| 释义 |
▪ I. † lede Obs.
Forms: α. sing. 1 léod, 3–5 leode, lede, 3 ledd, 4 leude, lued, lud(e, 4–6 led, 5–6 Sc. leid, 5 leyde, 7 leed. β. pl. 1, 3 leode, 3 leoden, 3–5 ledes, 3–6 ledis, 4–6 le(e)de, 4 leodes, le(u)dez, ludes, -us, leedes, led, Sc. lide, 4–5 Sc. ledys, 5–6 Sc. leid, 6 Sc. laidis.
[Repr. three different but closely related OE. words: (1) OE. léod fem., nation, people; not found elsewhere in Teut. as fem., but corresponding in sense with the masc. n. OHG. liut (MHG. liut, also neut.), MDu. liet, ON. lýð-r people (whence ME. lith followers). (2) OE. léode, léoda, Northumb. líoda, pl., men, people = OS. liudi (MDu. liede, Du. lieden), OHG. liuti (MHG. liute, mod.G. leute), ON. lýðir. (3) OE. léod str. masc., man (occurring only as a poetical word for ‘king’, and in the compounds burhléod (-líod) burgher, landléod inhabitant); not found in the other Teut. langs. Cognates outside Teut. are OSl. ljudŭ masc. sing., people, nation, pl. ljudije people, folks, Lettish laudis fem. sing., people.
The relation between the Teut. words is uncertain, but the Slavo-Lettic cognates suggest that the OTeut. type was a collective sing. *leuđi-s masc., people, the plural of which had naturally much the same sense (cf. folk, folks). The OE. masc. sing., with the sense ‘man’, seems to have been evolved from the plural meaning ‘people’. The fem. gender of the OE. léod people, and the form léoda (líoda) in the pl. instead of léode, seem to be due to the influence of the synonymous þéod fem.
The Teut. word is commonly regarded as from the OAryan root *leudh-, whence Goth. liudan, OS. liodan, OE. léodan, to grow, spring (from).]
1. A people, nation, race. Also, persons collectively, ‘people’.
Beowulf 2732 (Gr.) Ic ðas leode heold fiftiᵹ wintra. 971Blickl. Hom. 201 Beneuentius & Sepontanus hatton, þa twa leode. c1200Ormin 7166 Forr ȝiff þe riche mann iss braþ, & grimme..Hiss lede þatt iss unnderr himm Himm dredeþþ. a1250Prov. ælfred 27 in O.E. Misc., Þvs queþ Alured..wolde ye mi leode lusten eure louerde. a1300Cursor M. 4246 Men war þar o sarzin lede. Ibid. 8225 All naciun and lede aght vr lauerd for to drede. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. vi. 38 Ther nis no laborer in this leod that he loueth more. c1425Wyntoun Cron. v. xiii. 5800 Fra hys kyn till ane wncouth lede. c1740Henry Wallace x. 227 For thai me hayt mar na Sotheroun leid.
b. pl. In the alliterative phrase land and lede, i.e. land and vassals or subjects.
a1000Andreas 1321 (Gr.) Hafast nu þe anum eall ᵹetih⁓had land & leode. c1330Arth. & Merl. 86 And gaue him bothe land and lede To help his childer after his day. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 520 When Constantyn..holykirke dowed With londes and ledes lordeshipes and rentes. c1430Syr Tryam. 1269 Y make the myn heyre Of londe and of lede. c1475Sqr. lowe Degre 135, I wyll forsake both land and lede, And become an hermyte. 15..Merch. & Son in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 133 He was a grete tenement man, and ryche of londe and lede.
c. Phrases. all lede, all people, all the world, everybody. in lede, among people, in the land, on earth.
a1275Prov. ælfred 334 in O.E. Misc., Hit is said in lede cold red is quene red. a1300Cursor M. 5490 Quen he went al lediss wai. Ibid. 15480 Ha þou Iudas, traitur, thef, felunest in lede. Ibid. 23040 At þis dome..sal al lede in four be delt. c1320Sir Tristr. 1677 Þai loued al in lide. c1400Destr. Troy 5345 Hade he lyuyt in lede, he hade ben lorde here. c1450Holland Howlat 288 The trewe Turtour and traist..Wrait thir letteris at lenth, lelest in leid. c1460Emare 702 He thowghth..That she was non erdyly wyght; He saw never non shuch yn leede.
