| 释义 |
▪ I. † lade, n.1 Obs.
Also 1 hlæd, 3 ladd.
[f. lade v. (OE. hlæd is commonly compared with ON. hlað stack, pile, and interpreted ‘mound’, because it renders L. agger; but the sense of ‘burden’ is possible.)]
a. Draught.
b. Load, burden, lading.
c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. xxi. 160 Besittað hie utan..& berað hiere hlæd to [L. comportabis aggerem]. c1200Ormin 19313 We lodenn alle twinne ladd Off hiss godnessess welle. c1435Torr. Portugal 1663 With hym faught a yong knyght Ech on other laid good lade. 1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) 229 That they may be in our sayde landis and lordshippys for too bye and gader lade and freith and cary awaye, or doo to bee caryed awey and conueied into the sayde kyngdom of England.
▪ II. lade, n.2|leɪd|
[app. a variant of lead n.2 (which occurs much earlier in the same sense); perh. confused with lade, the regular Sc. and northern form of lode, OE. lád. The synonymous leat is not etymologically related.]
1. A channel constructed for leading water to a mill wheel; a mill-race. (Often in comb. mill-lade.) Chiefly Sc.
1808–80Jamieson, Lade, lead. 1862Act 25 & 26 Vict. c. 97 §6 The construction or alteration of mill dams, or lades, or water wheels so as to afford a reasonable means for the passage of salmon. 1864A. McKay Hist. Kilmarnock (1880) 106 A corn-mill, which was driven by a lade that flowed through the same spot. 1868Perthsh. Jrnl. 18 June, Some fine sport was enjoyed; but the salmon on two or three occasions made a rush into the lade and escaped.
¶2. A n. lade, with a sense ‘channel, watercourse, mouth of a river’, has been evolved by etymologists from place-names in which the last element is -lade (OE. ᵹelád channel, as in Creccaᵹelád Cricklade); the interpretation has been suggested by lade v. The word was admitted into Bailey's and Johnson's Dicts., and has occasionally been used in literature.
[1623Lisle ælfric on O. & N. Test. To Rdr. 34 How many learned men haue mistaken the name of a place neere Oxford called Creklade? as if it sauored of Greeke, when it is but old English, and signifies Ostium riuuli, a place where some Creeke or little brooke doth lade or empty it selfe into a greater water.] 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Lada (in old Records),..a Lade, Lading, or Course of Water. 1721–1800Bailey, Lade, a Passage of Water, the Mouth of a River. 1865Kingsley Herew. II. xi. 180 Cotinglade..seemingly a lade, leat, or canal through Cottenham Fen to the Westwater. 1873H. Kingsley Oakshott xxvi. 184 Every trickling tiny lade, every foaming brook, told its own story.
▪ III. lade, n.3 local.|leɪd|
[? f. lade v.]
A board or rail fixed to the side of a cart or waggon to give greater width.
1686Lond. Gaz. No. 2188/4 Lost..a short turn Waggon, with two pair of Harness and a Cart Saddle, with Wheel Lades. 1847in Halliwell. 1875Blackmore A. Lorraine III. v. 72 The vice-president's cart was in the shed close by, and on the front lade sat Bonny.
▪ IV. lade, v.|leɪd|
Forms: 1 hladan, (ladan), 3 (Orm.) ladenn, (4 lhade, 6 laade, 7 laid), ? 3, 4– lade. pa. tense 1 hlód, (once ᵹehléod), 3–4 lode; weak 5– laded. pa. pple. 1 (ᵹe)hladen, 4 i-lade, 4–6 (8 Sc. poet.) lade, (6 ladden, Sc. ladin), 4– laden; weak 5 ladyd, 6– laded.
[Com. Teut. str. vb.: OE. hladan (hlód, ᵹehladen), corresp. to OFris. hlada, OS. hladan (Du. laden), ON. hlaða (Sw. ladda); with consonant-ablaut the word appears in OHG. hladan (G. laden), Goth. (af)hlaþan:—OTeut. *hlaþ-, hlað-:—pre-Teut. *klat-, parallel with *klad- in OSl. klasti to place. The general Teut. senses are those represented by branch I; branch II is peculiar to Eng., but OS. has the sense ‘to put (liquor) into a vessel’, as a particular application of a sense similar to 2 below. Another derivative of the root is MHG. luot burden, mass, multitude:—OTeut. *hlôþâ; in the OE. hlóð booty, multitude, OLG. hlótha booty, this type seems to have coalesced with OTeut. *hlanþâ.
The pa. tense has from 15th c. been conjugated weak. The pa. pple. is still usually strong when used in the senses of branch I; in those of branch II it is now always weak.]
I. To load.
1. trans. To put the cargo on board (a ship). Also (now only in pass.) to load (a vehicle, a beast of burden).
