| 释义 |
▪ I. reflex, n.|ˈriːflɛks, rɪˈflɛks|
[ad. late L. reflex-us, a bending back, recess, return, f. ppl. stem of reflectĕre to reflect. Cf. Sp. reflejo (-flexo), It. riflesso.]
1. a. Reflection of light (or heat); reflected light; light or colour resulting from reflection.
App. not in common use from c 1660 to 1840.
1508Dunbar Gold. Targe 33 Bewis bathit war in secund bemys Throu the reflex of Phebus visage brycht. 1594Blundevil Exerc. iii. ii. iii. (1636) 377 The lowest Region is hot by the reflexe of the Sunne, whose beames first striking the earth, do rebound back againe to that Region. 1615W. Lawson Country Housew. Gard. (1626) 3 Quinches..will not like in our cold parts, vnlesse they be helped with some reflex of Sunne. 1621Quarles Argalus & P. Wks. (Grosart) III. 261 Shall every day, wherein the earth does lack The Sun's reflex, b' expell'd the Almanack? a1711Ken Hymns Festiv. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 222 Who taught her Love to Heav'n the readiest way On his Reflex of Fontal Godhead's Ray. 1843Carlyle Past & Pr. ii. ii, The illimitable Ocean, tinting all things with its eternal hues and reflexes. 1853C. Brontë Villette xiv, The reflex from the window..lit his face. 1874Lawson Dis. Eye 159 The margin of the lens exhibiting a brilliant yellow reflex.
trans. and fig.1602W. Fulbecke 2nd Pt. Parall. 74 If God doe still vouchsafe the Moone-diall of this darksome life, with the reflexe of his intellectuall illumined influence. 1647Clarendon Contempl. Ps. Tracts (1727) 437 We shall have always some such rays of comfort from the reflex of that beautiful prospect. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) V. xl. 8 The fame of ancient Hellas was mainly a reflex from the preeminent glory of Athens. 1866Fenton Anc. & Mod. Gr. II. v. 358 The transient reflex of ancient prosperity..sank in the long night of slavery.
b. spec. in Art and Arch. The light reflected, or supposed to be reflected, from a surface in light to one in shade.
1695in Dryden tr. Dufresnoy Obs. ⁋200 The fineness of stuffs or garments which is not to be discern'd but by the Colours, the Reflexes, and more especially by the Lights and Shadows. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Reflex, Reflect, in painting, is understood of those places in a picture which are supposed to be illuminated by a light reflected from some other body represented in the same piece. 1784J. Barry in Lect. Paint. v. (1848) 182 Masses of light, half-lights, darks and half-darks, and reflexes. 1807Opie ibid. iii. 296 Gradations of middle tint, local colour, and reflexes. 1842Gwilt Archit. §2484 The varieties of reflexes are almost infinite.
2. a. The reflection or image of an object, as seen in a mirror or surface acting as such.
1638Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 146 Black shining Marble..so bright and jetty, as we could easily view our reflex, no steel mirror comparing with it. 1663Aron-bimn. 12 Spots in the Sun and Moon are better discovered by observing them in their Reflexes and Images in the Water. 1805Wordsw. Prelude i. 450 To cut across the reflex of a star That..gleamed Upon the glassy plain. 1830Tennyson Poems 124 So their wan limbs no more might come between The moon and the moon's reflex in the night.
fig.1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §13 We behold Him but asquint, upon reflex or shadow.
b. fig. An image, reproduction; something which reproduces certain essential features or qualities of another thing. (The usual sense in current use.)
1683Kennett tr. Erasm. on Folly 5 My Visage, the exact reflex of my Soul. 1816–17Coleridge Lay Serm. (Bohn) 416 As the motley reflexes of my experience move in long procession..before me. 1847Disraeli Tancred vi. viii, It was the race that produced these inimitable forms, the idealised reflex of their own peculiar organisation. 1878Lecky Eng. in 18th C. I. ii. 180 It may even very materially contribute to make legislation a reflex of the popular will.
c. Linguistics. A form (word, sound unit, etc.) corresponding to, or derived from, another comparable form.
