| 释义 |
industrial, a. and n.|ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl|
[Occurs in end of 16th c.; then app. not till late in 18th. The early instances, as well as 15th c. F. industrial, appear to be independent formations from L. industria + -al1. In the 19th c. the word appears as an adaptation of mod.F. industriel (Dict. Acad. 1835), f. industrie + -el = -al1 1.]
A. adj.
a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, industry or productive labour; resulting from industry. Of persons: Engaged in or connected with an industry or industries.
industrial accession, additional value given to property by labour expended on it (see accession 7). † industrial fruits, fruits grown or cultivated by human industry (so obs. F. fruits industriaux, -eux).
1590Swinburne Testaments vii. §10 (1640) 135 Of fruits, some bee Industriall, and some Naturall. By Industriall, I meane suche as bee sowne in the ground by mans industry, in hope..to be reaped with increase ere long. Ibid. 136. 1774 S. Hallifax Anal. Rom. Civ. Law (1795) 24 Industrial Accessions are i. Specification, or producing a new form from another's materials [etc.]. 1830W. Thompson Pract. Direct. Estab. Commun. p. iii, The whole of the industrial operations of society [Note. From the French ‘of or belonging to industry’]. 1841F. Vesey Decl. Eng. Lang. 82 Industrial, a French word, said to mean mechanical: lately adopted by the English newspapers. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. i. iii. §3 The industrial capacities of human beings. 1860Motley Netherl. (1868) I. viii. 489 Such of the industrial classes as could leave the place had wandered away to Holland and England.
b. industrial school: A school for teaching one or more branches of industry (cf. school of industry, industry 4 b); spec. a school established for the compulsory attendance of neglected children, where, besides being boarded (or lodged and boarded) and being taught the ordinary elementary subjects, they are instructed in some industry or trade; a school of this kind in which the children are boarded or partially boarded but not lodged is more distinctively called a day industrial school.
1853(title) Industrial Schools the Means for Decreasing Juvenile Crime. 1857Act 20 & 21 Vict. c. 48 §3 The Committee of..Council on Education may, upon the Application of the Managers of any School in which Industrial Training is provided, and in which Children are fed as well as taught..grant a Certificate..and thenceforth the School shall be a Certified Industrial School. 1876Act 39 & 40 Vict. c. 79 §16 A school in which industrial training, elementary education, and one or more meals a day, but not lodging, are provided..to be a certified day industrial school.
c. Of a quality suitable for industrial use.
1904Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict., Industrial soaps, a term used to describe that class of soap used for special purposes, such as ox gall soap, which is useful for scouring woollen goods and cleaning carpets, soap for silk dyers, fulling soap, etc. 1904Chemist & Druggist LXV. 852/2 Industrial Alcohol Committee..appointed to inquire into the use of duty-free alcohol for industrial purposes. 1905Ibid. LXVI. 630/2 There is only one way in which the influence of the spirit-duties can be satisfactorily counteracted in favour of industrial alcohol. 1906Act 6 Edw. VII c. 20 §4 The expression ‘industrial methylated spirits’ means any methylated spirits (other than mineralized methylated spirits) which are intended for use in any art or manufacture within the United Kingdom. 1968J. Ironside Fashion Alphabet 89 Industrial, applied to special fabrics or garments specially designed for use in particular industries.
d. Characterized by highly developed industries.
1911C. G. Robertson Eng. under Hanoverians ii. iv. 346 Napoleon..failed to see that he fought not with a nation of shopkeepers—a commercial State—but with a nation of capitalists and artisans—an industrial State. 1948S. Lilley Men, Machines & Hist. vi. 72 England was transformed from one of the most backward to one of the most rapidly advancing commercial and industrial countries of Europe. 1953J. D. Bernal Sci. & Industry in 19th Cent. vi. 171 Only the industrial countries of Europe and the newly industrialized parts of America contributed to modern science.
e. In specific uses.
