| 释义 |
judgement, judgment|ˈdʒʌdʒmənt|
Forms: 3–5 iuggement, 3–6 iugement, (3 gugement, 4 iuiement, iugumen, 5 iugemente, iewge-, iugis-, yuge-, iugment), 6–7 iudge-, iudgment, (-e), 7– judge-, judgment.
[a. F. jugement (11th c.), f. juger to judge + -ment: cf. Pr. jutgamen, med.L. jūdicāmentum.]
1. a. The action of trying a cause in a court of justice; trial. (Now rare or merged in 3.) Also applied to trial by battle (quot. 1377: see battle n. 2) or ordeal (Judgement of God).
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1236 To bringe is neueu mid strengþe to stonde to Iugement. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvi. 95 Þanne shulde Ihesus iuste þere-fore bi iuggement of armes, Whether shulde [fonge] þe fruit, þe fende or hymselue. 1390Gower Conf. III. 340 Unto the town this he besoghte, To don him riht in juggement. c1470Henry Wallace ii. 248 To..bryng him wp out of that vgly sell To iugisment. a1548Hall Chron., Edw. V 6 b, They all foure were beheaded without iudgement. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. iv. i. 223 A Daniel come to iudgement, yea a Daniel. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 270 The Canton of Bern hath three Courts of Judgement. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 5 This caus could not by any pretens bee brought into judgment. 1672Cowell Interpr., Judicium Dei, the Judgment of God, so our ancestors call'd those now prohibited Tryals of Ordeal, and its several kinds.
b. Phr. to sit in judgement: (a) lit. to sit as judge, to preside as a judge at a trial; (b) fig. to pass judgement upon (see 6), to judge, criticize (with an assumption of superiority).
c1440Gesta Rom. i. vii. 18 (Harl. MS.) Whanne the Iuge was come down..for to sitte in iugement, he sawe þis siȝt. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI 161 The kyng hymself came into Kent, and there sat in iudgement upon the offendors. 1824Scott Redgauntlet Let. v, We shall all of us have enough to do, without sitting in judgment upon other folks.
2. The trial of moral beings by God (or Christ) as Judge; spec. (in full, the Last Judgement), the final trial of the subjects of God's moral government at the end of the world: = doom n. 6. Often in day of judgement: = doomsday.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 2802 Þan sal þai come til þe last iugement. 1382Wyclif Matt. x. 15 It shall be more suffreable to the lond of men of Sodom and Gomor in the day of iugement than to that citee. [Cf. xi. 22, in the day of dome.] c1450tr. De Imitatione i. iii. 4 Derke þinges, for þe whiche we shul not be blamed in þe iuggement. c15111st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 33/1 Of this people shalbe no iugement at the dredefull day of dome. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 188 The valley of Cedron..where the generall Iudgement shall be, if the Iews..may be beleeved. 1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 39 The saints and spirits of the blessed shall take possession of it, and there remain till the general judgment. 1855Milman Lat. Chr. iv. i. (1864) II. 173 In the Resurrection and Day of Judgement.
3. a. The sentence of a court of justice; a judicial decision or order in court.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 98/205 Is þis a guod Ivggement? a1300Cursor M. 6776 (Cott.) Þou sal it quit wit iuiement [v.r. iuggement]. c1450Cov. Myst. xxv. 249 A wondyr case..On wiche we must gyf iewgement. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 244 b, He confessed the Inditement, and so had Iudgement to bee hanged. 1560Bible (Genev.) 1 Kings iii. 28 All Israel heard y⊇ iudgement, which the King had iudged. 1647–8Sir C. Cotterell Davila's Hist. Fr. (1678) 5 If he caused judgment to be given in favour of his mother. a1718Penn Tracts Wks. 1726 I. 501 Judgment is the Determination and Result of Law. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 342 Judgment that the daughters of Richard and Mathew took only estates for life. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 160 She appealed from the judgment of the legates to that of the pope.
b. Law. (ellipt.) An assignment of chattels or chattel-interests made by judgement or decree of court; the certificate of such judgement as a security or form of property. Cf. judgement-debt in 13.
‘A Judgment, in consequence of some suit or action in a court of justice, is frequently the means of vesting the right and property of chattel interests in the prevailing party’ (Blackstone Comm. (1767) II. 436).
1677A. Yarranton Eng. Improv. 36 Bonds given to the King, although..never Recorded in the Exchequer, nor in any Court else; yet these Bonds are a Judgment in Law, and by virtue thereof will be first served. a1718Penn Maxims Wks. 1726 I. 845 As Judgments are paid before Bonds, and Bonds before Bills or Book-debts. 1745De Foe's Eng. Tradesman i. 6 A judgment in goods, taken in early, is never lost. 1858Ld. St. Leonards Handy Bk. Prop. Law xxi. 167 Upon a marriage, a mother assigned an unregistered judgment to a trustee for her daughter for life.