1890S. Primer in PMLA V. ii. 196 It is doubtful whether it [sc. the a-sound] is a reflex of the older pronunciation. 1945Y. Malkiel in Univ. Calif. Publ. Linguistics I. iv. iii. 51, -entia seems to have taken root in Italy more than anywhere else, as follows from the..reflexes of absentia, haerentia, licentia, negligentia, scientia. 1965A. Zettersten Stud. Dial. & Vocab. Ancrene Riwle 67 It is necessary to emphasize that this Mercian sound coalesced with the reflexes of /æ/ and /a/ in ME. 1970Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. liv. 4 This chapter presents the regionally divergent reflexes of Middle English parent phonemes. 1971J. Anderson in A. J. Aitken et al. Edin. Stud. Eng. & Scots 110 The permutation of may and the subject [in May your cabbages wither away] is the superficial reflex of this underlying structure [I wish that your cabbages may wither away]. 1975Language LI. 983 The assumption is..that the different reflexes of the same unit are due to phonetic change, either in the lending or the borrowing language, and that therefore the borrowings took place at different times.
†3.
a. The act of bending or turning the mind (back) upon a subject; reflection. Obs.
1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. iv. §3 It seemeth therefore that there was no other way for angels to sin, but by reflex of their understanding upon themselves. 1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §7 A serious reflex upon my own unworthiness did make me backward from challenging this prerogative of my Soul. 1658T. Wall Charact. Enemies Ch. 46 Pride was first begot in Heaven by the reflex of an Angels understanding upon his own excellency.
b. A reflection; a remark made after consideration. Obs.
a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 377 Saint Jerom's Reflexe upon a passage of Tertullian's examined. 1660Howell (title) The Parly of Beasts,..with Reflexes upon the present State of most Countries in Christendome.
†4. A glance or side look (lit. and fig.); indirect reference or allusion. Obs.
1630R. Brathwait Eng. Gentlem. (1641) 15, I have not a little wondered..how any man, having reflex, by the eye of his Soule, to his first fall, should glory in these..rags of shame. 1646J. Gregory Notes & Obs. (1650) 96 The præcepts in the Law..are still set downe with a reflex upon the Heathen Rites. 1650C. Elderfield Tythes 148 Sometimes in direct assertion, oftner by glance and occasionall reflexe, but by supposition constantly ever.
†5. Return, rebound; indirect action or operation. Obs.
a1613Overbury A Wife, etc. (1638) 45 Whence in their face, the Faire no pleasure have, But by reflex of what thence other take. 1626Laud Serm. v. Wks. 1847 I. 131 Some directly concern God, and some only by reflex. 1683D. A. Art Converse 44 Let us abstain from railery least it return by reflex upon our selves.
6. Phys.
a. A reflex action. Also in literary use.
1877Lewes Phys. Basis Mind 461 The sensations of contact and temperature will excite reflexes. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 905 In the early stages of the disease the reflexes are increased. 1921G. B. Shaw Back to Methuselah v. 238 Martellus: Control your reflexes, child. The Newly Born: My what! Martellus: Your reflexes. The things you do without thinking.
b. attrib., as reflex apparatus, reflex mechanism, reflex movement, reflex stimulus, reflex therapy, reflex time; reflex arc, the connected set of nerves concerned in the production of a reflex action. Cf. reflex a. 5.
1924R. M. Ogden tr. Koffka's Growth of Mind iii. 77 This statement..agrees..with what we have already learned about the reflex-apparatus.
1882B. Bramwell Dis. Spinal Cord i. 24 Every half segment of the spinal cord with its sensory and motor nerve roots is, in theory and probably also in fact, a perfect reflex arc. Ibid. 25 The multipolar nerve cells of the anterior cornua probably constitute the centre of this reflex arc. 1924R. M. Ogden tr. Koffka's Growth of Mind iii. 69 Always beginning with a sensory neurone and ending with a motor neurone, this apparatus is called a reflex-arc. 1976Radiol. Clin. N. Amer. XIV. 432/2 The reflex arcs controlling normal esophogeal motility are interrupted by disease of the medullary nuclei.
