| 释义 |
replica|ˈrɛplɪkə|
[a. It. replica, f. replicare: see reply v.]
1. a. A copy, duplicate, or reproduction of a work of art; properly, one made by the original artist.
1824Lady Morgan Salvator Rosa iii. I. 105 He is said to have reproduced in numerous replicos [sic], the scenery of La Cava. 1859Thackeray Virgin. lxxii, A copy or replica of which piece Mr. Warrington fondly remembered in Virginia. 1859Gullick & Timbs Paint. 193 The replica in the National Gallery, of ‘the Agony in the Garden’. 1887Black Sabina Zembra 31 If Miss Zembra would care to have a little replica of it, I should be happy to do that for her.
b. transf. A copy, reproduction, facsimile. spec. in Linguistics (see quots. 1956 and 1966). Also attrib.
1865Ouida Strathmore i, How can they imagine an ill⁓done replica of ourselves can attract us! 1885Clodd Myths & Dr. ii. ix. 205 Such theories..often take the form of belief in the soul as a replica of the body. 1899Kipling Stalky 71 Each house..was a replica of the rest; one straight roof covering all. 1956E. Haugen in Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxvi. 39 The speakers of language B have borrowed it from A... The item as pronounced by speakers of A we shall call the model and the diffused item as pronounced by speakers of B we shall call the replica. 1963M. Frayn in Sissons & French Age of Austerity xv. 336 The orange-girls, dressed up as replica Nell Gwyns. 1966R. A. Hall Pidgin & Creole Languages i. 5 The European would conclude that it was useless to use ‘good language’ to the native, and would reply to him in a replica of the latter's incomplete speech.
c. Mus. A repeat.
1740J. Grassineau Mus. Dict. 198 Replica, Reditta, or Riditta, a repetition, that is, when one part after a silence repeats or runs over the same notes and intervals, and in fact the same song, which some part had gone over before it, during that silence. 1952P. A. Scholes Conc. Oxf. Dict. Mus. 493/1 Replica (It.), repeat.
2. Comb. replica method = replica technique below; replica plate Microbiol., a plate of culture medium which has been simultaneously inoculated with numerous microbial clones by holding it against a piece of velvet or similar material which has previously had a plate of grown colonies of micro-organisms held against it; so replica plating, the technique of making replica plates, usu. with culture media that contain various antibiotics or lack various nutrients, so that unusual clones of micro-organisms can be recognized; replica technique, a method of producing a model of an etched metallic surface for subsequent examination in an electron microscope, used when it is impracticable to take a thin slice of the metal.
1941Jrnl. Appl. Physics XII. 695/2 One basic advantage of the *replica methods as compared to the direct methods of surface observation with the electron microscope. 1951V. E. Cosslett Pract. Electron Microscopy ix. 214 Electron microscopy has to be content with the indirect alternative of replica methods, in which an impression is taken from a surface on to a thin film which may then be examined by transmission in the usual way.
1952J. & E. M. Lederberg in Jrnl. Bacteriol. LXIII. 399 (heading) *Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants. Ibid. 400 Replica plating is used to facilitate routine tests involving repetitive inoculations of many isolates on different media. 1958Times 31 Oct. 10/7 ‘Replica plating’..enables strains of bacteria resistant to particular antibiotics, for example, streptomycin, to be quickly isolated. This is a simple and beautiful technique, which has proved of extreme value in research. 1970D. A. Hopwood in Norris & Ribbons Methods in Microbiol. IIIa. vi. 404 A particularly interesting application of replica plating is in isolating bacterial variants of changed potentiality for sexual reproduction.
1952J. & E. M. Lederberg in Jrnl. Bacteriol. LXIII. 401 A single initial plate may be used to imprint more than one fabric if carry⁓over from one *replica plate to another vitiates serial transfer. 1977Physiologia Plantarum XXXIX. 140/2 The cells..then grow with the same arrangement on the replica plate as on the master plate.
1943Jrnl. Appl. Physics XIV. 24/1 The direct *replica technique consists in casting a thin film of plastic on the prepared surface. 1955Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CLXXIX. 392/1 A simple two-stage replica technique, using an intermediate dry-stripped Formvar film on to which carbon is evaporated is described. 1966[see replicate v. 2 b]. 1966D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 50 Surface replica techniques..increase the resolution available to the metallographer by a factor of 100 over that obtainable by optical microscopy but have a much reduced sensitivity to changes in surface tilt. |