| 释义 |
Japan, n. (a.)|dʒəˈpæn|
Also 6 Giapan, 7 Japon.
[Like the other European forms (Du., Ger., Da., Sw. Japan, F., Sp. Japon, Pg. Japão, It. Giappone, app. ad. Malay Jăpung, Japang, ad. Chinese Jih-pŭn (= Japanese Ni-pon), ‘sun-rise’, ‘orient’, f. jih (Jap. ni) sun + pŭn (Jap. pon, hon) origin. The earliest form in which the Chinese name reached Europe was app. in Marco Polo's Chipangu, in Pigafetta Cipanghu. The existing forms represent Pg. Japão and Du. Japan, ‘acquired from the traders at Malacca in the Malay forms’ (Yule).]
I. In primary sense.
1. a. The insular empire so called, on the east of Asia.
1577Eden & Willis (title) The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies, and other countreys..as Moscovia, Persia,..China in Cathayo and Giapan. 1613J. Saris Voy. to Japan (Hakl. Soc.) 1, January 14, 1612..we wayed out of the roade of Bantam for Japan. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage v. xiv. 440 That you may at last bee acquainted with Iapon. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xliv. 173 It is the custome of those of Jappon [de Japão] to be exceeding kind and courteous.
†b. A native of Japan, a Japanese. Obs.
1613J. Saris Voy. to Japan (Hakl. Soc) 1 My Companye 81 persons, viz., 74 English, 1 spanniar, 1 Japan, and 5 swarts. 1623St. Papers Col. 1622–4, 208 The Japons lying in irons.
II. Transferred applications, often with lower-case initial. (Elliptical uses of III.)
2. a. A varnish of exceptional hardness, which originally came from Japan. The name is now extended to other varnishes of a like sort, esp. to (a) a black varnish obtained by cooking asphaltum with linseed oil, used for producing a black gloss on metal and other materials; (b) a varnish-like liquid made from shellac, linseed-oil and turpentine, and used as a medium in which to grind colours and for drying pigments.
1688Parker & Stalker Treat. Japanning Pref., True, genuine Japan..stands unalterable, when the wood which was imprisoned in it, is utterly consumed. Ibid. v. 19 Of Black Varnishing or Japan. Ibid. 21 You cannot be over⁓nice and curious in making white Japan. 1761Fitzgerald in Phil. Trans. LII. 150, I had it varnished over several times with strong varnish, or japan. 1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 624 Japan is applied with a brush.
b. fig. Specious semblance, ‘veneer’.
1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Manners Wks. (Bohn) II. 50 But this japan costs them dear. 1866Reade Griffith Gaunt (1887) 34 Thin japan of venal sympathy.
3. a. Japanese work; work in the Japanese style; esp. work varnished, and adorned with painted or raised figures.
17..Tom Thumb iii. 153 in Hazl. E.P.P. II. 239 The inward parts were all japon [pr. japan]. 1742H. Walpole Lett. to Mann (1857) I. 192 He little thought that what maintained him for a whole session would scarce serve one of his younger grandsons to buy japan and fans for princesses at Florence! 1798Jane Austen Northang. Abb. II. vi, She looked closely at the cabinet... It was Japan, black and yellow Japan of the handsomest kind. Ibid. II. x, She did not love the sight of japan in any shape.
†b. Applied to a black varnished cane. Obs.
1678Quack's Acad. in Harl. Misc. (Park) II. 33 You must always carry a caduceus or conjuring japan in your hand, capped with a civet-box.
4. a. Japanese porcelain. †b. Japanese silk.
1729Mrs. Delany Autobiog. & Corr. 5 Dec. (1861) I. 227, I saw nothing extraordinary but the fine japan you so much despised. 1752Foote Taste ii. Wks. 1799 I. 22 That piece of China..is the right old Japan of the pea-green kind. 1782Europ. Mag. II. 68 Where's the old China? Show me the Japan! 1810Splendid Follies I. 170 Miss Betty brought up the rear in a robe of transparent japan.
