868–72Watts Dict. Chem. V. 20 The *hydroferrocyanate [of quinine], C20H24N2O2.H4FeCy6.2H2O, is an orange-yellow crystalline precipitate, obtained on mixing the alcoholic solutions of quinine and hydroferrocyanic acid.
1949Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXI. 3051 (heading) *Hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds with a cobalt carbonyl catalyst. 1969S. A. Miller Ethylene xiv. 1169 The OXO reaction or ‘hydroformylation’ is now an important industrial process.
1886Hamerton in Longm. Mag. VII. 375 The efficacy of resinous solutions, as *hydrofuges.
1941E. P. Flint et al. in Jrnl. Res. Nat. Bureau of Standards (U.S.) XXVI. 14 An extension of the study revealed that silica could replace water in both 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O and 3CaO.Fe2O3.6H2O, and that the end products of these substitutions are grossularite garnet, 3CaO.Al2O3.3SiO2, and andradite garnet, 3CaO.Fe2O3.3SiO2, respectively... The hydrous members of the series may be termed ‘*hydrogarnets’ to indicate their relationship to the naturally occurring garnets. 1966W. A. Deer et al. Introd. Rock-Forming Min. 23 In the hydrogarnets there is replacement of SiO2 by 2H2O, with vacant Si spaces in the structure.
1921Glasgow Herald 23 July 7/2 The idea of using *hydrogliders for passengers and for mail purposes on the lochs in the outlying districts of Scotland. 1927Ibid. 26 July 9 The hydroglider which has been constructed..to accomplish the crossing of the Atlantic from Cherbourg to New York. 1961F. H. Burgess Dict. Sailing 119 Hydroglider, a type of boat that is designed with air-screws as its main means of propulsion.
1943C. O. Hutton in Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. LXXIII. 174 (heading) *Hydrogrossular, a new mineral of the garnet-hydrogarnet series. Ibid., All of the isomorphous mixtures between plazolite and grossularite are termed by the writer, hydrogrossular. 1966W. A. Deer et al. Introd. Rock-Forming Min. 26 Hydrogrossular has been taken as the name for members of the series 3CaO.Al2O3.3SiO2—3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O with a composition between grossular and hibschite (plazolite), 3CaO.Al2O3.2SiO22H2O.
1861H. W. Bristow Gloss. Mineral. 185/1 *Hydrohalite... A hydrous chloride of sodium. 1949Mineral. Abstr. X. 459 A drop of sea-water..evaporated at a low temperature..yields hexagonal flakes (1/4 mm.) of hydrohalite, NaCl.2H2O.
1928C. Palache in Amer. Mineralogist XIII. 308 The following data establish the characters of unaltered hetaerolite. For the partly hydrated mineral hitherto described, the name *hydrohetaerolite may well be employed. 1942[see hetærolite]. 1955Amer. Mineralogist XL. 350 Hydrohetaerolite has the same structure as hausmannite, except that one sixth of the trivalent manganese occupying the octahedral sites are randomly absent, and the balance of charge is supplied by hydrogen bonds.
1890Abney Treat. Photogr. (ed. 6) 24 It..produces *hydroiodic acid (HI).
1883A. E. Seaton Man. Marine Engin. xx. 376 (heading) Weir's *hydrokineter. Ibid. 377 There are many other ways of promoting the circulation when steam is up, but none do this so efficiently during the time of raising steam as the hydrokineter. 1951Engineering 20 Apr. 483/3 Surplus steam from the waste-heat boiler will be used..to keep the Scotch boilers warm and ready for service, Weir hydrokineters being fitted to the Scotch boilers to maintain a circulation.
1955M. Hollander tr. Kuenen's Realms of Water v. 220 (caption) *Hydro⁓laccolith or hummock caused when ground-water under artesian pressure is checked by formation of layers of ice. 1961L. D. Stamp Gloss. Geogr. Terms 244/2 The pingos in East Greenland but not those in the Mackenzie delta are hydrolaccoliths. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 845/2 The genetic term hydrolaccolith, which applies to all ice-intrusions, is not just synonymous with pingo. 1970E. Watson tr. Tricart's Geomorphol. Cold Environments ii. i. 78 These ice masses and the hills which they raise are called hydrolaccoliths.
