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Lombard, n.1 and a.|ˈlɒmbəd, ˈlʌmbəd|
Forms: 4–6 lumbarde, 5 lumbert, 6 lombarde, -berde, lumbart, -bertte, 7 lombart, 8 lombar, 6– lombard.
[a. F. lombard (whence MLG. lombard, MDu. lombaert, mod.Du. lombard), ad. It. lombardo (med.L. lombardus), contracted repr. late L. Langobardus, Longobardus, Teut. *Laŋgobarđo-z, -barđon- (OE. pl. Langbeardas, -beardan, ON. pl. Langbarðar); a compound of *laŋgo- long a. with the proper name of the people, which appears in L. form as Bardi; in OE. poetry they are called Heaðobeardan (f. heaðo war).
The sense ‘banker, money-lender, pawnbroker’ was common in OFr., whence it passed to MLG. and MDu. The sense ‘bank, pawnbroker's shop’ was prob. developed in MLG. and MDu., and seems to have been adopted thence into Eng.; in this sense a fem. lombaerde occurs in MDu. beside the masc. lombaert (Du. lombard, lommerd). A special development of meaning belongs to the variant lumber n.]
A. n.
1. Hist.
a. A person belonging to the Germanic people (L. Langobardi: see above) who conquered Italy in the 6th century, and from whom Lombardy received its name.
b. A native of Lombardy.
1480Egerton MS. 1765 in Gross Gild Merch. II. 71 No man..shall supporte nether mayntene no Lumbarde, brytton, ne Spaynnarde. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 37 Hongyd..for kyllynge of two Lumberttes in a bote on the Temse. 1570Levins Manip. 30/30 A Lumbarde, longobardus. 1598Greneway Tacitus, Ann. ii. v. (1622) 146 The King..reenforcing his army with the aide of the Lombards,..molested and annoyed the Cherusci. 1662J. Bargrave Pope Alex. VII (1867) 79 Although he be a good Lumbard—which is as much as to say, an enemy to hypocrisy. 1695Dryden Dufresnoy's Art Painting 94 Excepting only Titian, who, of all the Lombards has preserv'd the greatest purity in his works. 1769Robertson Chas. V (1797) I. i. 74 Thither the Lombards brought the productions of India. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. II. 66 Alboin, king of the Lombards..subdued Italy without resistance. 1902Speaker 10 May 167/2 A colony of Lombards should be induced to settle on the soil.
c. The language of this people. Also attrib. or as adj.
1598Florio Worlde of Wordes 3 How may we ayme at the Venetian, at the Romane, at the Lombard..at so manie, and so much differing Dialects..as be used and spoken in Italie? Ibid. 132/2 Fio..In Lombard Italian for Figlio, a sonne, a childe. 1878,1880[see Emilian a. and n.]. 1936G. F.-H. & J. Berkeley Italy in Making II. 353 All this he told me in Lombard dialect of which every word had to be translated into Italian by his son.
†2. A native of Lombardy engaged as a banker, money-changer, or pawnbroker; hence applied gen. to a person carrying on any of these businesses.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 242, I lerned amonge Lumbardes and Iewes a lessoun, To wey pens with a peys. c1386Chaucer Shipman's T. 367 This Marchant..Creaunced hath..To certeyn lumbardes..The somme of gold. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. v. 194 Lumbardes of Lukes that lyuen by lone as Iewes. 1508Dunbar Tua mariit wemen 362 He was a gret goldit man,..I leit him be my lumbart. a1553Udall Royster D. ii. ii. (Arb.) 34 If he haue not one Lumbardes touche, my lucke is bad. 1590Greene Mourn. Garm. (1616) 44 They are fallen to the Lombard, left at the Brokers. 1687Burnet Trav. ii. (1750) 96 They told me..that all Europe over a Lombard and a Banker signified the same thing. 1709Steele Tatler No. 57 ⁋2, I am an honester Man than Will. Coppersmith, for all his great Credit among the Lombards.
†3. The shop or place of business of a ‘Lombard’; a bank, money-changer's or money-lender's office; a pawnshop, a mont de piété. See also the later form lumber. Obs.
1609Markham Famovs Whore (1868) 23 No sooner got I coine..But to the bancke or lumbard straight it went. 1620Melton Astrolog. 44 It hath bin many a Gallants good fortune to haue a braue Sute of Clothes on his back on the morning, yet it hath bin his bad fortune to haue them in the Lumbard before night. 1622T. Scott Belg. Pismire 79 Their Lumbards or Loane-houses are principally for the benefit of the poore, where Brokers are not suffered to take fifty, or one hundred in the hundred. 1735Dyche & Pardon Dict., Lombar or Lombard, a Bank or Place where Money is let out upon Usury and Pawns. 1764Burn Poor Laws 169 The said fathers of the poor may have power to erect petty banks and lumbards for the benefit of the poor. 1799W. Tooke View Russian Emp. II. 508 Her ukase concerning the imperial lombard of the year 1786. [1849Freese Comm. Class-bk. 19 Lombards was a name given formerly in the Netherlands, France and England, to loan banks or lending houses.]