industrial accident, an accident occurring in the course of one's employment, esp. in a factory; industrial action, action such as a strike, a go-slow, working to rule, etc., taken by industrial or other workers; industrial archæology, the study of the equipment and workings of industry of former times; so industrial archæologist; industrial art, art applied to the design of industrial products; so industrial artist; industrial assurance, a form of life assurance for industrial workers, mainly to cover funeral costs, with premiums payable in small regular instalments; industrial court, a court for the settlement of industrial disputes; industrial design, design as applied to industrial products; so industrial designer; industrial disease, a disease contracted in the course of one's employment, esp. in a factory; industrial dispute, a dispute between employers and employees; industrial espionage, spying directed towards discovering the secrets of a rival industrial company, manufacturer, etc.; industrial estate, an area of land devoted to factories and other industrial enterprises; industrial fatigue, fatigue in industrial workers; industrial frequency (see quot. 1940); industrial injury, an injury occurring in the course of one's employment, esp. in a factory; industrial insurance, (a) = industrial assurance; (b) insurance for industrial workers against injury or absence from work; industrial park (chiefly N. Amer.) = industrial estate; industrial proletariat, the section of the proletariat that is employed in industrial work; industrial property, the collective name applied to commercial rights derived from patents, designs, trade marks, etc.; industrial psychology, psychology as applied to all aspects of human involvement in industry; so industrial phychologist; industrial relations, relationships between employers and employees; industrial revolution, a rapid development in industry; spec. (freq. with capital initials) the development which took place in England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, chiefly owing to the introduction of new or improved machinery and large-scale production methods; industrial spy, a person engaged in industrial espionage; industrial union, a union of all workers in an industry irrespective of their craft or occupation; so industrial unionism, industrial unionist; Industrial Workers of the World, a labour organization advocating syndicalism which enjoyed its greatest support in the western United States during the early twentieth century.
1910Encycl. Brit. IX. 361/1 By a law of..1910, Sweden adopted the principle of the personal liability of the employer for *industrial accidents. 1922Ibid. XXXI. 698/1 The former has legalized deductions for hospital benefits on approval of the Industrial Accident Commission. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 256/1 A 40-year-old man with a history of several industrial accidents..presented after a fall at work.
1971Times 17 Mar. 1/8 The Times regrets that, in common with other national newspapers, it will probably be unable to publish tomorrow because of *industrial action. 1972Guardian 15 June 26/1, I fear..that if you imprison individual dockers we are going to get full scale industrial action.
1954M. Rix in Country Life 28 Oct. 1501/1 This canal..has a special interest for industrial archæologists.
1951History Today July 59/2 The most fascinating subject of all is what might be called the *industrial archaeology of the area. 1971K. Hudson (title) A guide to the industrial archaeology of Europe.
1850Punch 29 June 10 Mind where you fix your show... Where Fashion rides and drives House not *industrial Art, But 'mid the busy hives Right in the City's heart. 1851Illustr. Lond. News 21 June 605/3 Premiums for works of industrial art were offered. 1863J. B. Waring (title) Masterpieces of industrial art and sculpture at the International Exhibition, 1862. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 687/1 The awakening of interest in industrial art—sharply separated by pedantic classification from fine art—which began about the middle of the 19th century. 1930Times 7 May 11/4 Industrial Artists. An Association is to be formed of artists engaged in industry.
1896Act 59 & 60 Vict. c. 26 (title) Collecting Societies and *Industrial Assurance Companies Act. 1920Rep. Industr. Assurance Comp. (Cmd. 614) 2 The business of Industrial Assurance consists in the assurance of small sums, payable for the most part on the death of the life assured, in consideration of the payment of weekly premiums. 1935Economist 2 Mar. 497/2 Following the terrible disaster at the Gresford Colliery, a sum of {pstlg}10,000 was paid to some 200 families under industrial assurance policies.
1919Act 9 & 10 Geo. V c. 69 §14 This Act may be cited as the *Industrial Courts Act, 1919. 1973Listener 15 Nov. 660/1 The leaders of the AUEW see their own refusal to recognise the Industrial Court as part of the historic struggle of trade-unionists for the rights of the working man.
1934H. Read (title) Art and industry, the principles of *industrial design. 1967L. B. Archer in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. 122 There is a range of products in which aesthetic appearance and convenience in use are very important, such as in furniture, domestic appliances, and office machinery. Design of this kind is called ‘industrial design’.
1940H. Van Doren Industr. Design 27 *Industrial designers who take their work seriously cannot afford to play the prima donna. 1972F. MacCarthy All Things Bright & Beautiful 147 The hero of the piece was the industrial designer.