1885Encycl. Brit. XIX. 29/1 Stimulation of a sensory surface may simultaneously produce, by a reflex mechanism, movement, secretion and consciousness. 1924R. M. Ogden tr. Koffka's Growth of Mind iii. 69 A reflex-mechanism is..conceived as a pre-determined, inherited connection between afferent (receptor) and efferent (effector) pathways. Ibid. 91 A stimulus excites a reflex-movement. 1937Discovery Nov. 341/1 When the reasoning powers are great, as in man, the mind is less responsive to outside influences or reflex stimuli. 1956A. Huxley Adonis & Alphabet 31 Unorthodox medicine tries to influence the autonomic system by direct mechanical action in the form of osteopathy, chiropractic, reflex therapy and acupuncture.
1913Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. XXXI. 309 How soon, after administering a minimal and also stronger dose of alcohol, does a change in reflex time appear? 1964L. Martin Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 4) iii. 135 Delayed tendon reflexes are characteristic, and particularly the ankle jerks. Sherman et al. (1963) measured the reflex-time in 50 hypothyroid cases and considered that the increase had a diagnostic significance.
7. Photogr. A reflex camera. Cf. reflex a. 7.
1926–7Army & Navy Stores Catal. 969/2 Reflex cameras. The ‘Mentor’ Folding Reflex is constructed..of the finest materials. 1940Wall's Dict. Photogr. (ed. 15) 548 A twin-lens reflex consists of a rigid box which forms the camera, on top of which is mounted a structure such as that shown in the sketch, but with the mirror fixed in position. 1948H. S. Newcombe Twin-Lens Camera Compan. 15 Other people also find it difficult to hold a normal reflex steady. 1958Oxford Mail 19 May 7/3 In the single-lens reflex you actually focus by looking through the camera lens with a mirror. 1977J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 14/1 The single lens reflex is the most highly developed and deservedly popular camera for advanced work.
▸ reflex hammer n. Med. a small hammer, typically with a triangular rubber head, used for testing the patellar reflex and similar neurological reflexes; cf. percussion hammer n. (b) at percussion n. Compounds 2.
1914A. A. Brill tr. S. Freud Psychopathol. Everyday Life viii. 181 For many years a *reflex hammer and a tuning-fork lay side by side on my desk. 1967Med. Hist. 11 77 For many decades the ‘percussor’ remained in the internist's armamentarium, where Professor Dr. Wilhelm Erb conveniently found it, ready to be converted into a ‘reflex hammer’. 2004Independent 14 June (Review section) 9/5 An unnamed Derbyshire GP is said to have abandoned the traditional doctor's bag in favour of a fisherman's gilet, and stuffs its pockets with ophthalmoscope, reflex hammer, pens and sundry nostrums.
▪ II. reflex, a.|ˈriːflɛks, rɪˈflɛks|
[ad. L. reflex-us, pa. pple. of reflectĕre to reflect. Cf. F. réflexe (16th c.), Sp. reflejo (-flexo), It. riflesso.]
1. a. Bent or turned back; recurved.
1658Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 957 They couple sometime with their tails averse, sometimes reflex. 1752J. Hill Hist. Anim. 64 A number of white, reflex hairs. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf, Reclinate or reflex Leaf, one which has its summit lower than its base. 1791Cowper Iliad iii. 418 At the disk, with blunted point Reflex, his ineffectual weapon stay'd. 1869Dunkin Midn. Sky 15 The reflex zenith-tube.
Comb.1825Greenhouse Comp. II. 25 M[alva] tridactyloides, reflex-flowered Mallow,..a shrub introduced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1791.
†b. Of motion: Reversed or changed after impact.
1704Norris Ideal World ii. iii, We say a motion is..reflex when there is a change of its determination upon the rencontre of another body which it cannot move or displace.
