| 释义 |
▪ I. walnut1|ˈwɔːlnʌt|
Forms: 1 walhhnutu, 4–6 walnotte, 5 wallnott, 5, 6 walnutt(e, 6–8 wall-nutt, 7 walenotte, 7–8 wallnut, 6– walnut. See also walsh-nut.
[OE. walhhnutu str. fem. = WFris. walnút (NFris. walnödd from Da.), MDu. walnote (Kilian walnot), Du. walnoot, MLG. wallnot, -nut, LG. (Bremisch. Wörterb. wallnutt) walnut, G. walnuss (earlier wallnuss), ON. valhnot str. fem. (Norw. valnot, Sw. valnöt, Da. valnød). The first element is OTeut. *walχo-z (OE. wealh, OHG. walah) ‘Welshman’, i.e. Celtic or Roman foreigner; see Welsh a.
The solitary OE. example (in a glossary c 1050) is the earliest known appearance of the word in any language. The word must, however, have come to England from the Continent, but there is no evidence to show whether it belonged to the primitive OE. vocabulary, or was introduced at a relatively late date. It seems to have belonged originally to the LG.-speaking district; etymologically it meant the nut of the Roman lands (Gaul and Italy) as distinguished from the native hazel. It is noteworthy that in the languages of these countries the word descending from L. nux, when used without qualification, denotes the walnut. In HG. the word appears first in the 16th c. (adapted from LG.); but MHG. had the equivalent wälhisch nuȥ (mod.G. dial. wälsche nuss, wälschnuss): see walsh-nut.
The ONF. noix gauge, gaugue, walnut (which survives in mod. Picard and Norman dialects) app. represents a popular L. *nux gallica, a translation of the Teut. word.]
1. a. The nut of the common walnut-tree, Juglans regia, consisting of a two-lobed seed (the edible kernel) enclosed in a spheroidal shell covered with a green fleshy husk.
The seed of the mature fruit is eaten like any other nut, and the soft unripe fruit is used entire for pickling.
French walnut: the nut (much larger than the ordinary kind) of a variety of the common walnut tree, Juglans regia maxima.
c1050Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 452/34 Nux, hnutbeam oððe walhhnutu. 1358–9Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 124 Et ij M. de walnottes, prec. millene 15d. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xi. 251 As on a walnot with-oute is a bitter barke, And after þat bitter barke..Is a kirnelle of conforte kynde to restore. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 109 (Ashm. MS.) Take curnylles of walnotys. 1580Blundevil Curing Horses Dis. xcix. 46 Me thinkes that the quantitie of a Walnut were too little for so much wine. 1598Shakes. Merry W. iv. ii. 171 Let them say of me, as iealous as Ford, that search'd a hollow Wall-nut for his wiues Lemman. 1639T. de Grey Compl. Horsem. 276 Make it up into pils somewhat bigger than a French Walnut. 1661J. Childrey Brit. Baconica 6 Their quantity if from a Pease to a Wall-nut. 1712Steele Spect. No. 498 ⁋3, I was diverting my self with a pennyworth of Walnuts. 1769Mrs. Raffald Engl. Housekpr. (1778) 223 To preserve Walnuts white. Take the large French walnuts full grown, but not shelled, pare them till you see the white appear, [etc.]. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 187 Walnuts will not bear a long voyage without being kiln-dried.
b. Often referred to as eaten with wine after dinner.
1824W. H. Pyne (title), Wine and Walnuts. 1833Tennyson Miller's Dau. 32 In after-dinner talk Across the walnuts and the wine.
c. Used for walnut-juice.
1709Prior Henry & Emma 501 Black Soot, or yellow Walnut shall disgrace This little Red and White of Emma's Face.
d. oil of walnuts: the essential oil expressed from the kernels of walnuts.
1634Peacham Compl. Gentl. xiii. (1906) 130 Then use the oyle of Walnuts. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 227 Olive⁓oil, oil of wallnuts, oil of colsa..are all used in the arts for making soap.
¶e. Applied to the cow-nut.
1553Eden New India, 1st Three Bks. on Amer. (Arb.) 19 This tree..beareth a kynde of walnuttes [L. iuglandes] most delicate to be eaten.
2. a. The nut-bearing tree Juglans regia (N.O. Juglandaceæ). Also applied to other species of Juglans and related genera: see 2 b. In the U.S. the word often denotes the Hickory (Carya).