Beowulf (Z.) 896 Sæbat ᵹehleod. Ibid. 1897 Þa wæs on sande sæᵹeap naca hladen herewædum. 13..Coer de L. 1384 Thrittene schyppys i-lade with hyvys Of bees. Ibid. 1388 Another schyp was laden..With an engyne hyghte Robynet. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 197 A boot þat was so hevy lade wiþ men þat folowede hym þat it sanke doun. a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 983 To lade a cart or fill a barwe. 1513Douglas æneis iii. vi. 211 Our kervalis howis ladis and prymys he With huge charge of siluir. 1535Coverdale Ezek. xii. 12 The chefest that is amonge you, shall lade his shoulders in the darcke, and get him awaye. 1611Bible Gen. xlii. 26 They laded their asses with the corne. 1711Addison Spect. No. 69 ⁋5 Our Ships are laden with the Harvest of every Climate. 1830Scott Demonol. ix, A foreign ship richly laded with wines. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxvi. (1856) 325 A sledge..kept laden to meet emergencies. 1864Tennyson En. Ard. 817 He..help'd At lading and unlading the tall barks.
b. To load (a person) with gifts, etc., (a tree, branch) with fruit; to charge or fill abundantly. Now only in pa. pple. laden, loaded, fraught, heavily charged with. † Also, to lade up.
1481Caxton Godfrey iv. 22 Whan he myght fynde the messagers of Charlemayn, he charged and laded them alle with richesses of thoryent. 1484― Chivalry 4 A tree wel laden and charged of fruyte. 1629Capt. Smith Trav. & Adv. 9 With every man a bundle of sedge and bavins still throwne before them, so laded up the Lake, as [etc.]. 1674Ray Collect. Words, Husb. 130 Corn..the earlier it is sown, cæteris paribus, the better laden it is. 1693Dryden Ovid's Met. xiii. Acis 72 Than apples fairer, when the boughs they lade. 1820Shelley Sensit. Plant iii. 112 A northern whirl⁓wind..Shook the boughs thus laden. 1847Wilson Chr. North (1857) I. 231 Shores laden with all kinds of beauty. 1849Murchison Siluria iv. 67 These..sandstones are laden with a profusion of fossils. 1865Trollope Belton Est. xxiii. 279 Her eyes were laden with tears. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 47 [The air] must have become laden with moisture.
c. To burden, load oppressively; chiefly in immaterial sense. Now only (somewhat arch.) in pa. pple., burdened with sin, sorrow, etc.
1538Starkey England i. ii. 28 Yf we be thys lade wyth ignorance. a1553Udall Royster D. iii. ii. (Arb.) 41 Doth not loue lade you? 1555Eden Decades 159 It is not lawful for any to lade his neighbours waules with rafters. 1602Life T. Cromwell ii. iii. 93 Lade him with irons. 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. v. ii. 123, I..do confesse I haue Bene laden with like frailties. a1618Raleigh Rem. (1644) 54 To lade no one man with too much preferment. 1655Culpepper & Cole Riverius xv. vi. 420 Miserable Woman-Kind is commonly laded with..manifold Diseases. a1656Bp. Hall Breath. Devout Soul 168 Saviour, thy sinner is sufficiently laden, with the burden of his iniquities. 1724Ramsay Health 143 Phimos, who by his livid colour shews Him lade with vile diseases. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 90 Laden with the sin which they had committed.
2. To put or place as a burden, freight, or cargo; now only, to ship (goods) as cargo.
Beowulf (Z.) 2775 Him on bearm hlodon bunan and discas sylfes dome. a1000Riddles iv. 65 (Gr.) Ic..me [on] hrycᵹ hlade, þæt ic habban sceal. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 2901 (Gr.) Ongan þa ad hladan. a1300K. Horn 1409 Ston he dude lade, And lym therto he made. 1472Waterford Arch. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 309 From the porte that the saide marchandise is lade unto the porte of the said citie. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxviii. 580 Thenne fet he stones & morter in grete plente..and I promyse you that reynawd laded more atones than xv. other dyde. 1542–3Act 34 & 35 Hen. VIII, c. 9 §3 No person..shall enbote or lade..anie wheate..in anie picard. 1665Lond. Gaz. No. 16/2 A Legorn ship..bound to Tunis with moneys to lade Corn. 1799Nelson in Nicolas Disp. (1845) III. 347 He had his Vessel seized by the Genoese, when lading wine for our Fleet. 1800Colquhoun Comm. Thames viii. 261 It is impossible to lade or deliver Cargoes. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. III. vi. cxiv. 641 The surplus products..must be laden on board the vessels.
b. absol. or intr.
c1470Henry Wallace ix. 704 Quhen thai off hay was ladand most bysse. 1611Bible Neh. iv. 17 They that bare burdens, with those that laded. 1667Lond. Gaz. No. 202/1 As many light ships come in the last evening Tyde to lade. 1712E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 179 At this High-land of Ariquipa, is good anchoring, where Vessels use to lade. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 450 A pier..at which vessels..lade and unlade.