5. Entom. Short for Japan moth: see 6.
1832J. Rennie Consp. Butterfl. & Moths 195 Adela..The Copper Japan... Very uncommon. Near London.
III. attrib. and Comb. or as adj.
6. attrib. Of, belonging to, native to, or produced in Japan; passing into adj. = Japanese. Frequent in names of natural or artificial products; as Japan anemone, Japan euonymus, Japan gold, Japan porcelain, Japan ware, etc.
1673Ray Journ. Low C. 28 A Japan Letter, written to the Dutch Governour. a1680Rochester Poems (1702) 71 Kiss me thou curious picture of a man; How odd thou art, how pretty, how japan! 1699Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 581 Monday last the old East India company began their sale of images, japan ware, china. 1819G. Samouelle Entomol. Compend. 249 Japan-moths. 1861Delamer Fl. Gard. 128 Pyrus Japonica—Japan Pear,—which bears scarlet blossoms early in spring, is really a Quince, and is now removed to the genus Cydonia.
b. Special Comb.: Japan anemone, one of several varieties or hybrids of Anemone hupehensis, bearing large pink or white flowers; Japan camphor = tub-camphor (see tub n. 10); Japan cedar = Cryptomeria; Japan clover, a leguminous annual introduced into the southern United States in 1840 from China and Japan; Japan current = Kuroshiwo; Japan earth = Terra japonica, catechu; Japan-ink (see quot. 1848); Japan lacquer (tree) (see lacquer n. 2 b, 4); Japan lily, any of several species of Lilium native to Japan, esp. L. japonicum; Japan moth, a moth of the genus Adela; Japan paper = Japanese paper; Japan pepper = Japanese pepper (see pepper n. 3); Japan quince (see Japonica); Japan rose, a name once used for the camellia; later = Japanese rose; Japan varnish (tree) = varnish sumach (see varnish n.1 5); = Japan lacquer; Japan wax = Japanese wax.
1847Curtis's Bot. Mag. LXXIII. 4341 (heading) Japan Anemone. 1870W. Robinson Wild Garden i. 28 The Japan Anemone and A. hybrida..grow so strongly that they will take care of themselves. 1882Garden 1 Apr. 213/2 Japan Anemones..seem here to enjoy both the shelter and partial shade. 1908G. Jekyll Colour in Flower Garden ix. 81 The pink colourings are the wide-headed Sedum spectabile, pink Japan Anemone and a few pale pink Gladioli.
1882R. Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 4) 642 Commercial camphor is derived entirely from the island of Formosa and Japan,..the latter [being known] as Japan or Dutch Camphor.
1852Japan cedar [see Cryptomeria]. 1900M. Thorn in W. D. Drury Bk. Gardening xi. 488 C. japonica (Japan Cedar) is a charming tree.
1884Miller Plant-n., Lespedeza,..‘Hoop-koop’-plant, Japan Clover.
1865D. Page Handbk. Geol. Terms (ed. 2) 263 Japan current, that branch of the equatorial current of the Pacific which trends northward along the Japan coasts. 1885[see Kuroshiwo]. 1936Russell & Yonge Seas (ed. 2) x. 231 The Japan Current or ‘Kuro Shiwo’ corresponding to our Gulf Stream.
1718Quincy Compl. Disp. 107 Japan Earth..is very austere upon the Palate.
1807Herschel in Phil. Trans. XCVII. 209 A..strip of card, discoloured with japan ink.
1848Craig, Japan Ink, a superior kind of black writing ink, generally glossy when dry.
1835W. J. Hooker Compan. Bot. Mag. I. 268/1 The so much celebrated Japan lacquer or varnish. 1880C. E. Bessey Bot. xx. 535 Japan Lacquer, so much used by the Japanese in the manufacture of many wares, is obtained..from Rhus vernicifera, and probably other species. 1884W. Miller Dict. Eng. Names Plants 241/1 Japan Lacquer-, or Varnish-, Tree. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 70/2 Rhus vermicifera is the Japan lacquer or varnish-tree.
