| 释义 |
insulin Biochem.|ˈɪnsjʊlɪn|
Also † insuline.
[f. L. insul-a island (because it is produced by the islets of Langerhans) + -in1.]
1. A polypeptide hormone (the amino-acid composition differing slightly from species to species) which is concerned with carbohydrate metabolism in man and some other vertebrates, being produced by the islets of Langerhans and having effects that include the removal of sugar from the blood (so that a deficiency of insulin causes diabetes mellitus) and the promotion of protein synthesis and fat storage.
The name insulin(e) was proposed for the hormone on three separate occasions, each time independently: see quot. 1926.
[1909J. De Meyer in Archivio di Fisiol. VII. 96 Le produit de la sécrétion interne du pancréas (non denommé encore).., s'il dérive, comme nous le pensons, des ilots de Langerhans pourrait être appelé Insuline.] 1914E. A. Schäfer Introd. Study Endocrine Glands 84 The results of pancreas-extirpation and pancreas-grafting can..be best explained by supposing that the islet-tissue produces an autacoid substance which passes into the blood and affects carbohydrate metabolism and carbohydrate storage in such a manner that there is no undue accumulation of glucose in the blood. Provisionally it will be convenient for description purposes to refer to this hypothetical autacoid as insuline. 1916― Endocrin Organs xvii. 128 The islet tissue produces an autacoid which passes into the blood and affects carbohydrate metabolism... Provisionally it will be convenient to refer to this hypothetical autacoid as insuline. 1922F. G. Banting et al. in Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Canada XVI. v. 27 (heading) The preparation of pancreatic extracts containing insulin. 1922F. G. Banting et al. in Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. LXII. 175 Purified alcoholic extracts of pancreas, for which we suggest the name insulin, when injected subcutaneously into normal rabbits cause the percentage of sugar in the blood to fall within a few hours. 1923A. E. Housman Let. 16 May (1971) 213 When I saw the invention of Insulin I..expected to hear you were cured already. 1926E. A. Schäfer Endocrine Organs (ed. 2) II. xlix. 343 To this autacoid the name insulin is applied. [Note] The term was introduced by de Meyer (Arch. di fisiol., vii., 1909). In ignorance of this it was employed as a convenient term to denote the autacoid of the islet tissue in the first edition of this work, published in 1916. It was independently adopted by the Toronto workers [viz. F. G. Banting et al.] in 1922. 1956Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics LXV. 427 The amino acid sequences in pig and sheep insulins were compared with that of cattle insulin... The only differences found were in the three residues occupying positions 8, 9, and 10 in the glycyl chain. 1959Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. LXXXII. 340 Most commercial preparations are mixtures of beef and pork insulin. 1968Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxv. 43/1 Insulin promotes all the known pathways of glucose disposal and transformation including glycogen storage, fat formation, total oxidation and the use of the hexose-monophosphate pathway.
2. attrib. and Comb., as insulin shock, hypoglycæmia resulting from excessive insulin in the body, producing nervousness, weakness, sweating and in extreme cases coma, insulin coma; insulin (shock) treatment, a treatment for mental illness consisting of a course of artificially produced insulin comas (see quot. 1951).
1942M. Dickens One Pair of Feet viii. 167 A policeman, who had mistaken an Insulin coma for a drunken stupor. 1959Times 26 Mar. 15/5 Not for them the hashish-dream and the insulin-coma. 1972Chem. Abstr. LXXVII. 135684 After more than 45 min in an insulin coma, administration of glucose..to the affected animals did not interrupt the coma.
1925Ann. Clin. Med. III. 381/1 In diabetics whose blood sugars were high, that is above 300 mgm., symptoms of insulin shock frequently have been observed when their blood sugars were rapidly reduced to within usual normal range. 1936Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. LXXXV. 504 Insulin shock stimulates metabolism in general and liver function in particular. 1938Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry (Chicago) XXXIX. 1 (heading) Insulin shock treatment of schizophrenic patients. 1951F. Hopkins in E. N. Chamberlain Text-bk. Med. ix. 692 Insulin shock treatment..consists of the induction of coma by the injection of insulin. When the optimum dose for the individual case has been ascertained, a coma is induced each day for five or six days a week until a course of 50 or thereabouts has been given. 1958H. Beckman Drugs xxxiv. 351/2 Epinephrine is used adjuvantly in combating insulin shock.
1940Ann. Internal Med. XIV. 393 The insulin treatment of schizophrenia owes its origin to an accidental observation made by Sakel in his treatment of morphine addicts. 1958I. Murdoch Bell xxvi. 302 Catherine had been having insulin treatment and was continually under the influence of drugs.
Hence ˈinsulinase [-ase], an enzyme or enzyme system that breaks down insulin; ˈinsulinized ppl. a., treated with insulin.
1928Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. LXXXIV. 571 In both of these fishes the normal sugars are often even lower than the reduced sugars of the insulinized trout, scup and menhaden. 1949Mirsky & Broh-Kahn in Arch. Biochem. XX. 8 Pending further investigation, it is proposed..to characterize the active principle in these extracts as ‘insulinase’. 1959Metabolism VIII. 99 The liver is rich in an enzyme system designated ‘insulinase’, which causes cleavage of insulin; this system may be comprised of more than one enzyme. 1966Chem. Abstr. LXV. 1157 The increased sensitivity of aged humans and animals towards hypoglycemics is probably due to decreased insulinase activity. 1969Physiol. Chem. & Physics I. 355 (heading) The subsequent accumulation of labeled glucose by insulinized frog muscle at 0°C.
Add:[2.] insulin-dependent a. Path., designating or pertaining to a form of diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells, which is characterized by low or absent production of insulin and usually develops in childhood or youth.
1961Dunlop & Duncan in D. Dunlop et al. Textbk. Med. Treatment (ed. 8) 355 All diabetic children have insulin-dependent juvenile-type diabetes. 1983Alberti & Hockaday in Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. ix. 6/1 It is probably preferable to use the type I, type II scheme, in that considerable confusion arises from the term ‘insulin-dependent’, which is often equated in practice with insulin-treated, which will depend on clinical practice and the state of the patient at a particular time. 1991Lancet 3 Aug. 310/1 In December, 1989, a letter was published in The Lancet describing the results of administration of a microemulsion-derived formulation of oral insulin to three insulin-dependent diabetic patients. |