4. Divine sentence or decision; spec. a misfortune or calamity regarded as a divine visitation or punishment, or as a token of divine displeasure.
a1300Cursor M. 1591 (Gött.) In form of iugement a neu vengans on þaim god sent. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 444 If he discorde from juggement of his God. 1470–85Malory Arthur iv. xxiii, That is the ryghtwys Iugement of god sayd the damoysel. 1560Bible (Genev.) Ezek. xiv. 21 When I send my foure sore iudgements vpon Ierusalem. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, ii, iv. 194 Hence I tooke a thought, This was a Iudgement on me. 1703Lond. Gaz. No. 3899/1 An Anniversary Thanksgiving..for our Deliverance from the Terrours of that dreadful Judgment [earthquake]. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xxii. (1824) 648 Some people said it was a judgement on him. 1816J. Wilson City of Plague ii. iii. 301 My sins have brought this judgment on the city.
5. a. Any formal or authoritative decision, as of an umpire or arbiter. (Now rare.)
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 303 To whils þat oure trewe duellis on jugement. c1386Chaucer Prol. 833 Who so be rebel to my Iuggement Shal paye for al þat by the wey is spent. c1450Guy Warw. (C.) 672 And all þey seyde wyth oon assente: We graunt wele to yowre yugement. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 14, I will confourme my wyll vnto your iudgemente. 1602Shakes. Ham. v. ii. 291. 1619 Sanderson Serm. Rom. xiv. 3. §3 This third Verse: wherein is contained..Saint Pauls judgement; or his counsell rather, and aduice. 1878Browning La Saisiaz 292 The show of things unfurled For thy summing-up and judgement.
†b. Astrol. A decision or conclusion as to a future event, deduced from the positions of the heavenly bodies: cf. judicial astrology. Obs.
1390Gower Conf. III. 2 He can al the lawe deme, And yiven every juggement Which longeth to the firmament. Ibid. 107 [Astrology] The which in juggementz acompteth Theffect, what every sterre amonteth.
6. The pronouncing of a deliberate opinion upon a person or thing, or the opinion pronounced; criticism; censure.
a1225Ancr. R. 118 Þeo hwule þet te heorte walleð wiðinnen of ureððe, nis þer no riht dom, ne no riht gugement. 1340–70Alex. & Dind. 462 Þere nis no iargoun no iangle ne iuggeme[n]tis falce. c1477Caxton Jason 14 After the Iugement of the men ye are the very myrrour of al vertues. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. Ded. A ij b, The place and dignity, to the which (by the iudgement of al men) you are most worthely called. 1659Ray Corr. (1848) 2 You have my designs, and I desire your judgment of them. 1671Temple Lett., to Sir J. Temple Wks. 1731 II. 247 Upon all these Passages..I have fixed my Judgment of the Affairs and Counsels at present in Design. 1841Myers Cath. Th. iii. viii. 31 Scripture..with its selection of facts and moral judgements of them, has been ordained of God to be written thus rather than otherwise. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. i. vi, We'll pass no judgement upon that.
7. a. The formation of an opinion or notion concerning something by exercising the mind upon it; an opinion, estimate.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 345 Wher men of worse liif mai sunner erre in þer jugement. 1390Gower Conf. III. 45 Ek also Aeremance in juggement To love he bringth of his assent. 1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 86 This waye in my iudgement doeth excell all the rest. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, iii. iv. 45 To morrow, in my iudgement, is too sudden. 1671R. Bohun Wind 113 Wee may better make judgement of these Winds. 1741Watts Improv. Mind i. v. §1 If we would form a judgment of a book. 1799Mackintosh Stud. Law Nature & Nations Wks. 1846 I. 385 To form a sound judgment on political measures. 1884Times (weekly ed.) 5 Sept. 3/1 In his judgment they..had no occasion to bow down to any one.
†b. A form of religious opinion or belief; a ‘persuasion’. Obs.
1653Cromwell Sp. in Select. fr. Harl. Misc. (1793) 376 If I did seem to speak any thing, that might seem to reflect upon those of the Presbyterian judgment. c1665Mrs. Hutchinson Mem. Col. Hutchinson (1863) 66 Having been before of the Arminian judgement. 1687Assur. Abb. Lands 90, I do not herein aim at reflecting upon the Conformists in general; for..there are many sober, vertuous and religeous Persons of that Judgment.
c. private judgement: the formation of personal or individual opinion (esp. in religious matters), as opposed to the acceptance of a statement or doctrine on authority.
