| 释义 |
Koch|kɒx, kɒk|
The name of Robert Koch (1843–1910), Ger. bacteriologist, used in the possessive (less commonly attrib.) to designate certain things related to his work on tuberculosis, as Koch's bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis in man, and was first isolated by Koch; Koch's laws = Koch('s) postulates; Koch('s) phenomenon, the altered reaction to an inoculation of (living or dead) tubercle bacilli of an animal already infected with tuberculosis from that of a healthy animal, the infected animal showing a reaction which is quicker and locally more severe but which is not followed by a general infection; (now regarded as a classic example of delayed hypersensitivity); Koch('s) postulates, a set of four criteria which should be satisfied before a given disease is attributed with certainty to any particular micro-organism, viz. (a) the organism concerned is present in each case of the disease; (b) it is possible to isolate it from the diseased animal in a pure culture; (c) the introduction of such a culture into a suitable healthy animal produces the disease in it; and (d) the organism is recoverable from the animal so infected; Koch's tuberculin, either of two kinds of tuberculin (Koch's old and Koch's new tuberculin) orig. devised by Koch; formerly also called Koch's fluid, Koch's liquid, Koch's lymph, and now usually just tuberculin.
1885Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 557 (heading) Staining of Koch's bacillus. 1890Lancet 22 Nov. 1119/2 He drew attention to the advantage of being able, by the injection of Koch's fluid, to diagnose whether a serious laryngeal affection was carcinomatous..or tubercular. Ibid. 1120/1 Experiments with Koch's lymph. Ibid. 1121/1 He was inoculated with Koch's liquid for distinct facial lupus, and at the same time for pulmonary tuberculosis. 1891Dr. Koch's lymph [see tuberculin]. 1897Muir & Ritchie Man. Bacteriol. ix. 229 (heading) Koch's tuberculin. 1898R. T. Hewlett Man. Bacteriol. ii. 31 With regard to the pathogenic organisms..Koch has laid down the following conditions, which have been termed Koch's Postulates, which must be complied with before the relation of an organism to a disease process can be said to be completely demonstrated. 1899Koch's lymph [see tuberculin]. 1910Muir & Ritchie Man. Bacteriol. (ed. 5) x. 284 (heading) Koch's old tuberculin. Ibid. 288 Another preparation has..been introduced, known as ‘Koch's new tuberculin’. 1911Encycl. Brit. XX. 783/1 Koch's tuberculin has been of inestimable value in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially in animals. 1929Topley & Wilson Princ. Bacteriol. & Immunity II. xlix. 729 There are two classical examples, which provide striking illustrations of this double aspect of the allergic reaction. One of these is the well-known Koch's phenomenon (Koch 1891). 1939K. L. Burdon Med. Microbiol. ii. 20 These principles have become known as ‘Koch's laws’ or ‘Koch's postulates’. 1944L. E. H. Whitby Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 4) i. 2 Very few organisms pathogenic to man fulfil Koch's postulates rigidly. 1955Sci. Amer. June 103/1 Koch found the bacillus in body tissues, in sputum and in urine. He was able to grow the microbe in an artificial culture, to reproduce tuberculosis by injecting it into new animals and to recover it again from the infected tissue—a procedure which has become standard for connecting a given disease with a germ and is known by the name Koch's Laws. 1963Humphrey & White Immunol. for Students of Med. x. 322 The injection into a normal guinea-pig of as much as 2 ml of Koch's old tuberculin has little effect. But the injection of 0·1 [printed 0·0] ml into a guinea-pig, in the eighth or tenth week of tuberculous infection, may kill it within a few hours. 1964Wheeler & Volk Basic Microbiol. xxiii. 263/2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (more commonly called the tubercle bacillus and sometimes Koch's bacillus) was shown by Robert Koch to be the causative agent of tuberculosis. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxi. 17/1 This Koch phenomenon is a specific example of cellular immune response. 1973Sci. Amer. Oct. 28/1 Thus the famous ‘Koch postulates’ have been satisfied, and the tumor is firmly placed among those transmitted by an infectious agent. |