1906Act 6 Edw. VII c. 58 §8 (heading) Application of act to *industrial diseases. 1974Guardian 20 Mar. 1/8 A working class Yorkshire family, whose father contracts cancer through an industrial disease.
1907Times 1 Feb. 4/5 The Minister of Labour [in Canada] has brought in an *Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, which provides for the constitution of conciliation boards. 1973Times 13 Dec. 18/8 Men for whom wage claims and industrial disputes are tools to be used in..the destruction of the existing political order.
1962L. Deighton Ipcress File viii. 52 His reports concern *industrial espionage. 1972K. Benton Spy in Chancery ii. 22 He runs an industrial espionage service.
1953P. C. Berg Dict. New Words 96/2 *Industrial estate, a trading estate. 1972M. Jones Life on Dole ix. 68 The Council declared this property to be an industrial estate. 1974Times 14 Jan. 2/5 A secondary modern school on an industrial estate.
1914Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 176 What increase..has occurred in general morbidity in recent years, and to what extent this can be ascribed to *industrial fatigue. 1950Chambers's Encycl. VII. 543/1 In 1918 the Industrial Fatigue Research Board was formed.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 446/1 *Industrial frequency, a term used to denote the frequency of the alternating current used for ordinary industrial purposes, usually 50 or 60 cycles. 1958Engineering 14 Mar. 341/1 Two [railway] systems..which are able to utilise widely spaced substations and light overhead conductors, are the Swedish system at 162/3 cycles, and the French (and now British) system at industrial frequency (50 cycles) and 25 kV.
1933M. Correll in U.S. Women's Bureau Bull. No. 102 (title) *Industrial injuries to women in 1928 and 1929. 1940Bull. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics No. 667. p. ix, Efficient accident prevention can be promoted by administrators of workmen's compensation laws by prescribing types of reports to be submitted in cases of industrial injuries which can be used in analyzing accident causes. 1946Industr. Welfare & Personnel Managem. XXVIII. 214 Important changes in Industrial Law have taken place recently as a result of such measures as the Industrial Injuries Act (which supersedes the Workmen's Compensation Acts). 1971Morning Star 8 Apr. 3 Industrial injuries, on average, had been halved.
1911Encycl. Brit. XIV. 671/2 The system of *industrial insurance was introduced into the United States in 1876. 1920S. & B. Webb Hist. Trade Unionism (rev. ed.) ix. 507 The life assurance agents—principally those employed in ‘industrial’ insurance—number 100,000. 1920Rep. Industr. Assurance Comp. (Cmd. 614) 3 There is little thought for the development of industrial insurance upon the sound economic lines by which it might become a valuable instrument.
1955Barron's Nat. Business & Financial Weekly 10 Oct. 13 (title) *Industrial parks; planned factory districts are attracting more customers. Ibid. 15/3 The combined shopping center and industrial park. 1957Urban Land Apr. 5/2 Several questions indicated a strong local interest in the development of industrial parks as a means of stimulating development. The Panel stated that such parks are becoming increasingly popular and effective in attracting the smaller manufacturing plants and distribution warehouses. 1963Amer. City July 95/2 The new industrial park..offers the prospective industry a tract of graded land located on a wide, paved and landscaped boulevard. The attractive ‘price of admission’ also includes curbs, gutters and storm drains, water and sewer mains, gas, electric and telephone lines and access to railroad sidings. 1972Evening Telegram (St. John's, Newfoundland) 5 Aug. 10/1 Murray and Davis Properties Ltd. has announced the opening of their new..building..in the industrial park area.
1887F. K. Wischnewetzky tr. Engels's Condition of Working-Class in Eng. i. 15 (heading) The *Industrial Proletariat. 1930G. B. Shaw John Bull's Other Island Pref., in Wks. XI. 71 The growing political power of the industrial proletariat organized in trade unions. 1972G. Wigg George Wigg i. 23 The tiny red brick houses, typical of the growth of an industrial proletariat.
1884in Hertslet Treaties (1890) XVII. 408 The International Convention for the Protection of *Industrial Property, concluded at Paris on the 20th March, 1883. 1952Lauterpacht & Oppenheim Internat. Law (ed. 7) II. ii. ii. 330 Enemy assets..are to be returned—with the important exception of industrial property (i.e., patents, designs, trade marks and trade names, etc.).