1718T. Herne (title) Defense of Private Judgment. 1840Carlyle Heroes, Priest (1872) 115 Liberty of private judgment, if we will consider it, must at all times have existed in the world.
8. a. The faculty of judging; ability to form an opinion; that function of the mind whereby it arrives at a notion of anything; the critical faculty; discernment.
1535Joye Apol. Tindale (Arb.) 11 Men of greter knowleg..and more excellent iugement in holy scripture. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iii. vii. 58 You haue good iudgement in Horsemanship. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 636 Take heed lest Passion sway Thy Judgement. 1709Pope Ess. Crit. i. 9 'Tis with our judgments as our watches, none Go just alike, yet each believes his own. a1832Mackintosh Revol. 1688, Wks. 1846 II. 264 Clarendon was zealous, but of small judgment. 1870J. H. Newman Gram. Assent ii. ix. 347 Aristotle calls the faculty which guides the mind in matters of conduct, by the name of phronesis, or judgment.
b. Good or sound judgement; discernment, discretion, wisdom, understanding, good sense.
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. To Rdr. ⁋v, Whose minde is beautified with the amiable iuelles of knowledge, and iudgement. 1612Rowlands Knave Harts 20 Boy, bring good wine, when men of iudgement cals. 1784Cowper Task vi. 657 A deed..owing more To want of judgment than to wrong design.
†c. transf. A person having good judgement; a competent critic; a ‘judge’. (Cf. genius, wit.)
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. i. ii. 208 Hee's a man good inough, hee's one o' th' soundest iudgement[s] in Troy whosoeuer. 1668Dryden Even. Love Epil. 3 Looking for a judgment or a wit, Like Jews, I saw them scattered through the pit. 1682Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. ii. §4 To undervalue a solid Judgment, because he knows not the genealogy of Hector.
d. Sc. Reason, senses, wits.
1800Monthly Mag. I. 239 The poor man has lost his judgement. Mod. He has gone out of his judgement. You nearly frichtit me out o' my juidgements.
9. Logic.
†a. = disposition 1 c. Obs.
1628T. Spencer Logick 149 Hitherto wee haue handled the first part of Logicke; called Invention. Wee come now to the second, termed Iudgement. 1678Phillips (ed. 4), Judgment, the second part of Logick which Disposes of Arguments for Disputation.
b. The action of mentally apprehending the relation between two objects of thought; predication, as an act of the mind. With pl. A mental assertion or statement; a proposition, as formed in the mind.
1704Norris Ideal World ii. iii. 125 The old Philosophy..meaning by judgment the union or separation of things by affirmation or negation. 1725Watts Logic ii. Introd., The foregoing sentences which are examples of the act of judgment, are properly called propositions: Plato is a philosopher, &c. 1827Whately Logic 59 Judgement is the comparing together in the mind two of the notions or ideas which are the objects of apprehension. 1860Abp. Thomson Laws. Th. ii. §67. 108 A Judgment, then, is an expression that two notions can or cannot be reconciled. 1864Bowen Logic v. 105 Judgment is that act of mind whereby the relation of one Concept to another..is determined.
10. In various biblical uses, chiefly as rendering of Heb. mishpāt, in its different uses.
a. Justice, righteousness, equity. (= doom n. 8.)
a1325Prose Psalter xlix. 22 [l.21] Y shal stablis iugumen oȝayn þy face. 1526Tindale Matt. xxiii. 23 The waygthtyer mattres of the lawe..iudgement, mercy, and fayth. 1611Bible Isa. lxi. 8 For I the Lord loue Iudgement, I hate robbery for burnt offering.
b. A (divine) decree, ordinance, law, statute.
a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 1343 The iugementz of god ben to vs hid. 1526Tindale Rom. xi. 33 Howe incomprehensible are his iudgementes, and hys wayes vnserchable. 1535Coverdale Ps. cxix. 30, I haue chosen the way of treuth, thy iudgmentes haue I layed before me. 1611Bible Exod. xxi. 1 Now these are the Iudgements which thou shalt set before them [Coverd., Genev., Bps.' Bible, lawes].
c. Sentence or decision in a person's favour; (one's) right.
1611Bible Deut. x. 18 He doth execute the iudgement of [Coverd. etc., He doeth right vnto] the fatherlesse and widow. ― Job xxvii. 2 As God liueth, who hath taken away my iudgment [Coverd., my power: R.V. my right].
†11. The function of a ‘judge’ or ruler (in the ancient Hebrew state: see judge n. 3). Obs. rare.