1813Curtis's Bot. Mag. XXXVIII. 1591 (heading) White one-flowered Japan Lily. 1854C. M. Yonge Heartsease I. iv. 56 You should go and look at the Japan lilies.
1625Purchas Pilgrimes III. ii. v. 339 Nothing gave him such content as two Bookes of Iapon paper, smooth and hard bound in Europæan manner. 1914Photo-Era Feb. 102/1 There are certain tricks to produce a soft print from a sharp negative, one of which is to put a piece of Japan paper between the plate and the sensitive paper in the printing-frame. 1974Country Life 17 Jan. 75/1 The exquisite Le Bain of 1905, a dry point (an impression from the edition of 27 or 29 on Japan paper).
1866Japan pepper [see pepper n. 3]. 1914W. J. Bean Trees & Shrubs Hardy in Brit. Isles II. 692 Z[anthoxylum] piperitum, De Candolle. Japan Pepper... The seeds when ground are used by the Japanese as pepper.
1850W. Howitt Year-bk. Country 24 In gardens..come forth the vernal crocus, various hellebores, the Japan quince. 1916L. H. Bailey Pruning-Manual 222 Chænomeles japonica (Japan quince).
1789W. Aiton Hortus Kewensis II. 460 Camellia... Japan Rose. 1793B. Edwards Hist. Brit. Colonies W. Indies I. 204 Camellia japonica, Japan Rose. 1895W. Robinson Eng. Flower Garden (ed. 4) 732/1 It [Rosa acicularis] has a showy fruit, which differs from that of the Japan Rose, for, instead of being roundish and smooth, it is long and Pear-shaped.
[1727J. G. Scheuchzer tr. Kæmpfer's Hist. Japan I. i. ix. 114 The Urusi or Varnish-Tree is another of the noblest and most useful Trees of this country.] 1789J. Belknap Let. 13 Mar. in W. Parker & J. P. Cutler Life M. Cutler (1888) II. 252, I have sent for the seeds of the Japan varnish tree. 1843Penny Cycl. XXVI. 147/2 The Japan varnish of Kæmpfer and Thunberg is Rhus vernix. 1889W. Robinson Eng. Flower Garden (ed. 2) 788/2 Others in cultivation..include R[hus] vermicifera, or Japan Varnish Tree.
1859Japan wax [see Japanese wax s.v. Japanese a. b]. 1887Colonial & Indian Exhib. Rep. Col. Sect. 275 Myrtle wax..which, like Japan wax, is rather a fat than a true wax. 1969R. Mayer Dict. Art Terms & Techniques 201/2 Japan wax is sometimes called vegetable wax.
7. attrib. and Comb., in sense 2; Of, pertaining to, or adorned with japan, as japan cabinet, japan frame, japan ground, etc. Also similative and parasynthetic as japan-black, japan-headed adjs.
1681Secr. Serv. Money Chas. & Jas. (Camden) 42 For two japan cabinets..100.0.0. 1688Parker & Stalker Treat. Japanning xiii. 36 There are two sorts of Bantam, as well as Japan-work. Ibid., The Japan-Artist works most of all in Gold, and other metals. 1697Lond. Gaz. No. 3250/4 Lost.., a large Silver Japan headed Cane, the ground of it Shagreen, and the Japan Work most of it gilt. 1712Arbuthnot John Bull iii. i, She had laid aside your carving, gilding, and japan work, as being too apt to gather dirt. 1855Mrs. Gaskell North & S. xiv, Go to my little japan cabinet..and in the second left-hand drawer you will find a packet of letters. 1883B'ham Daily Post 11 Oct., Japan-stovers and Polishers, used to Cash-boxes and Coal-vases. |