†3. To lay a burden of (guilt) upon. Also absol.
1535Coverdale Deut. xxii. 8 Make a battlement aboute thy rofe, that thou lade not bloude vpon thine house yf eny man fall therof. a1541Wyatt Poet. Wks. (1861) 196 Him seemeth that the shade Of his offence again his force assays By violent despair on him to lade.
†4. To load or charge (a gun); also, to load (cartridges) in a gun. Obs.
1633T. Stafford Pac. Hib. iii. viii. (1810) 569 Going to lade her againe, their Gunner was slaine at his Peece. 1635Ld. Lindsey in Sir W. Monson Naval Tracts iii. (1704) 335/1 To command the Gunners to laid Cartrages. 1690Mor. Ess. Present Times vii. 129 Cannon-like, will discharge but once till they are new Laden.
II. To draw water.
5. trans. To draw (water); to take up or remove (water or other fluids) from a river, a vessel, etc., with a ladle, scoop, or by similar means; to bale. † occas. with cogn. obj. (Now chiefly techn. and dial.)
c950Lindisf. Gosp. John iv. 7 Cuom uif of ðær byriᵹ to ladanne [Rushw. hladanne] uæter. c1000Ags. Gosp. John ii. 9 Þa þenas soðlice wiston þe þæt wæter hlodon. c1000ælfric Hom. II. 180 ænne ealdne munuc wæter hladende. c1200Ormin 14044 Gaþ..and ladeþþ upp & bereþþ itt Till þallderrmann onn hæfedd. Ibid. 19313 We lodenn alle twinne ladd Off hiss godnessess welle. c1330Arth. & Merl. 1475 (Kölbing) Þai..Þe water vp loden þo, Al way bi to & to. 1340Ayenb. 178 Alsuo ase hit behoueþ ofte þet ssip lhade out þet weter þet alneway geþ in. c1440Promp. Parv. 283/2 Ladyn or lay water..vatilo. c1450Merlin 37 Thei hadde a-wey the erthe, and fonde the water, and dede it to laden oute. 1530Palsgr. 600/1, I laade water with a scoup or any other thyng out of a dytche or pytte. a1648Digby Closet Open. (1677) 8 Then lade forth your liquor and set it a cooling. 1674Ray Collect. Words, Smelting Silver 114 It is laded out and cast into long square bars. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Brewery, The first Wort..must be pumped or laded off into one or more Coolers. 1784Twamley Dairying 47 To lade off the Whey clear from Curd. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 585 By lading the glass out of one pot into another..with copper ladles. 1842J. Aiton Domest. Econ. 332 Out of this underbuck you must lade the ale-wort into the tun-tub.
b. absol. or intr.
1612–15Bp. Hall Contempl., N.T. ii. v, She did not think best to lade at the shallow channel, but runs rather to the well-head. 1613–16W. Browne Brit. Past. i. v. (1772) I. 142 Or with their hats lade [for fish] in a brooke. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece i. vi. 279 You must gradually lade out of the second Copper.
†6. To empty by ‘lading’. Obs.
c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1020 Whan a man doth come to the great see for to lade [F. espuisér] it. 1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, iii. ii. 139 Like one that..chides the Sea..Saying hee'le lade it dry. 1628Bp. Hall Old Relig. (1686) 73 We are not they who think to lade the sea with an egg-shell.
†7. trans. Of a ship: To let in (water). Obs.
1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. iii, The shyp..was so staunche it myht no water lade. 1530Palsgr. 601/1, I lade, I take in water, as a shyp or bote that is nat staunched... This bote ladeth in water a pace.
8. Comb. The verb stem used in comb. with names of vessels used in lading, as lade-† bowl, lade-bucket, lade-gallon (dial. gawn, gorn), † lade-mele [? ME. mele, bowl], lade-pail.
1420Inv. in Linc. Chaper Acc. Bk. A. 2. 30 lf. 69, 1 *ladebolle..6d.
1891Hartland Gloss., *Lade-bucket, a small dipping-bucket, used in brewing, &c.
c1575Balfour's Practicks (1754) 234 The air sall haue..the best brewing leid, the mask fat, with tub, barrellis, and *laid⁓gallon.
1881Leicester Gloss., *Lade-gawn,..any vessel for lading out liquid.
1847Halliwell, *Lade-gorn, a pail with a long handle to lade water out with. Derb. Also called a lade-pail.
1579in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 401 Bruers measures, as barrells, kilderkins, firkins, runletts, *lademeales, gallons.
1558Ludlow Churchw. Acc. (Camden) 87 Paid for a vesselle and a *lad payle to putt in lyme. 1886Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk., Late pail..A late-pail (or lade-pail) is commonly used for dipping hot water from a copper, or for making cider.
▪ V. lade
Sc. and north. form of load n. |