| 释义 |
▪ I. moderate, a. and n.|ˈmɒdərət|
Also 5 Sc. modreth, 5–7 moderat.
[ad. L. moderāt-us, pa. pple. of moderārī: see moderate v. Cf. F. modéré.]
A. adj.
1. Of persons, their attributes, actions, etc.: Observing, exhibiting, or acting with moderation; avoiding extremes; characterized by temperance of conduct or expression.
moderate drinker: one who does not drink to excess, but is not a teetotaller. So moderate drinking.
c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 2436 Moderat speche engendrith reste, and makith. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 309 A man lyke to a god, happy in batelle and moderate in peace. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 175 They must bring with them a mynd neyther ambitious nor covetous, but godly and moderat. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. iii. ii. 112 O loue be moderate, allay thy extasie. 1611Bible Ecclus. xxxi. 20 Sound sleepe commeth of moderate eating. 1634Documents agst. Prynne (Camden) 53 Methinkes it should make you more moderate, just, and compassionate towardes others. 1680Titus Sp. Ho. of Comm. 26 Oct. in Collect. Poems 186 The moderatest and meekest Man that ever was,..Slew the Egyptian. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. V. xlix. 97 In the reformation of religion, his first steps were moderate and cautious. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 64 Rochester's moderate counsels. 1887Poor Nellie (1888) 76 You are such a very moderate man, Octavius, that you might just as well take the pledge as not.
2. a. Of opinions and their supporters: Not extreme; not strongly partisan. b. Hence (now usually with initial capital) used as the designation of various political and ecclesiastical parties and their views: see B. below.
a.1644Heylin Brief Relat. Laud 4 Some of the more moderate (or rather the lesse violent) Lords..gave out that they intended onely to remove him from his Majesties eare. 1654Gataker Disc. Apol. 26, I maintained a good correspondence..with the moderater sort on either side. 1705(title) The New Association of those called Moderate-Church-Men. By a True-Church-Man. a1715Burnet Own Time iv. (1753) III. 137 He slackened all the laws made against the moderate Presbyterians. 1770Junius Lett. xxxviii. (1788) 203 They have lost or renounced the moderate principles of their government. 1889Spectator 28 Dec., The temptation to a Prime Minister is to appoint only ‘moderate’ men.
b.1753Witherspoon Eccl. Characteristics Wks. 1804 II. 299 The moderate party commonly set up on a pretence of being more learned than their adversaries. 1842Mem. J. Halley 37 There are two contending principles within the Church of Scotland, the supporters of which are called respectively Evangelical and Moderate. 1848Struthers Rise Relief Ch. 193 The Moderate clergy..were very unpopular. 1875McCrie Story Scott. Ch. 505 In 1763, Dr. Robertson became the avowed leader of the Moderate party. 1924J. T. Gwynn Indian Politics iii. 18 The Moderate or Co-operating party is to-day so unpopular that it takes some strength of mind to remain a Co-operator. 1954B. & R. North tr. Duverger's Pol. Parties i. i. 46 In the nineteenth century parties were based upon the caucus and weak articulation; today most Conservative, Moderate, and ‘Liberal’ parties in Europe still display these two essential characteristics. 1973Perthshire Advertiser 17 Feb. 1/1 Another member of the Moderate-Independent Association of Perth town councillors, Councillor Henry Giulianotti, has resigned from the association. 1973T. K. Derry Hist. Mod. Norway x. 325 In the summer of 1934 Hjort had failed to put through a scheme for linking the Agrarian Party with the Moderate Liberals.
3. a. Of medium or middling quantity, quality, size, or extent; fairly large or good; ‘tolerable’. Now often (esp. in phr. very moderate) in depreciative sense: Mediocre, scanty.
c1420Lydg. Assembly of Gods 885 The remenaunt Of pety capteyns that with Vertu were, Moderat Dyete, & Wysdom auenaunt [etc.]. c1430― Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 69 Moderat foode [1487 in Camb. MS. modreth fude] gevith to man his helthe. a1547Surrey Ecclesiastes v. 30 The cheif blisse that in earth to liuing man is lent, Is moderat welth. 1607Shakes. Timon iii. iv. 117 There's not so much left to furnish out a moderate Table. 1711Shaftesbury Charac., Misc. v. ii. (1737) III. 283 A good Bargain it were, cou'd we get rid of every moderate Performance in this kind [sc. Poetry or Essay]. 1711Swift Jrnl. to Stella 10 Nov., Have you got the whalebone petticoats among you yet? I hate them; a woman here may hide a moderate gallant under them. 1748Anson's Voy. iii. vi. 350 It is a rock of a small circumference, but of a moderate height. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 73 (Russia), They put a very moderate faggot into them [sc. stoves]. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 69 Where great quantities of water are discharged from moderate heads, the actual head of water, and the virtual head,..will nearly agree. 1828Pusey Hist. Enq. i. 38 The rest are very moderate productions. 1889Sat. Rev. 16 Mar. 326/1 He [sc. the horse Monarque] looks long in the back and has very moderate loins. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 162 The skin assumes a moderate icteroid hue.