1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation 412 An arctic soil phenomenon..formed in the permafrost by a hydrolaccolithic process.
1843Portlock Geol. 221 *Hydrolite occurs in abundance at Island Magee, in beautifully marked crystals.
1837Dana Min. 199 *Hydromagnesite..occurs in crusts; also as a white powder.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 745 There are two principal types of the Hydroid. One, the *Hydromedusan or Craspedote type, consists typically of an oral and stomachal region (hydrocephalis), with or without tentacles, borne upon a peduncle (hydrocope).
1890Webster, *Hydrometallurgical. 1929Encycl. Brit. VI. 406/1 Hydro-metallurgical treatment..is eminently suited for low grade ores. 1959J. Newton Extractive Metall. vii. 436 Hydrometallurgical methods are widely employed today in the treatment of low-grade oxidized uranium ores.
1879Rutley Study Rocks xii. 208 To admit for granite what may be called *hydro-metamorphic origin.
Ibid., *Hydro-metamorphism, by which rocks, originally fused, and when in liquid fusion, poured into veins and dykes in pre-existing rocks, are subsequently altered in specific gravity and arrangement of minerals, by the action of water.
1857J. P. Nichol Cycl. Phys. Sci., *Hydrometeors. The whole aqueous phenomena of the Atmosphere... The chief specific Hydrometeors, viz. Clouds, Dew, Fogs, Snow, and Rain.
1885C. H. Hitchcock in Amer. Jrnl. Sc. Oct. 282 *Hydromicaceous and argillaceous schists.
1938M. Baldwin et al. in U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 991 The terms ‘halomorphic’, ‘*hydromorphic’, and ‘calomorphic’ are not entirely satisfactory, since soil genetics rather than soil characteristics are implied. 1970E. M. Bridges World Soils iii. 25/1 These poorly drained or hydromorphic soils frequently occur in the lower parts of the landscape.
1927Russian Pedol. Investigations v. 26 Recently a single group has been formed which is..known by the name..of ‘*hydromorphous’ soils (Neustruev). 1932G. W. Robinson Soils xv. 301 Hydromorphous processes are those which take place under the influence of ground⁓water.
1886Sci. Amer. 24 July 47/1 The little vessel supplied with the *hydromotor met with a fair degree of success.
1889A. Johnstone in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XLV. 364 Margarodite, gilbertite, damourite, and sericite are mineralogists' names for varieties possessing the same composition as muscovite, differing from the latter mineral merely in containing at least about 5 per cent. of water. All of these varieties..ought to be known under one term. The common name proposed for them by the Author is *hydromuscovite. 1966W. A. Deer et al. Introd. Rock-Forming Min. 202 Hydromuscovites have high H2O and low K2O content.
1866–80A. Flint Princ. Med. (ed. 5) 716 A tumor, consisting of the serous accumulation with its enveloping membranes (*hydromyelocele), protrudes through the fissure, most frequently in the sacral or dorsal regions.
Ibid. 759 Dilatation of the central canal is called *hydromyelus, and is generally congenital.
1826Henry Elem. Chem. I. 328 *Hydro-nitric acid is perfectly limpid and colourless, and emits white fumes when exposed to the air.
1872Peaslee Ovar. Tumours 28 ‘Ovarian dropsy’, or ‘*hydro-ovarium’.
1826Henry Elem. Chem. II. 25 There appear to be two hydrates or *hydro-oxides.
1834Medwin Angler in Wales I. 95 Vermicular monsters exhibited in the *hydro-oxygen microscope. 1838Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. I. 14 Platinum fused by his hydro-oxygen blowpipe. 1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 298 Gurney's hydro-oxygen blowpipe is made in conformity.
1730–6Bailey (folio), *Hydroparastates, a Sect; a Branch of the Manichees, whose distinguishing Tenet was, That Water should be used in the Sacrament instead of Wine. 1853M. Kelly tr. Gosselin's Power Pope Mid. Ages I. 79 Manicheans who disguised themselves under the names of Encratides, Saccophori, and Hydroparastates.
1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 537 The lower extremities are œdematous... The same state exists in the serous membranes, whence arise ascites, hydrothorax, and *hydropericardium. 1877Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) II. 36 Hydropericardium generally follows hydrothorax.