1921J. Drever Psychol. of Industry iv. 46 Even when the factors affecting industrial efficiency and success are physical, the work of the *industrial psychologist may still be valuable in tracing out the physiological and psychological results of physical conditions. 1936Discovery Sept. 279 There are too many salients in the front line of social progress and it is the duty of the industrial psychologist to smooth these away. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. viii. 114 It is one of the major tasks confronting industrial psychologists today to discover ways of organizing such work that will make it an acceptable human activity. 1971A. K. Korman Industr. & Organizational Psychol. i. 12 The industrial psychologist..continues to be actively concerned with the..techniques and methods which will increase the effectiveness of manpower utilization in the modern organization both from the company's and from the individual's point of view.
[1913H. Münsterberg (title) Psychology and industrial efficiency.] 1917B. Muscio (title) Lectures on *industrial psychology. 1932Discovery Nov. 374/1 Industrial psychology is an awkward term for the improvement of the human factor in industry, but its value is unquestionable. 1970D. P. Schultz Psychol. & Industry i. 1 The field of industrial psychology includes a complex of activities covering all facets of the relationship between man and his work.
1904S. A. Barnett et al. in H. Barnett Canon Barnett (1918) II. xli. 258 Luxury..leads to cruelty in our *industrial relations. 1972Times 4 May 4/1 Members of Parliament are likely to be given greater latitude by the Speaker in discussing..matters that have been brought before the Industrial Relations Court. 1973Listener 25 Oct. 553/3 There were no shop-stewards, solicitors or industrial relations managers present. Ibid. 15 Nov. 660/2 The Labour Party is committed to the repeal of the Industrial Relations Act.
1848Mill Pol. Econ. II. iii. xvii. 119 The opening of a foreign trade..sometimes works a complete *industrial revolution in a country whose resources were previously undeveloped. 1884A. Toynbee (title) Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England. 1911C. G. Robertson Eng. under Hanoverians ii. iv. 341 The manufacturer of the Industrial Revolution is the modern master who provides capital, owns his mill or factory,..and creates and maintains a market. 1938H. Granville-Barker Quality 3 We sometimes refer to the Industrial Revolution as if it were a thing of the past. 1957G. E. Wright Biblical Archaeol. viii. 120/2 The Philistine defeat..meant an industrial revolution. Philistine power was broken and the secret of the iron smelting process became common property. 1973Guardian 4 June 9/6 It is no good being nostalgic for society before the Industrial Revolution.
1959K. Vonnegut Sirens of Titan (1962) iii. 73 He..had a superb system of *industrial spies. 1972G. Lyall Blame the Dead xii. 77 This letter..would be a useful guide to any industrial spy trying to penetrate your organisation.
1923J. D. Hackett in Managem. Engin. May 344/1 *Industrial union, a union of all workers within a plant or within an industry, irrespective of occupation or craft, and outside the control of the employer. 1928Britain's Industr. Future (Liberal Industr. Inquiry) iii. xiv. §3. 155 The Industrial Unions are a modern development, inspired by the idea of enabling all the workers in an industry..to present a united front against their employers. 1937,1950Industrial union [see horizontal a. 3 d].
1905Socialist Oct. 4/3 *Industrial Unionism is the name applied to that form of trades unionism which has sprung into existence as a direct outgrowth of modern industrial conditions under which whole industries are practically owned and controlled by capitalists through the medium of a trust or combine. 1912[see syndicalism]. 1920S. & B. Webb Hist. Trade Unionism (rev. ed.) ix. 659 The revolutionary Industrial Unionism and Syndicalism preached by James Connolly and Tom Mann..between 1905 and 1912 did not commend itself to the officials of the Trade Unions.
1905Socialist Oct. 4/3 The *Industrial Unionist calls upon the workers to organise in a manner consistent with the economic conditions with which they are surrounded... The plan of the industrial unionist..calls for the joining of all in the one national body of the industry. 1917G. Harvey Industr. Unionism & Mining Industry v. 148 Analysis of the Arrangement of Industries (based on Industrial Unionist literature).