b. Of physical processes, conditions, or agencies: Not intense, violent, or rigorous. Of the voice: Neither excessively loud nor excessively low.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xi. ii. (1495) 384 Winde that is moderate and not contraryouse to Shypmen. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. xii. 51 The milde ayre with season moderate Gently attempred. 1598Epulario L j b, Make a moderate fire as to a Tarte. 1704J. Cuningham in Phil. Trans. XXV. 1649 Grey cloudy Weather, with moderate Gales from NW to W. 1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 299 Bake them in a moderate oven. 1802Med. Jrnl. VIII. 314 A second case..terminated..in a moderate sweat. 1863Joyce Sch. Management 75 The monitors must be trained to speak, when teaching, in a moderate voice. 1949J. D. B. Wilson Southern Highlands 175 Further east are two ribs beyond a shallow gully which give defined climbs..of moderate standard. 1956A. J. J. Moulam Tryfan & Glyder Fach 85 Ordinary route. About 200 feet. Moderate. 1966M. Woodhouse Tree Frog xv. 122 If the climb had reached any level of difficulty higher than Moderate, which is the Climbers' Club's polite way of labelling a gumshoe doddle, we'd have died. 1971N. Tennent Islands of Scotl. i. 32 Arran rock offers little choice between easy to moderate scrambles and hard, strenuous routes. Ibid. iv. 78 Broad Buttress, 450 ft., Moderate.
c. Of prices, charges, etc.: not excessive, reasonable, low.
1904Punch 6 Apr. p. ii (Advt.), Hotel..standing high in its own beautiful park... Moderate tariff or inclusive terms. 1923–4Guide to Oxf. 19 (Advt.), Norfolk Hotel,..Central Position. Moderate Terms. 1971Bibliotheck VI. 57 The New Aldis..at the moderate price of {pstlg}4.50 and with more than 1600 additional entries..will be especially welcome. 1973Michelin: France 40 Good meals at moderate prices.
4. Comb., as moderate-minded, moderate-priced, moderate-sized adjs.
1819Byron Juan i. cxviii, I'm a *moderate-minded bard.
1905Westm. Gaz. 22 Sept. 2/3 Extensive and *moderate-priced hotels.
1765Museum Rust. III. 157, I pass a *moderate-sized roller over the field. 1925V. Woolf Common Reader 134 Six moderate-sized volumes. 1959Guardian 9 July 5/3 The play..has a moderate-sized cast.
B. n.
a. One who holds moderate opinions in politics, religion, or any subject of controversy. Hence (now usually with initial capital), a member of any of the various parties of which ‘Moderate’ has been the official or customary designation; e.g. in the French Revolution (transl. of F. modéré) applied to the Girondins, later to the Dantonists and others.
1794Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 213, I take it for granted he will come to the moderates, and by thus reuniting the party, put himself [etc.]. 1803Jefferson Writ. (ed. Ford) VIII. 222 A schism was taking place in Pennsylvania between the moderates and the high-flyers. 1831A. W. Fonblanque Eng. Under 7 Administr. (1837) II. 81 The vast majority of society, Whig, Tory, and Moderates, acknowledge the necessity of Parliamentary Reform. 1833Alison Hist. Europe x. II. 62 note, Those who..frequent the society of..Feuillants, Moderates, or Aristocrats. 1877Morley Crit. Misc. Ser. ii. 98 The execution of the Anarchists only preceded by a week the arrest of the Moderates. 1882–3Schaff's Encycl. Relig. Knowl. I. 659 The Moderates hastened to elect him [sc. Cæcilianus, bishop of Carthage]. 1920H. V. Lovett Hist. Indian Nationalist Movement iii. 69 The Moderates were pushed out of a hall and assailed with stones and mud. 1924J. T. Gwynn Indian Politics iii. 18 It used to be..the fashion to decry the Moderates and Co-operators as if they were a party of weak men and time-servers. 1969Listener 28 Aug. 268/3 ‘Moderates’ (who include men with a very militant record) are at present containing the extremists and hot-heads. 1975Times 6 Jan. 2/3 The moderates should exercise their overwhelming strength in the trade union movement.
b. In the Church of Scotland during the greater part of the 18th and the former half of the 19th century: A member of that party which (in opposition to the ‘Evangelical’ party) held lax views on doctrine and discipline, and opposed the abolition of lay patronage.
About 1843 the abbreviated forms Mods and Nons were familiarly used for ‘Moderates’ and ‘Non-intrusionists’.
1842Mem. J. Halley 40 One of the facts illustrative of the principles and practice of the Moderates which made a deep impression on Halley's mind. 1848Struthers Rise Relief Ch. 191 The Moderates, about the year 1735, allowed them [sc. the popular party] to have their own way. 1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. xxii. (1860) 239 The younger men were staunch Liberals, but great Moderates, the elder, sound Evangelicals, but decidedly Conservative in their leanings.
c. In late 19th-c. municipal politics (opposed to Progressive): A member of the party hostile to undertakings involving large expenditure of public money.