1600Fairfax Tasso iii. lxxvi, The broad-leau'd Sicamore, The barraine Platane, and the Wall-nut sound. 1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa iv. 228 Vpon this mountaine are many springs, and woods abounding with walnuts. a1700Evelyn Diary 12 Oct. 1677, Innumerable are the plantations of trees, especially wallnuts. 1869H. F. Tozer Highl. Turkey I. 266 There are but few trees, only a few poplars, and a walnut or two.
b. With defining adj. common walnut (in British use), Juglans regia, called in the U.S. English walnut. black walnut, the American species, Juglans nigra; grey or white walnut, the Butternut of the U.S., Juglans cinerea.
1612R. Johnson New Life Virginea sig. b3, They cut downe wood for wanscot, blacke walnut tree, Spruce, Cedar & Deale. 1714J. Lawson Hist. Carolina 99 The Walnut Tree of America is call'd Black Walnut. 1743J. Clayton Flora Virginica 190 Juglans alba..White Walnuts. 1754Catesby Nat. Hist. Carolina etc. I. 67 The Black Walnut. Most parts of the Northern Continent of America, abound with these Trees, particularly Virginia and Maryland. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 331 Walnut, Jamaica, Hura. 1772C. Carroll Let. 9 June in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1919) XIV. 149 It froze Here last Thursday night.., it bit the Leaves of the English Walnut tree. 1785Martyn Lett. Bot. xxviii. (1794) 439 Common Walnut is distinguished by having the component leaves oval, smooth, sometimes a little toothed, and almost equal. 1822White walnut [see creek-bottom s.v. creek n.1 8]. 1857A. Gray First Less. Bot. (1866) 153 Heart-wood..is generally of a different color,..brown in Black-Walnut, black in Ebony, etc. 1864Grisebach Flora W. Ind. Isl. 788 Walnut, Jamaica, Picrodendron Juglans. Walnut, Otaheite, Aleurites triloba. 1876‘Mark Twain’ Tom Sawyer xvi. 134 Perfectly round white things a trifle smaller than an English walnut. 1882Garden 7 Jan. 1/2 Besides these there are already fruiting..English Walnuts, Persian Walnuts (Kaghazi), Almonds, American Black Walnuts, &c. Ibid. 16 Sept. 251/1 The Grey Walnut or Butternut..is smaller in growth and more spreading in habit [than the Black Walnut]. 1912White walnut [see oil-nut b, c].
3. a. The wood of the walnut-tree.
a1585in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1914) XXIX. 517 The comodities thence ar..Boordes of chestnuttes and walnuttes. 1624Capt. J. Smith Virginia ii. 25 The wood that is most common is Oke and Walnut. 1853Dickens Bleak Ho. xviii, How pleasant then, to be bound to no particular chairs and tables, but..to flit from rosewood to mahogany, and from mahogany to walnut,..as the humour took one. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 15 The museum has been partly filled with absolutely dust-proof cases of solid walnut shaped in the best style of the art. 1892Joseph Gardner & Sons' Monthly Circular 1 Oct., Walnut—American.—Imports: 394 Logs into Liverpool. Ibid., Walnut—Circassian—No Imports.
†b. As material for gun-stocks. Hence colloq. to shoulder walnut: to enlist as a soldier. Obs.
1838D. Jerrold Men of Character (1851) 10, ‘I tell ye, Cuttles, it's no use. I'll shoulder walnut first.’ ‘Walnut!’ ‘Ay, go for a soldier.’
4. attrib. and Comb.
a. obvious combinations, as (sense 1) walnut-cake, walnut-kernel, walnut-ketchup, walnut-oil, walnut-peel, walnut-trade, walnut-wine; walnut-stained adj.; (sense 2) walnut avenue, walnut garden, walnut leaf, walnut-wood; (sense 3, quasi-adj. ‘made of walnut’) walnut bed, walnut sideboard; walnut-framed, walnut-panelled adjs.b. special comb.: walnut-brown, the brown colour produced by the application of walnut-juice to the skin; walnut-juice, the juice expressed from the green husk of the walnut; used by gipsies as a brown stain for the skin; † walnut-water (see quot.).
1898C. M. Yonge John Keble's Parishes iii. 44 There were two *walnut avenues planted about this time.
1840Thackeray Catherine xi, This amiable pair were lying in a large *walnut bed.