2. a. Of light, rays, etc.: Reflected.
1681J. Flavel Right. Man's Ref. 256 Our love to God is but the reflex beam of his love to us. c1705Berkeley Commonpl. Bk. Wks. 1871 IV. 465 No more than a deformed person ought to cavil to behold himself by the reflex light of a mirror. 1772Mason Eng. Garden i. 23 Whose mighty mind,..mirror like, Receiv'd, and to mankind with ray reflex The sov'reign Planter's primal work display'd. 1881Shorthouse J. Inglesant (1882) II. 152 A reflex light, ethereal and wonderful, coming from the sky behind him.
fig.1847Emerson Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I. 349 The last class must needs have a reflex or parasite faith.
b. Reflected, as in a mirror. rare—1.
1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. v. 638 A kind of Notional World, which hath some Reflex Image, and correspondent Ray,..to whatsoever is in the true and real world of being.
3. a. Of acts of thought: Directed or turned back upon the mind itself or its operations. Chiefly in reflex act.
1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. i. iii. §9 The Soul..can produce the same effects by reflex acts of the understanding. a1676Hale Prim. Orig. Man. i. i. (1677) 24 Which I call the reflex act of the Soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon its own actions. 1704Norris Ideal World ii. iii. 120, I conceive that then thought is said to be..reflex, when the same act of thought terminates upon itself, or is its own object. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 129 There is a reflex act, whereby the mind turns inward upon herself to observe what ideas arise in her view. 1850McCosh Div. Govt. (1852) 312 The delightful sensations of moral approbation which rise up on the reflex contemplation of such affection. 1870J. H. Newman Gram. Assent ii. vi. 158 An act of consciousness..is a reflex act with its own object, viz. the act of knowledge itself.
b. Derived from, consisting in, the conversion of the mind or thought upon itself.
a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. 82 This reflex knowledge whereby we know what it is to know. 1665Glanvill Scepsis Sci. i. 14 A pure intellectual eye may have a sight of it in reflex discoveries. 1736Butler Anal. Diss. ii. 311 It does not appear, that Brutes have the least reflex Sense of Actions as distinguished from Events. 1850McCosh Div. Govt. iii. i. (1874) 331 When the reflex moral faculty, or the conscience, surveys virtuous action, it proclaims it good.
4. Coming by way of return or reflection.
1822Hazlitt Table-t. Ser. ii. xviii. (1869) 376 It is the immediate pursuit, not the remote or reflex consequence that gives wings to the passion. 1833Chalmers Const. Man (1834) I. ii. 100 The secondary or reflex gratification which there is in the consciousness of benevolence. 1866Duke of Argyll Reign Law i. (ed. 4) 12 That knowledge has a reflex influence on our knowledge of ourselves.
5. Phys.
a. reflex action, involuntary action of a muscle, gland, or other organ, caused by the excitation of a sensory nerve being transmitted to a nerve-centre, and thence ‘reflected’ along an efferent nerve to the organ in question; also in extended or fig. use.
1833Proc. Royal Soc. III. 210 He [Dr. M. Hall] distinguishes muscular actions into three kinds:..thirdly, those resulting from the reflex action above described [see reflect v. 4]. 1840Penny Cycl. XVI. 153/1 In decapitated animals (in which the reflex actions are more remarkable than under any other circumstances). a1846B. R. Haydon Autobiogr. (1927) iii. xv. 278 He [sc. Wordsworth]..had a portion of the spirit of the mighty ones..but..did not possess the power of using that spirit otherwise than with reference to himself and so as to excite a reflex action only. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 518 From the best judgment we can form of the actions of the Star-fish,..we may fairly regard the greater number of them as simply reflex. 1872Darwin Emotions i. 35 Coughing and sneezing are familiar instances of reflex actions. 1917Kipling Diversity of Creatures 159 Only the Lord can understand..How much is reflex action and How much is really sin.
b. Of the nature of, characterized by, or connected with, such action.