2. pl. Persons collectively, ‘people’; the people subject to a lord or sovereign; one's own people, countrymen.
Beowulf 260 (Gr.) We synt ᵹumcynnes ᵹeata leode. c1000Ags. Gosp. Luke xix. 14 Ða hatedon hine his leode..& cwædon; nyllað þæt þes ofer us rixie. c1205Lay. 1784 Liððen þa leoden þat heo on londe comen. a1310in Wright Lyric P. xii. 42 Ȝef y may betere beode, To mi latere leode. 1340–70Alex. & Dind. 141 As was þe langage of þe lond wiþ ludus of inde. c1350Will. Palerne 390 Whan þe loueli ludes seie here lord come. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xvi. 306 Many man hath hus Ioye here for alle here wel dedes, And lordes and ladyes ben callid for leodes that thay haue. c1400Destr. Troy 9056 And of his ledis ben lost mony lell hundrith.
3. sing. A man, person; esp. one of the ‘men’ or subjects of a king or chief; a subject. Also poet. in OE., a king.
Beowulf 341 (Gr.) Wlanc Wedera leod word æfter spræc. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1195 Þe lede lay lurked a ful longe quyle. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 614 Lenge a lyttel with þy lede I loȝly biseche. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. vi. 6 Thei a leod metten, Apparayled as a palmere. c1400Destr. Troy 6441 For all the grefe of þo Grekes, & þe grete þronge, Was no led might hym let. c1430Hymns Virg. 106, I warne vche leod þat liueþ in londe. c1460Towneley Myst. iii. 48 Euery liffyng leyde, Most party day and nyght. 1508Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 441 Se ȝe nought, allace! Ȝone lustlese led so lelely scho luffit hir husband. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) I. 543 Ȝouthheid..at na leid experience will leir. a1650Earle Westmorland 10 in Furnivall Percy Folio I. 318 A noble Leed of high degree.
b. As a form of address.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 675 Bi Kryst, hit is scaþe, þat þou, leude, schal be lost þat art of lyf noble! 13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 541 Þe lorde..Called to þe reue ‘lede pay þe meyny’. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. i. 139 To litel latyn thou lernedest Lede in thi ȝouthe. c1470Henry Wallace viii. 1639 And thus he wrait..To Wilȝam Wallace as a conquerour. ‘O lowit leid, with worschip wys and wicht; Thow werray help [etc.].
4. attrib. and Comb., as lede folk, lede kemp, lede king, lede knight, lede shame, lede spel, lede thegn; lede bishop, a bishop of a district (hence lede-bishopric); lede-quide, national language; lede-rune, ? an incantation; also, ? a mysterious doctrine.
a1000O.E. Chron. an. 971 (Cotton MS.) Se wæs ærest to Dorke ceastre to *leod bisceope ᵹehalᵹod. a1300Shires Eng. in O.E. Misc. 145 Oþe þe leod biscopryche on Rouecestre. c1325Chron. Eng. 322 in Ritson Metr. Rom. II. 283 Ant twenty-sevyn he made also Leod bischopes thereto.
c1205Lay. 6627 He fræinede þis *leod-folc æfter heore kineleouerde.
Ibid. 6025 Werren on alche legiun þus feole *leod-kempen.
Beowulf 54 (Gr.) Beowulf Scyldinᵹa leof *leodcyninᵹ. c1205Lay. 867 Ich habbe þesne leod king ileid in mine benden.
Ibid. 7459 And þene king lærde al þas *leod-cnihtes.
Ibid. 2914 Kaer Leir..þa we an ure *leod-quide Leirchestre clepiað.
c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 138 Wiþ ælcre yfelre *leodrunan..ᵹewrit writ him þis ᵹreciscum stafum. c1205Lay. 9121 Her beoð to þisse londe icumen seolcuðe leod-ronen. Ibid. 15488 Heo gunnen loten weorpen mid heore leod-runen.
Ibid. 26297 Nu is hit muchel *leod-scome ȝif hit scal þus a-ligge.
Ibid. 15757 He cuðe tellen of ælche *leod-spelle.
Ibid. 6674 He..lette laðien him to al his *leod-þeines.
▪ II. lede
obs. variant of lead n. and v.
▪ III. lede
variant of leed1, Obs. language. |