1865Kingsley Herew. xxx, If William's French grooms got hold of you, Torfrida, it would not be a little *walnut-brown which would hide you.
1889H. A. De Salis Cakes & Confections 28 *Walnut Cake. Rub four ounces of peeled walnuts..with the whites of three eggs, [etc.]. 1936New Yorker 29 Feb. 21/1 His favourite Linzertorte, a walnut cake. 1977F. Parrish Fire in Barley iv. 39 Some ginger biscuits and a slice of walnut cake.
1908S. E. White Riverman xiv, The *walnut-framed photograph.
1873Kingsbury Comm. Song of Sol., Speaker's Comm. IV. 671/2 She relates to the chorus how in early spring she had first met the King in a *walnut-garden in her own country.
1912E. Thomas Geo. Borrow v. 44 They colour his face with *walnut juice so that he looks a ‘true son of an Egyptian’.
1908[Miss E. Fowler] Betw. Trent & Ancholme 9 A string of *walnut kernels.
1796Mrs. Raffald Engl. Housekpr. (1778) 32 One meat spoonful of *walnut catchup. 1855Delamer Kitchen Gard. (1861) 166 Walnut ketchup, is obtained from the outer husk of the ripe fruit.
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Ulcer, A Decoction of *Walnut Leaves in Water, with a little Sugar. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 629 Slugs and earth-worms may be effectually destroyed by..a decoction of..walnut leaves.
1612W. Strachey Trav. Virginia (1953) i. v. 73 A lock of an ell long, which they annoynt often with *walnut oyle. 1649W. Bullock Virginia 12 Pot⁓ashes, Rape, and Walnut Oyle, and other Staples. 1963Times 9 Feb. 11/3 The vegetables are luscious and the salads delicately dressed with walnut oil. 1984M. Babson Death Swap xii. 90 A large tin of truffles..and the inevitable walnut oil.
1934Webster, *Walnut-paneled. 1961M. Beadle These Ruins are Inhabited (1963) ii. 24 We ducked through a narrow passageway and into the chapel, a walnut-panelled room. 1981P. Niesewand Word of Gentleman xxv. 162 Macgregor's office was walnut-panelled.
1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 543 *Walnut-peels managed as for wool, form a cheap and durable brown for silk. 1833Veget. Subs. Materials of Manuf. xxiii. 404 Fawn colours. Sumach—Walnut-peels—Henna.
1862Catal. Internat. Exhib., Brit. II. No. 5731, A *walnut sideboard, Renaissance style.
1906T. Watts-Dunton Thoreau's Walden Introd. p. xi, One of those masquerading ‘children of the Tent’..who think it fine to play the Man of the Woods, in order that they may..write books with *walnut-stained fingers.
1712Steele Spect. No. 509 ⁋3, I must repeat the Abomination, that the *Walnut Trade is carry'd on by old Women within the Walks.
1747H. Glasse Cookery xx. 158 To distill *Walnut-water. Take a Peck of fine green Walnuts, bruise them well.., put two Quarts of good French Brandy to them, [etc.].
1769Mrs. Raffald Engl. Housekpr. (1778) 325 To make *Walnut Wine.
1865Dickens Mut. Fr. i. vi, An old corner cupboard of *walnut-wood.
Add:[3.] c. The colour of walnut-wood, variously a yellowish to a dark shade of brown; also, a wood stain imparting this colour. Also used of the colour imparted to skin by walnut-juice.
1895Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List 973 Jackson's Varnish Stains (for floors and woodwork). In various colours..; the following are most generally in demand:—light and dark oak, mahogany, walnut, Ebony, and satinwood (other shades obtainable to order). 1905Macm. Mag. Dec. 95 She could have fairly considered the respective merits of old oak or walnut for re-staining the floor. 1934Webster, Walnut, The color of the heartwood of the black walnut, reddish red-yellow in hue, of saturation and brilliance varying from low to medium;—distinguished from walnut brown. 1942L. Hughes Shakespeare in Harlem 19 All those sweet colors Flavor Harlem of mine! Walnut or cocoa, Let me repeat: Caramel, brown sugar, A chocolate treat.
▪ II. walnut2 Naut.
Corrupt form of wall-knot, associated with walnut1 1. Also walnut-knot.
1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780) s.v. Knot, There are several sorts of knots..: the principal of these are the diamond-knot, the rose-knot, the wall-knot or walnut. 1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 213 A double-walnut-knot,..called a button-and-loop. |