1866–80A. Flint Princ. Med. (ed. 5) 596 The term *hydro-peritoneum or ascites denotes peritoneal dropsy.
1864Webster, *Hydrophid, a species of ophidian, including the water-snake.
1899D. Sharp in Cambr. Nat. Hist. VI. v. 219 The pupae of *Hydrophilides repose on the dorsal surface. 1958F. Balfour-Browne Brit. Water Beetles III. 3 The mandibles of Hydrophilus also differ from..those of all our other Hydrophilids. 1964R. M. & J. W. Fox Introd. Compar. Ent. iii. 73 The hindleg of the hydrophilid beetle is provided with a fringe of hairs.
1873Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 826 *Hydrophthalic Acid is produced by the action of nascent hydrogen on phthalic acid.
1861J. R. Greene Man. Anim. Kingd., Cœlent. 101 Groups of organs became detached from the cœnosarc, each group consisting of a *hydrophyllium, polypites, tentacles, and gonophores.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., *Hydrophysocele, a term used by some authors for a sort of hernia, or rupture, occasioned by a mixture of water and flatulencies.
1927J. G. Tarboux Electr. Power Equipm. ii. 31 High-voltage transmission lines must be used to connect the *hydro plant to the load center. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 399/2 Installed capacity of hydroplants cannot be counted upon for perpetuity because of the gradual filling of reservoirs with sediment.
1878Lawrence tr. Cotta's Rocks Class. 380 Plutonic processes do not exclude the combined action of water as an auxiliary agent; and thus may deserve the name of *Hydroplutonic.
1876Harley Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 316 *Hydropotassic Oxalate is the form in which oxalic acid exists in the acid species of Oxalis, Rumex, Rheum, Geranium [etc.].
1866Blackmore C. Nowell li, A sail which they wetted with a *hydro⁓pult. 1879W. L. Lindsay Mind in Lower Anim. 462 The elephant makes a similar use of his trunk as a syringe or hydropult, and of water as a projectile.
1866Blackmore C. Nowell lxiii, He had not acquired the delightful *hydro⁓pultic art, so dear to the nation.
1866–80A. Flint Princ. Med. (ed. 5) 716 Extensive serous accumulation within the spinal canal is called *hydrorrachis.
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., *Hydrorenal distension, same as Hydronephrosis.
1861J. R. Greene Man. Anim. Kingd., Cœlent. 29 In Hydra, and a few of the simpler forms of Corynidæ, the proximal end of the polypite is closed by the *hydrorhiza. 1870Rolleston Anim. Life 253 The animal is..attached by its hydrorhiza to a piece of weed.
1887Lancet 11 June 1200/2 Dr. Schlesinger concludes that in *hydrosalpinx, or hæmatosalpinx, laparotomy is the only..resource.
1767Phil. Trans. LVII. 293 An Account of an Hydro-enterocele, appearing like an *Hydro-sarcocele.
1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 354 So does *hydroselenic acid afford parallel results.
1826Henry Elem. Chem. I. 449 A *hydro-selenuret of potassa of a deep ale colour.
1926Tansley & Chipp Study of Vegetation ii. 19 The earlier stages of a prisere are altogether different, according to whether the succession begins on a wet or a dry habitat... Such successions may be conveniently called *hydroseres and xeroseres respectively. 1952P. W. Richards Tropical Rain Forest Xiii. 283 During the course of the hydrosere there is a gradual change from open water to relatively dry conditions. 1967C. D. Sculthorpe Biol. Aquatic Vasc. Plants xii. 417 In the ultimate stages of the hydroseres plant debris is less and less completely decomposed.
1850Daubeny Atom. The. xii. 409 The silicates that contain water may be divided, into those in which the water is simply united to the silicic combination..called *hydrosilicates.
1952Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LVI. 334/2 Somewhat allied to the hydrofoil is the *hydro-ski. These obtain their lift from the water pressure on their lower surface in a similar manner to the planing lift of the [flying] boat planing bottom. 1954Flight 17 Sept. 433 The Sea Dart hydro-ski fighter..which is land-based, but which uses water (or snow or ice) for take-off and landing. 1960K. C. Barnaby Basic Naval Archit. (ed. 3) 448 Modifications of the submerged type consist in replacing the forward hydrofoils by partly submerged planing surfaces or ‘hydroskis’.