1905Industrial Workers of the World: Constitution & By-Laws 4 This Organization shall be known as ‘The *Industrial Workers of the World’... And shall be composed of thirteen International Departments, subdivided in industrial unions of closely kindred industries..for representation in the departmental administration. 1912Century Mag. July 473/1 Counsels of violence were emphatically rejected, despite the opposition of the ideas of the Industrial Workers of the World. 1920,1957[see I.W.W. (I. III)]. 1962G. Woodcock Anarchism xiv. 466 After 1905 the anarchists who were interested in labor organization tended to join the Industrial Workers of the World.
B. n.
1. One engaged in industrial pursuits.
1865Pall Mall G. 16 Aug. 10/1 Commercials..Agriculturists..Industrials. 1887Ibid. 20 Jan. 12/1 A place in which the home-keeping industrial could find out all he wants to know about colonial industry. 1894Lancaster (Pa.) Morn. News 16 May, A band of Western ‘Industrials’ received..an offer of {pstlg}1.40 per day and per man to work on a railroad contract. 1899Q. Rev. Jan. 10 To him it appears a matter of course..that nobles and industrials should be fighting.
2. pl. Shares in a joint-stock industrial enterprise.
1894Daily News 21 Sept. 3/6 There was no general tone to the market, which—excluding Industrials—appears for the present to have reached a state of equilibrium. 1898Westm. Gaz. 2 Mar. 8/3 There is always plenty of money awaiting investment in sound industrials.
3. A joint-stock industrial enterprise.
1908Westm. Gaz. 20 Jan. 11/1 A Colonial Industrial. The prospectus of the Vryheid (Natal) Railway, Coal, and Iron Company, Limited, has now made its appearance. 1909Ibid. 3 June 13/4 A large falling off is shown in the earnings of that well-known industrial, Wm. Cory and Son.
Hence inˈdustrially adv., in respect of industry; inˈdustrialness, the quality of being industrial.
a1846For. Q. Rev. cited in Worcester for Industrially. 1858 Simmonds Dict. Trade 203/1 Those identified with the manufacturing pursuits, or producing arts, are said to be industrially employed. 1876H. Spencer Princ. Sociol. (1877) I. 756 Simple tribes which are exceptional in their industrialness. 1879Ibid. iii. ix. 711 Decrease of militancy and increase of industrialness. 1883American VI. 37 No country which keeps a large fraction of its people under arms, can compete industrially with countries like England and America.
▸ orig. U.S. Designating or relating to a type of music in which objects, esp. industrial tools and machinery, are used as instruments. Also (esp. in later use): designating or relating to a type of usually electronic music incorporating noise resembling that produced by industrial machinery. Also as n.
1972N.Y. Times 4 Apr. 46/3, 1937... A Grofé composition, ‘Symphony in Steel’, written in what he referred to as his ‘industrial music’ genre, called on such instruments as four pairs of shoes, two brooms, a locomotive bell, a pneumatic drill and a compressed-air tank. 1985Wall St. Jrnl. (Electronic ed.) 3 Oct. Industrial music isn't as simple as banging cookware on a car roof. Every jackhammer solo, every blast of a blowtorch, is carefully planned and not at all random. 1992N.Y. Times 16 Aug. v. 28/3 The club also features..industrial acts, bands that manage to weld grinding, machinelike noises into a dance beat at factory-level decibels. 2002Time Out N.Y. 9–16 May 83/2 Damaged is what your brain will be after listening to DJ Dandy Sex's neuron-numbing mix of punk, glam, new wave, Goth and industrial.
▸ industrial-strength adj. (of a product) designed for, or strong enough for, industrial rather than domestic use; (in later use freq. fig.) exceptionally forceful, powerful, or robust; out-of-the-ordinary, extreme, absolute.
1968N.Y. Times 22 Sept. (advt.) A totally new development for household cleaning! Janitor-in-a-Drum: the first *industrial-strength cleaner for your home. To clean up industry is a job for experts—people who can't pussyfoot around with dirt. They use an industrial-strength cleaner, a stronger cleaner than you use at home. 1978Washington Post (Nexis) 4 Aug. Immediately I knew I should have used an industrial-strength deodorant. 1989B. Paris Louise Brooks iii. xx. 507 She awoke with an industrial-strength hangover. 1994Tucson (Arizona) Weekly 16–22 Feb. 42/2 Considering that my mother is Italian, my father was Irish, and my wife is Mexican, I guess I'm an industrial-strength Catholic. |