†4. Cookery. [ellipt.: see B. 2.] Some kind of dish or culinary preparation. Obs.
1657Reeve God's Plea 130 The Hoga's, and Olies, and Lumbards of these times.
B. adj.
1. a. Belonging to the Lombards or to Lombardy; Lombardic.
1500–20Dunbar Poems xxxiii. 16 He fled and come in France, With littill of Lumbard leid. 1645Milton Tetrach. Wks. 1851 IV. 181 (Deut. xxiv. 1, 2) These ages wherein Canons, and Scotisms, and Lumbard Laws..almost obliterated the lively Sculpture of ancient reason. 1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. Oct. (1679) 26 Pears..Lombart-pear, Russet-pear [etc.]. 1741Hume Ess. xv. Of Liberty 178 The Lombard School [of painting] was famous as well as the Roman. 1833Sir S. R. Glynne Notes Ch. Lanc. (Chetham Soc.) 3 An inscription in Lombard letter. 1845Graves Rom. Law in Encycl. Metrop. II. 779/1 The Feudorum Consuetudines,—a Lombard compilation of feudal law, formed about the middle of the 12th century. 1876Bancroft Hist. U.S. I. i. 8 The marts of England were frequented by Lombard adventurers. 1882Garden 14 Oct. 338/3 The Lombard Plum..holds about the same position among other varieties that the Baldwin does among Apples. 1901Speaker 16 Mar. 658/1 To him the law of Justinian was ‘Lombard law’.
b. Lombard band (see quots. 1959).
1936A. W. Clapham Romanesque Archit. ii. 28 The so-called Lombard bands and wall-arcading..are distinctive of the first Romanesque style. 1959Chambers's Encycl. I. 558/2 Shallow external pilasters cutting the wall-surface into bays and commonly called ‘Lombard bands’. 1959E. A. Fisher Introd. Anglo-Saxon Archit. & Sculpture 26 Lombard band ornamentation consisted of vertical pilaster strips of slight projection which divided a wall into bays.
†2. Cookery. In certain AF. names of dishes as leche lumbard (see leach n.1 2); frutour lumbard [frutour = fritter]; rys lumbard [F. ris sweetbread]. Also in lombard pie (see lumber-pie).
c1390[see leach n.1 2]. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 35 Leche lumbarde. 1452Reliq. Ant. I. 88 Frutour lumbert..Lesshe lumbert. 1466–7Durh. Acct. Rolls (Surtees) 91 Et in 2 lib. dell powderlomberd empt. de eodem, 3s. 3d. 14..Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 438 Rys Lumbarde.—Leche Lumbarde.
†3. Lombard fever: = fever-lurden. Obs. [Cf. dial. lomber, to idle.]
1678Ray Prov. (ed. 2) 75 Sick o'th' Lombard feaver, or of the idles.
Hence † Lombarˈdeer, ‘an usurer or broaker’ (Blount Glossogr. 1656); Lombarˈdesque a., resembling the Lombard school of painters; Lomˈbardian a. = Lombardic a.; † ˈLombardinian a., characteristic of a ‘Lombard’ or usurer; † Lombardish a., Lombardic; ˈLombardism, a Lombardic idiom; Lomˈbardo-, taken as a comb. form (after It. Lombardo-Veneto) with the sense ‘Lombardic combined with..’.
c1489Caxton Fayte of A. iv. viii. 249 Another scripture that men calle the lombardishe lawe. 1600W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 36 [The Jesuits] commit extortion, symony, and all Lombardinian kind of deuises to make gain of. c1645Howell Lett. vi. 24 By their profession they are for the most part Broakers, and Lombardeers. 1819W. S. Rose Lett. I. 232 We shall observe him [Ariosto] grafting on it a thousand Latinisms and Lombardisms not yet naturalized. 1837–9Hallam Hist. Lit. I. i. viii. §7. 423 The rude Lombardisms of the Lower Po gave way to the racy idiom of Florence. 1839Penny Cycl. XIV. 104/2 The Lombardo-Venetian kingdom is in a thriving and progressive condition. 1865Pall Mall G. No. 81. 11/2 The Lombardian despots. 1879Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 44 A style somewhat analogous to the Lombardo-Rhenish. 1894Gould Illustr. Dict. Med., Pellagra, Ergotism, Lombardian Leprosy, an endemic..skin-disease..due to chronic poisoning with diseased..maize. 1901Westm. Gaz. 26 Mar. 4/2 Sodoma remained to the end a Lombardesque artist. |