1964Adv. Hydro-science I. 2 The use of acoustic energy to perform all those functions in *hydrospace for which electromagnetic energy is employed in aerospace. 1966New Scientist 22 Dec. 691/1 Other categories of plot [in science fiction] include a growing preoccupation with ‘inner space’ or ‘hydrospace’.
1890H. Ellis Criminal iii. 122 With the sphygmograph (or, rather the *hydrosphygmograph) he observed the degree of excitement produced on various individuals.
1869E. Billings in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. XCVIII. 76 In order to avoid the use of double terms, I propose to call them ‘*hydrospires’. Ibid. 77 In Caryocrinus ornatus there are thirty hydrospires. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 577 (Class Blastoidea), The pores lead to a cleft (*hydrospire cleft)..and the cleft in its turn to an underlying hydrospire canal, into which open a system of interradial lamellar tubes, the hydrospires. Ibid. 578 The genital ducts probably opened into some portion of the hydrospires.
1879Rutley Study Rocks xiii. 270 To them..may be added chromic iron..*hydrotalcite, native copper, copper pyrites.
1893Times 6 Oct., The most famous *hydrotechnic authorities of our time have found no other method of overcoming the obstruction to navigation caused by the Iron Gate than the identical one adopted by the Romans.
1847Craig, *Hydrotellurates, a genus of salts.
1864Webster, *Hydrotelluric. 1873Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 215 Hydrotelluric acid is a gas, resembling sulphuretted and selenietted hydrogen.
1872Nicholson Palæont. 77 Polypites are also protected within ‘*hydrothecæ’, or little cup-like expansions derived from the polypary. 1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iii. 129 A hard, chitinous, cuticular skeleton..which frequently gives rise to hydrothecae, into which the hydranths can be retracted.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 576 *Hydrothionæmia..consists in the entrance into the blood of sulphuretted hydrogen.
1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 328 The Germans have given it [sulphuretted hydrogen] the name of *hydrothionic acid.
1913Mineral. Mag. XVI. 362 *Hydro⁓troilite. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. xi. 723 The rather poorly characterized ferrous sulfide of lake sediments, supposedly FeS, has received the name hydro⁓troilite.
1940Kerr & Young in Program & Abstr. 21st Ann. Meeting Min. Soc. Amer. 9 Since this mineral appears to be an intermediate product in the alteration of ferberite to tungstite and since it resembles tungstite in many of its physical properties, the name *hydrotungstite is suggested. 1963Amer. Mineralogist XLVIII. 935 A similarity between the x-ray patterns for hydrotungstite (tungstic acid, H2WO4.H2O) and molybdic acid (H2MoO4.H2O).
1955Deep-Sea Research III. (Suppl.) 170 A jelly bottle..will remain uncongealed long enough to permit slope determinations to be made of *hydrowires. 1969R. Lange Chem. Oceanogr. v. 80 The sampler is attached to the hydrowire with a screw clamp and a snap clamp.
Add: ˌhydroengiˈneering = hydraulic engineering s.v. hydraulic a. 1 b.
1971N. Smith Hist. Dams i. 7 The ‘two rivers’ of Mesopotamia were harnessed for dam-based irrigation at a very early date. Little or nothing has survived of these pioneer schemes in their original form, but traces are believed to exist as part of the *hydro-engineering of later societies. 1987Nature 26 Mar. 325/2 Tadjikstan is a highly seismic area, and the construction of major hydroengineering works requires special consideration.
▸ hydromassage n. orig. U.S. therapeutic massage provided by air bubbles or jets of water pumped through a bath or pool of water in which the recipient sits or lies (cf. Jacuzzi n.); an instance of this.
1940N.Y. Times 17 Mar. 12/4 Dr. William Behnam Snow, consulting director of the physical therapy department, is the designer of the new tank, which has *hydro-massage turbines to churn the water. 2000Times 6 Oct. (Ski 2001 Suppl.) 15/4 At the Grand-Hotel Hof Ragaz's spa guests can receive a seaweed-and-sand body rub to aid circulation followed by a toxin-loosing algae wrap and a hydromassage. |