1558Knox First Blast (Arb.) 41 It is euident, that her [Deborah's] iudgement or gouernement in Israel was no such vsurped power.
†12. A district under a jurisdiction. Obs. rare.
1617Moryson Itin. iii. 251 The third league called the tenne judgments, (or jurisdictions) and consisting of tenne communities joined in the league..1498.
13. attrib. and Comb., as judgement bar, judgement book, judgement call, judgement hour, judgement house, judgement-monger, judgement peal, judgement place, judgement throne; judgement-cap = black cap 1; judgement creditor, a creditor in whose favour a judgement has been given ordering the payment of the debt due to him; judgement debt, a debt for the payment of which a judgement has been given; so judgement debtor, a debtor against whom such a judgement has been given; judgement-like a. (Sc.), ‘applied to what is supposed to be like a token of divine displeasure’ (Jam.); judgement note (U.S.), a promissory note containing a power of attorney to appear and confess judgement for the sum therein named (Bouvier); judgement sample Statistics (see quot.); judgement summons, a summons issued in a County Court against a judgement debtor, to show cause why he should not be imprisoned for default in payment; judgement weather (Sc.) = ‘judgement-like’ weather (see above).
1613T. Milles tr. Mexia's etc. Treas. Anc. & Mod. T. 713/2 They would presume so farre as the *iudgement Bars, and there spread a Gowne on the ground before the Magistrate.
1660R. Coke Power & Subj. 159 He which will not celebrate it, let him undergo the penalty in the *Judgment-book.
1847M. Howitt Ballads 207 The last great *judgment-call.
1838Act 1 & 2 Vict. c. 110 §11 Providing adequate means for enabling *judgment creditors to obtain satisfaction from the property of their debtors.
Ibid. §17 Every *judgment debt shall carry interest at the rate of four pounds per centum per annum. 1875Poste Gaius iii. (ed. 2) 414. 1881 Jrnl. Inst. Bankers Nov. 563 Every debt proved was made a judgement debt.
1838Act 1 & 2 Vict. c. 110 §15 No disposition of the *judgment debtor in the meantime shall be valid..as against the judgment creditor. 1883Wharton's Law-Lex. (ed. 7), Judgment-debtor, one against whom a judgment ordering him to pay a sum of money stands unsatisfied. 1526*Iudgement housse [see judgement-hall 1534].
1708M. Bruce Good News in Evil T. 11 It was *Judgment-like and a token of it to that poor Land, when Godly Baruch..fell into that fault.
1659D. Pell Impr. Sea 475 God..likes not such a *judgement-out-braving temper.
1830Scott Doom Devorgoil ii. ii, That sounded like the *judgment-peal.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. i. 109 To old Free⁓towne, our common *iudgement place.
1947W. E. Deming in Jrnl. Marketing Oct. 145/1 *Judgment-samples, wherein the biases and sampling errors cannot be calculated from the sample, but instead must be settled by judgment.
1888Pall Mall G. 1 Sept. 11/2 A man marries on credit, and repents on *judgment summonses.
1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. 33 Why should Paul feare to set Christ in the *iudgement throne of God? 1776Toplady Hymn, Rock of Ages iv, When I..See Thee on Thy judgment-throne.
1822Scott Pirate vi, It's no that I wad shut the door against decent folk, more especially in such *judgment-weather.
Hence ˈjudgemented a. [see -ed2], having judgement or discernment (of a specified kind). (In comb. or with preceding adv.)
1548Geste Pr. Masse in H. G. Dugdale Life App. i. (1840) 95 Wel learned and godly judgemented. 1654Fuller Two Serm. 68 To make them Charitably judgemented of the finall Estate of all such Infants. 1821New Monthly Mag. II. 322 Boys..supreme-judgmented in taws, blood-alleys, and peg-tops.
▸ judgement call n. orig. U.S., a decision based on a subjective judgement or opinion; (also) a situation necessitating such a decision.
1915Washington Post 22 Aug. ii. 2/4 Good place for a bluff, eh, doc? I'll make a *judgment call on kings up. What y' got? 1956Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 26 July 28/1 The two incidents he referred to caused lengthy arguments during the game. The first, as Meyers said, was a judgement call. 1972Daily Tribune (Great Bend, Kansas) 31 May 2/5 If Steve had known it was going to break, we could have gotten everybody out... It was a bad judgment call. 1983W. Goldman Adventures in Screen Trade 154 Let me circle back to Gunga Din and make strictly a judgment call: It is my absolute opinion that..it is infinitely superior to any of the Lucas-Spielberg prizewinners. 2001Bloomberg Money Dec. 31/1 There is no rule that is set in stone... I'm afraid you have to make a judgement call on each case. |