| 释义 |
inclusive, a. (n.)|ɪnˈkluːsɪv|
[ad. med.L. inclūsīv-us, f. inclūs-, ppl. stem of inclūdĕre to include: see -ive. Cf. F. inclusif, -ive.]
A. adj.
1. a. Having the character or function of including, enclosing, or comprehending.
1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. i. 59 The inclusiue Verge Of Golden Mettall, that must round my Brow. 1814Wordsw. Excursion iv. 678 Altar and image, and the inclusive walls And roofs of temples built by human hands. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. II. 23 Between the two inclusive extremes of Phidias and Clarke Mills.
b. Characterized by including a great deal, or everything that naturally comes within its scope; comprehensive; all-embracing.
inclusive terms, inclusive payment, etc.: such as include all accessory payments.
1601Shakes. All's Well i. iii. 232 Notes, whose faculties inclusiue were, More then they were in note. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. I. xii. 242 In Latin we must too often be contented with a more general and inclusive term. 1876J. Parker Paracl. i. xiv. 229 In His self-resurrection our Lord repeated all His miracles in one inclusive act. 1880Mrs. Whitney Odd or Even? xv. 135 Not so deep or inclusive as to anticipate query. 1910Bradshaw's Railway Guide Apr. 1061 Bath Hotel..Inclusive Terms from 7/6 per day. Ibid. 1067 Specimen Menus and very moderate Inclusive Rates per return. 1970Times 21 Nov. 22/2 The first British inclusive holidaymakers are going out to the new summer resorts. 1972Times 30 Sept. 11/4 Inclusive holidays offered by various tour operators.
c. Characterized by including, comprising, or taking in, as opposed to excluding or leaving out.
1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. (1656) 105 The word, ‘To such’ is..rather inclusive as to them, then exclusive. 1665T. Mall Offer F. Help 57 There are divers sorts of marks; some are exclusive..others are inclusive. 1670G. H. Hist. Cardinals iii. iii. 328 He had not enough of the inclusive power. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) 394 It is the nature of all human science and knowledge, to proceed most safely by negative and exclusive, to what is affirmative and inclusive.
d. inclusive of, including or embracing (some specified thing or matter which is hereby taken in).
1709Brit. Apollo II. No. 19. 1/1 Those Words..wou'd be Inclusive of Perjury. 1872J. G. Murphy Comm. Lev. v. 21 Fraud..and oppression are inclusive of most wrong done to a neighbor.
†2. Characterized by being included or comprehended in something else. Obs.
1616Bullokar, Inclusiue, which containeth, or is contained. 1642Milton Argt. conc. Militia 36 What they declare to be Law the King by an inclusive judgement declareth to be Law also. 1735H. Brooke Univ. Beauty ii. 327 Each note inclusive melody reveals.
3. quasi-adv. The term or terms named being included: = inclusively 2.
Formerly sometimes treated as med.L. inclusivè adv.
1515in Pitcairn Crim. Trials I. *261 Fra þe xiiij day forsaid inclusiue, to xx day of þe samyn exclusiue. 15..Almanack for Year 1386, 49 Lat hym wythdraw the 3 fourt partes until þe 24 day of February inclusive. 1602W. Fulbecke Pandectes 6 If you accompt from the first hower to the seuenth inclusivè. 1713Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 148 I'll search where ev'ry virtue dwells, From courts inclusive down to cells. 1838De Morgan Ess. Probab. 77 In 200 tosses, what is the chance that the number of heads shall lie between 97 and 103, both inclusive? 1873Hamerton Intell. Life xi. v. (1875) 427 From Monday till Saturday inclusive.
B. n. An inclusive proposition or particle. Cf. exclusive B. 1.
1533More Debell. Salem Wks. 943/1 This man is so cunning in his inclusiues & exclusiues, that he dyscerneth nothing betwene copulatiues and disiunctiues.
Add:[A.] [1.] e. inclusive fitness Biol., (a measure of) genetic fitness determined by the relative capacity of a kinship group to reproduce successfully, and usu. calculated by adding the reproductive success of an individual to the reproductive successes of the individual's relatives, each multiplied by their degree of relatedness. See *fitness n. 1 c (b).
1964W. D. Hamilton in Jrnl. Theoret. Biol. VII. 8 Inclusive fitness may be imagined as the personal fitness which an individual actually expresses in its production of adult offspring as it becomes after it has been first stripped and then augmented in a certain way. It is stripped of all components which can be considered as due to the individual's social environment. 1971E. O. Wilson Insect Societies xvii. 328/2 The full effects of the individual on its own fitness and on the fitness of all of its relatives, weighted by the degree of relationship to the relatives, is referred to as the ‘inclusive fitness’. 1979Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXXVI. 5764/1 Hamilton..showed that the haplodiploid genetics of the Hymenoptera result in biases in relatedness such that females may increase their inclusive fitness by investing in sisters rather than offspring. 1986Sci. Amer. Jan. 94/1 By helping or warning kin..they help those with whom they share genes, thereby enhancing their inclusive fitness.
f. Designating language which seeks to avoid sexual bias (such as that represented by the generic use of masculine pronouns), either by explicit reference to both sexes or by omission of inessential gender-specific terms; non-sexist.
Introduced in relation to the revision of the Bible and other Christian texts, and although adopted by many churches, not well received by all members of congregations, esp. when familiar passages in the liturgy, hymns, etc. are altered.
1977J. Haugerud (title) The Word for us: the Gospels of John and Mark, Epistles to the Romans and the Galatians, restated in inclusive language. Ibid. p. ii, My hope is that a taste of wholeness will encourage others to work toward providing a whole Bible in inclusive language. I am continuing to work on restating additional scripture, and I hope others will too. 1980N.Y. Times 13 Nov. a21/2 The group [of Catholic clergy and laity] said that its goals included ‘a policy of inclusive language in all church documents and a revision of all texts that speak of God using exclusively male imagery and language’. 1988J. Morley All Desires Known 5 ‘Inclusive language’ does not have to mean replacing ‘Almighty Father’ with an (equally problematic) ‘Almighty Mother’. 1991Daughters of Sarah May–June 21/1 The head of our trustee commission, a man, made a motion that we rewrite the constitution using inclusive language. |