1833M. Hall in Proc. Royal Soc. III. 210 On the Reflex Function of the Medulla Oblongata and Spinalis. 1840Penny Cycl. XVI. 151/2 When the spinal chord remains, its passage may be indicated by the phenomena of reflex motion. 1878Foster Phys. ii. i. §2. 208 The ganglion in fact acted as a reflex centre. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 618 The natural and imperious reflex cough being diminished..by the depth of coma.
6. Gram. Reflexive.
1873Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) §469 The accusative pronoun of all the persons performed for a long period the double office of a direct and a reflex pronoun.
7. Photogr. Applied to a camera in which the image from the main lens (or from a duplicate of it) is reflected by means of a mirror on to a glass screen and can be seen and adjusted up to the moment of exposure.
1895W. de W. Abney Instantaneous Photogr. p. v (Advt.), The ‘Reflex’ Manufacturing Company..Patentees and Sole Manufacturers of the ‘Reflex’ Camera... The actual working lens also serves for the finder. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXI. 505/2 Although reflex cameras are rather heavy and bulky as hand cameras, they have many advantages over the ordinary hand camera. 1946R. J. C. Atkinson Field Archaeol. v. 157 The chief advantage of the reflex type of camera is the full-sized focusing-screen, which is a valuable aid to composing the photograph and to exact focusing. 1976Daily Mail (Hull) 30 Sept. 2/6 (Advt.), Edixa SL, 35 mm. Reflex Camera, flash gun, quartz, cine camera, lenses, etc; {pstlg}32. 1976J. Tate tr. A. Bodelsen's Operation Cobra v. 27 As neither his mother nor his father earned so much money now, he knew he could not reckon on getting a reflex camera.
8. Electronics.
a. Applied to a circuit, amplifier, etc., in which the same valves or transistors are used for amplification of both high- and low-frequency signals (usu. the radio and audio frequencies respectively); also applied to the action of such a device.
1923Radio News Feb. 1455/1 Very much discussion has been carried on as to the practicability of the so-called reflex circuit—a circuit designed, developed and patented in April and November of 1917 by Mr. Marius Latour, a French radio engineer. 1924W. James Construction Two-Valve & Crystal Reflex Receiver 3 The first valve is connected to operate as a dual or reflex amplifier; that is, it gives high-frequency and low-frequency-amplification. 1928Lauer & Brown Radio Engin. Princ. (ed. 2) vii. 163 (heading) Reflex amplification. 1934Pract. Wireless 1 Sept. 723/1 Reflex circuits are rarely used at the present time, although they were extremely popular between 1922 and 1924. Ibid., It is possible to obtain the same output from two valves wired in a reflex arrangement as from three valves connected in a more conventional circuit. 1957R. F. Shea Transistor Circuit Engin. xi. 375 When size and cost are of extreme importance, reflex circuits may be used. 1961J. M. Carroll Design Man. for Transistor Circuits viii. 154 Reflex circuits in which i–f and a–f gain are achieved in the same transistor stage have recently been incorporated into economy broadcast receivers.
b. Applied to an oscillator, esp. a klystron, in which the same resonant cavity serves to modulate the electron beam and to produce an amplified microwave signal.
1942J. G. Brainerd et al. Ultra-High-Frequency Techniques x. 339 A reflex klystron oscillator, in which a single resonator acts both as the buncher and the catcher. 1945Proc. IRE XXXIII. 112/2 Reflex oscillators can be considered as oscillators in which an electron stream passes through a longitudinal radio-frequency field across a ‘gap’ between two electrodes, then into a drift space in which there is a retarding electric field produced by a negative repeller electrode, and finally returns through the radio-frequency field across the gap. 1969IEEE Trans. Industr. Electronics XVI. 103/1 The oscillation frequency of a reflex klystron is determined by..the size of the cavity resonator. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. ix. 31 Reflex Klystrons are used as test signal sources, receiver local oscillators, pump sources for parametric amplifiers, and low-power transmitters for FM line-of-sight relays.
