| 释义 |
marquis, marquess|ˈmɑːkwɪs|
Forms: 4 marchis, 6 marches; 4–5 markis, markys, 5 markesse, markeys, markois, 5–6 markyse, markes, 6 markas, marcas, -cus, marks; 5 marquoys, marquyus, 5–6 marques, 5–7 merques, 6–7 marquesse, 6– marquess; 5 marquys, 6 marquisse, marquise, 6–9 marquiss, 7– marquis.
[a. OF. marchis, later altered to marquis (whence Du. markies); corresponding to Pr. marques, -is, Sp. marqués, Pg. marquez, It. marchese; f. Com. Rom. marca (see march n.3, mark n.1) frontier, frontier territory + -ese:—L. -ēnsem suffix forming adjs. from place-names (see -ese). The word is thus etymologically an adj., the n. understood being that represented in Eng. by count, so that the title was equivalent to margrave. The med.L. representative was marchiōnem (marchio), still preserved in heraldic Latin: cf. marchioness.
The prevailing spelling in literary use appears to be marquis. Some newspapers, however, use marquess, and several English nobles bearing the title always write it in this way.]
1. In various European countries, the title of the ruler of certain territories (originally ‘marches’ or frontier districts). This gradually passed, in Romanic-speaking countries, into a mere title indicating a certain grade of noble rank, immediately below that of duke and above that of count. In English it is commonly used to designate a person of this titular rank in the modern nobility of foreign countries (though the foreign forms, It. marchese, Sp. marqués, etc. are sometimes retained), and also Hist. as the appellation of those territorial lords to whom it was applied in earlier times. Formerly it was often employed (now rarely) as the English equivalent of margrave.
13..Guy Warw. (A.) 5171 Herhaud of Ardern, þe gode marchis. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 177 Þe marchis of Mounfraunt. c1386Chaucer Clerk's T. 8 A Markys whilom lord was of that londe. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 417 Albericus the markys [1432–50 markesse] expulsede Saracenys from Ytaly. c1475Partenay 6342 For discended is fro so hy A place, Off kynges, Dukes, Markois full of grace. 1503in Lett. Rich. III & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 200 The marques of Brandenburg[he]. 1529Rastell Pastyme (1811) 71 The markes Brandonburgh. 1535Harvel in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. II. 75 The Marks of Guaste hath in Sicile 150 sailis. 1552R. Ascham Affairs of Germany (1570) 15 b, There be at this day fiue Marchesses of Bradenburge. Ibid. 16 Marches Albert is now at this day xxxi. yeares old. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. i. i. 125 A Venecian..that came hither in companie of the Marquesse of Mountferrat. 1636R. Brathwait Rom. Emp. 121 Neare the suburbane Orchards of the Marquesse Castelli. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 39 Many a spot of land not worth above fifty dollars a year gives the title of marquis to the owners. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iv. 248 The Dukes, Counts and Marquesses had in this way grown into sovereigns. 1871E. C. G. Murray Member for Paris II. 282 Our ex-contributor M. Horace Gerold (the Marquis of Clairefontaine).
2. At the end of the 14th c. the title was introduced into England to designate a specific degree of the peerage, between those of duke and earl. Late in the 15th c. this degree was adopted in the peerage of Scotland. The title still continues, indicating the same relative rank, in the peerage of the United Kingdom and in those of Scotland and Ireland. When a duke is also a marquis, his second title is given ‘by courtesy’ to his eldest son: thus the eldest son of the Duke of Devonshire is called ‘the Marquis of Hartington’.
The title of a marquis is usually territorial in form, as ‘the Marquis of Salisbury’, but in some instances ‘Marquis’ is prefixed to a surname, as ‘the Marquis Cornwallis’.
