| 释义 |
manganese|ˈmæŋgəniːz|
Also 7 manganes, 9 manganeze.
[a. F. manganèse (16th c.), a. It. manganese, one of the many corrupt forms of L. magnēsia: see magnesia 2. The word appears in Ger. as mangan (hence Du. mangaan, Sw. mangan). Cf. obs. F. mangane.]
1. A black mineral (now recognized as an oxide of a metal, to which its name has been transferred: see sense 2), used from ancient times in glass-making, and now in many industrial processes. Also called black manganese, † glass-maker's manganese. The name has been also applied with qualification to other ores of the metal: grey m., = manganite 1; horn m., corneous m. [G. hornmangan, Jasche], an impure manganese silicate akin to photicite; red m., = rodochrosite; white m., manganese carbonate.
As the name is in chemical use now restricted to the metal (sense 2), its older application survives only in commercial and industrial use. The black manganese of commerce is usually a mixture of various oxides, but the term is considered to apply esp. to manganese dioxide, MnO2, which is the valuable ingredient in the mixture.
1676Coles, Manganese (in colour and weight like the loadstone), the most general ingredient of glass. a1682Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. ii. iii. (1686) 52 In the making of glass it hath been an ancient practice to cast in pieces of magnet, or perhaps manganes. 1755Gentl. Mag. XXV. 540 Our Manganese, supposed an iron ore, appears from some experiments to contain no iron. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) X. 528/1 This substance, commonly called black or glass⁓maker's manganese, is scarcely any other thing than the calx of a new semimetal. 1864Chambers's Encycl. VI. 301/2 The binoxide, or peroxide, is the black manganese of commerce, and the pyrolusite of mineralogists. 1865Watts Dict. Chem. III. 808 Grey Manganese, a term sometimes applied to manganite and pyrolusite. 1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 398/1 Dialogite (Red Manganese). Ibid. 417/1 Allagite and Horn Manganese are mere mixtures.
2. Chem. The metallic element (symbol Mn) of which ‘black manganese’ is the oxide.
It is of a greyish white colour and a hard friable texture, somewhat resembling iron, but having no economic use in the metallic form.
1783Withering tr. Bergman's Outl. Mineral. 114 Manganesium or Manganese... This new metal is soluble in all the acids. 1807J. Murray Syst. Chem. III. 423 The name Manganese, which was formerly given to the native oxide, is now appropriated to the metal. 1812Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 49 The properties of manganese, which was announced as a peculiar metal by Kaim in 1770, were minutely investigated by Scheele and Bergman. 1816P. Cleaveland Mineral. 544 Manganese, which is with great difficulty obtained in a metallic state, has a grayish white color with some lustre. 1879C. A. Cameron in Cassell's Techn. Educ. i. 15 Manganese is a metal somewhat allied to iron.
3. attrib. and Comb.
a. as manganese metal, manganese mine, manganese ore, manganese salt; manganese alum, (a) Chem.: see alum n. 3; (b) Min. = apjohnite; manganese blende = alabandite; manganese bronze, (a) a bronze dye, (b) an alloy of copper and zinc with manganese; manganese brown, a brown dye, consisting of manganic hydrate obtained by various processes; manganese copper = manganese bronze; manganese epidote = piedmontite; manganese garnet = spessartite; manganese glance = alabandite; manganese glass, glass in the manufacture of which manganese has been used; manganese green, an unstable green dye derived from manganate of barium; manganese purple = manganese violet; manganese spar = rhodonite; also rhodochrosite; manganese steel, a malleable mixture of iron and manganese; manganese violet, the purple colour derived from manganese, used in the decoration of pottery and porcelain; manganese vitriol = fauserite, a sulphate of magnesium and manganese.
1842T. Graham Elem. Chem. 519 Iron alum, *manganese alum, and chrome alum.
1820R. Jameson Syst. Mineral. (ed. 3) III. 406 Prismatic *Manganese Blende.
1839Ure Dict. Arts, etc. 235 *Manganese bronze, buff and green. 1883P. M. Parsons in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 382 The manganese bronze has a great advantage over steel. Ibid. 383 That the manganese bronze propellers are incorrodible,..has now been proved.
1841T. Graham Elem. Chem. (1842) 533 *Manganese brown. 1902Encycl. Brit. (ed. 10) XXVII. 564, art. Dyeing, Manganese brown is applied in wool, silk, and cotton dyeing.
1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 409/2 Piedmontite or *Manganese Epidote, brownish violet, from St. Marcel, has 20 per cent. of manganese peroxide.
1865Watts Dict. Chem. III. 817 *Manganese-glance, syn. with Manganese-blende.
1875tr. Vogel's Chem. Light xvii. 269 Explanation of the change of *manganese-glass.
1882Spon's Encycl. Arts, Manuf. etc. V. 1549 [Recipe for making] *Manganese Green.
1883Encycl. Brit. XV. 480/1 *Manganese metal is grey, like cast iron.
1839Penny Cycl. XIV. 381/1 It occurs in Devonshire, Cornwall, in the Harz, and most *manganese mines.
1795W. Nicholson Dict. Chem. II. 596 This new *manganese ore was found among the iron mines of Sem. 1821R. Jameson Man. Mineral. 255 Prismatic Manganese-Ore, or Black Manganese-Ore. Ibid. 256 Prismatoidal Manganese-Ore, or Grey Manganese-Ore.
1937Burlington Mag. Dec. 277/2 A large jar of early Florentine maiolica..of the class painted in *manganese-purple and green, the only pigments at that time known to the maiolica painter. 1963Times 25 May 11/5 An unpleasant manganese-purple tinge.
1802T. Thomson Syst. Chem. III. 88 The oxides of *manganese salts.
1821R. Jameson Man. Mineral. 325 *Manganese-Spar. (Baryte.) 1865Watts Dict. Chem. III. 817 Manganese-spar, syn. with Diallogite. Native carbonate of manganese. 1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 417/1 Rhodonite (Manganese Spar).
1895Daily News 16 Sept. 2/7 *Manganese steel is being used..in the manufacture of shovels.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 772 A metaphosphate of manganese which goes under the name of Nürnberg or *manganese violet.
1884H. Bauerman Descr. Mineral. 298 The mineral described as Fauserite or *Manganese Vitriol, from Herrengrund, in Hungary.
b. In names of salts.
1877Kingzett Alkali Trade 209 Manganese chloride. 1882Dana Man. Mineral. & Lithol. (ed. 4) 188 Pyrolusite—Manganese Dioxide. Ibid. 191 Rhodochrosite—Manganese Carbonate.
Add:[3.] [a.] manganese nodule Geol., a nodular concretion consisting primarily of manganese and iron oxides, such as occur in large quantities on the floors of oceans and the Great Lakes.
1876Proc. R. Soc. XXIV. 507 The trawl brought up many *manganese nodules or concretions and two shark's teeth; these nodules had in most cases a nucleus of pumice. 1912Murray & Hjort Depths of Ocean iv. 157 Sulphate of barium has been found to be present in most marine deposits and in manganese nodules in small quantities. 1989Encycl. Brit. XXV. 172/2 An estimated 1,500,000,000,000 tons of manganese nodules are on the Pacific Ocean floor alone. |