9. Applied to a photocopying process in which the original document is illuminated by light passing through a piece of sensitized paper placed in contact with it, a negative image being formed on the paper according to the amount of light reflected by the original; also applied to equipment or materials connected with such a process.
1943Jrnl. Sci. Instruments XX. 18/1 The Kodak Reflex plate has been introduced to solve the problem of the exact preservation of scale in copying maps, machine drawings and other line diagrams. Ibid., The latter [distortion] is eliminated by the nature of reflex copying. Ibid., Reflex printing has been carried out with photographic paper for a number of years. 1947Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LI. 318/1 The exposure is made through the paper with a yellow reflex screen. Ibid., A plasticising solution is applied to the cellulose film and the exposed reflex paper is then laminated on to the material. 1956‘C. Blackstock’ Dewey Death vii. 149 We then take a piece of..reflex contact document paper—the shiny side is the business end. 1958T. Landau Encycl. Librarianship 267/2 The principle of reflex copying was established by Albrecht Breyer of Berlin,..who in 1839 produced reflex prints by placing silver chloride papers in contact with printed pages. 1972A. Tyrrell Basics of Reprography xiii. 210 Reflex printing by the diffusion-transfer technique has been very popular... Attempts have been made to use diazo-sensitizers in reflex copying.
▪ III. reflex, v.|rɪˈflɛks|
[f. L. reflex-, ppl. stem of reflectĕre to reflect.]
1. trans. To bend, fold back, recurve; = reflect v. 2. Chiefly Her. and Bot., and only in pa. pple. (cf. reflexed ppl. a. 4).
1572J. Bossewell Armorie ii. 48 The fielde is verte, twoo Apes..combattante, with tayles reflexed. 1610J. Guillim Heraldry vi. vii. (1611) 280 A chaine..passing betweene his fore legs and reflexed ouer his backe. 1655Fuller Wounded Consc., Ornithologie (1867) 244 This Eagle had its bill..reflexed back again into his mouth. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. xvii. (1765) 107 The Stigma bipartite and acute, with the lower Lacinia reflexed. 1771Antiq. Sarisb. 182 A monster lying at his feet, with his head reflext on his tail. 1861Mrs. Lankester Wild Fl. 125 The petals are reflexed, and turn over. 1868Cussans Her. 209 note, Their tails passing between their legs, and reflexed over their backs. 1875Darwin Insectiv. Pl. iv. 71 With the outer tentacles slightly reflexed.
†2. To reflect (light, vision, etc.). Obs.
c1380[see reflexed ppl. a. 1]. a1586Satir. Poems Reform. xxxvii. 22 Ay moir brycht and burning is þe beymis Off Phebus face, þat fastast ar reflexit. 1594R. Ashley tr. Loys le Roy 4 The Sun beames reflexed doe heate. 1658tr. Porta's Nat. Magic viii. 230 The Cockatrice..giveth venimous wounds with the beams of his eyes: which being reflexed upon himself,..kill the Author of them.
†b. To throw, cast (beams) on a place. Obs.
1586Marlowe 1st Pt. Tamburl. iii. i, For neither rain can fall upon the earth, Nor sun reflex his virtuous beams thereon. 1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, v. iv. 87 May neuer glorious Sunne reflex his beames Vpon the Countrey where you make abode.
†3. To reflect, mirror, image (an object). Obs.
1633Drummond of Hawthornden Entertainm. Charles Wks. (1856) 228 When Iber's streams reflex'd thy glorious face! 1657W. Rand tr. Gassendi's Life Peiresc ii. 96 Contemplate the Image being reflexed by the Retina and restored.
†4. intr. Of heat: To strike upon a thing, and be reflected. Obs.—1
1632Lithgow Trav. vi. 292 What with..the great heate reflexing vpon the sand, and from the sand to our faces, we were miserably turmoiled.
†5. To reflect, meditate, etc., on a subject. Obs.
1631R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature iv. 22 To drive this naile further to the very head: reflexing more fully on the Prodigals huskes. |