1399Rolls of Parlt. III. 452/1 The Dukes..and the markys here present. 1445Ibid. V. 394 William de la Pole, than Marquoys and Erle of Suffolk. 1451Ibid. 226/1 The Name or Estate of Duke, Marquys or Erle. 1473J. Warkworth Chron. (Camden) 4 The Kynge made Lorde Montagu, Marquyus Montagu. Ibid. 10 Of late tyme hade he made hym Markes of Montagu. 15..Bk. Precedence in Q. Eliz. Acad. (1869) 13 Item. a Dukes Eldest sonn is Borne a Marquesse, and shall goe as a Marquisse. 1509Fisher Funeral Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 293 Erles, markyses, dukes, and princes. 1513More Rich. III, Wks. 38/2 The Lorde Marques Dorsette the Quenes sonne by her fyrste housebande. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, i. iii. 255 Peace Master Marquesse, you are malapert, Your fire-new stampe of Honor is scarce currant. 1646Whitelocke Mem. (1853) II. 26 The king sent orders to the marquis of Montrose to disband his forces. 1702Rowe Tamerl. Ded., To the Right Honourable William Lord Marquiss of Hartington. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. 147 Information of the death of Marquis Cornwallis arrived in England at the end of January, 1806. 1901Empire Rev. I. 466 First in rank come the dukes,..then follow in order of precedence, marquises, first created by Richard II.
†3. In the 16–17th c. often employed as a female title, equivalent to the later marchioness. Obs.
It is not easy to see how far this was regarded as an application of the masculine title, and how far it was taken as an anglicization of marquise. The spelling marquess was commonly preferred in this use, prob. through association with the suffix -ess. Lady was often prefixed.
1503Will of Katherine Lady Hastings (Prerog. Crt. Canterbury), Marquesse Dorset. Ibid., My lady marquisse. 1527–8Will of Lady Dorset (ibid.), I lady Cecill' marques Harrington and Bonvill late the wife of the right honorable Thomas marques Dorset. 1529Act 21 Hen. VIII, c. 13 §28 Any Chaplain of any Duchess, Marquess, Countess, Viscountess, or Baroness. 1538Warner in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 97 My lady Marques ys in the tower. 1539Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) II. 214 The marquise hath bene examyned, and..albeit she pretendeth Ignorance [etc.]. 1623in Archæologia XLVIII. 211 Given..by the kinge's owne hands to the Ladie Marquesse of Buckingham a cupp of gold and cover. 1626Pory in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 243 The Foure Englishe ladies sworne of her Bed⁓chamber are the Duchesse of Buckingham, the Marques Hamiltoun, and the Countesses of Carlile and Denbigh. 1669Pepys Diary 30 Apr., My Lady Marquess of Winchester, Bellassis, and other great ladies. 1691D'Emilianne's Frauds Rom. Monks (ed. 3) 223 Two Ladies of Quality, the one a Lady Marquess, and the other a Countess.
4. A North American variety of spring wheat. Also attrib.
1906C. Saunders in Bull. Canad. Dept. Agric. No. 57. 29 Chelsea and Marquis are new cross-bred sorts produced at the Central Experimental Farm. 1924J. A. Thomson Sci. Old & New xliii. 253 Marquis is a hard, red spring wheat with excellent milling and baking qualities; it is now the dominant spring wheat in Canada and the United States. 1936Denton & Lord World Geogr. for Canad. Schools 85 Dr. Charles E. Saunders, the Dominion cerealist, had been experimenting for several years, trying to produce a new wheat which would ripen earlier than Red Fife. In 1903 his efforts were crowned with success. The new wheat was named ‘Marquis’. 1960D. E. Bublitz Life on Dotted Line 51 Marquis wheat was chosen as their crop that first year. 1965I. Reekie Along Old Melita Trail x. 150 Marquis wheat, developed from a cross of Red Fife, was released in 1911.
5. attrib.: marquis hat, a particular shape of ladies' headgear; marquis pear = marquise 2, marchioness 2 (Hogg Fruit Man., ed. 4, 1875, p. 479).
Marquiss as the name of a pear occurs in London & Wise Retired Gard'ner (1706) I. 48.
1901Westm. Gaz. 6 June 3/2 The Marquis, or three-cornered hat, is perhaps more popular than ever. |