1894Times 19 Dec. 6/1 A Progressive headed the poll, followed by six Moderates, at the election of guardians.
▪ II. moderate, v.|ˈmɒdəreɪt|
Also 6–7 moderat; pa. pple. 5–6 moderate, 6 Sc. moderat.
[f. L. *moderāt-, ppl. stem of moderārī (pre-classical and late L. moderāre), f. *moder-:—*modes- (whence modestus modest), a noun-stem parallel with modo-, modus measure, mode n. Cf. L. operārī to work, f. oper-, opus work.]
1. a. trans. To abate the excessiveness of; to render less violent, intense, rigorous, or burdensome; † to reduce the amount of (a fine, charge, financial burden).
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 31 This Marcus Antonius..moderate grevous lawes and constitutions with other of gretter moderacion. c1489Caxton Blanchardyn xx. 64 The maystres..dyd perceyue..that her Indygnacion..was moderat in her herte. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 51 These outrageous mocyons be moderate & rectifyed by the cardinall vertue temperaunce. 1541Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 22 The saide maister..shall haue..auctoritie to moderate such recognisances as be..forfaited. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. ii. 38 With equall measure she did moderate The strong extremities of their outrage. 1604E. G[rimstone] D' Acosta's Hist. Indies ii. xiii. 111 The coolenesse of the night then is not sufficient to moderate and to correct the violent heate of the Sunne. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. iv. iv. 5 The griefe is fine, full perfect that I taste... How can I moderate it? 1632Pory in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. III. 272 His Grace by his dyet hath so moderated his gout, as it is [etc.]. 1656Providence (R.I.) Rec. (1893) II. 92 Ordered that ye Attournies fee is moderated from 6:s 8d to 3:s 4d. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. ix. 308, I..advise you to moderate your demands. 1731Arbuthnot Aliments (1735) 146 By its astringent Quality it [sc. Tea] moderates the relaxing Quality of warm Water. 1765Blackstone Comm. i. viii. 319 All the hopes we can entertain of ever discharging or moderating our incumbrances. 1885Manch. Exam. 29 June 5/1 Mr. Balfour must moderate at once any hope he derives from the supposition. 1903G. Matheson Repr. Men Bible Ser. ii. 36 Lot should have remembered this, and should have moderated his desires.
b. intr. for refl. To become less violent, severe, or rigorous.
1678Butler Hud. iii. ii. 463 Yet when his profit moderated, The fury of his heart abated. 1819Baron de Bonstetten in Lady Morgan's Autobiog. (1859) 310 As the heavens have moderated, I propose..to pay you a visit. 1897J. Chalmers in Life xi. (1902) 443 Fortunately the weather moderated.
†c. trans. To simplify. Obs.
1557N. T. (Genev.) To Rdr. **iij, I haue so moderat them [the arguments of Scriptures] with playnenes and breuitie, that the verie ignorant may easely vnderstande them.
d. Nuclear Sci. To slow down (a neutron); also, to provide (a reactor) with a moderator.
1945H. D. Smyth Gen. Acct. Devel. Atomic Energy Mil. Purposes viii. 89 It would take two years to produce enough heavy water to ‘moderate’ a fair-sized pile for plutonium production. 1956H. Seligman in A. Pryce-Jones New Outl. Mod. Knowl. 158 There are very few substances which can be used for this slowing-down process. There is carbon in pure form, or water which, instead of the normal hydrogen, has the ‘heavy’ hydrogen atom in its molecule. These substances are called moderators, as they are moderating the neutrons. 1958O. R. Frisch Nucl. Handbk. x. 4 The type of thermal neutron spectrum obtained from a reactor depends upon the conditions under which the neutrons are moderated. 1959Listener 19 Nov. 873/1 They [sc. the reactors]..are cooled by carbon dioxide and moderated with graphite. 1966New Scientist 24 Feb. 484/3 In a fast-reactor system, so called because the neutrons causing fission are not slowed down or ‘moderated’ but react at high energies, it is possible in theory to consume all the uranium. 1973Nature 2 Feb. 317/1 In the reactors cooled and moderated by water, the reactor vessel must also be at this pressure.
†2.
a. trans. To exercise a controlling influence over; to regulate, restrain, control, rule. Obs.
1534More Treat. Passion Wks. 1311/1 This coulde none do but he, that..was able..to moderate and measure theyr pacys hym selfe, in suche wyse as them selfe wyste not why. 1538Starkey England i. iv. 104 By hys royal powar..he may moderat al thyng accordyng to hys plesure and wyl. 1555Eden Decades 304 A collar or rayne wherwith he moderateth the course of the hartes. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. xx. (1627) 238 The Interlineall translation may be a worthy helpe for a man.. who can so moderate his eye, as to keepe it fixed upon either Greek or Latine alone. 1615Crooke Body of Man 274 The woman was ordayned..to gouerne and moderate the house at home. 1641Mass. Body of Liberties 95 in Col. Laws Mass. (1889) 59 Provided that the whole action be guided and moderated by the Elders of the Church where the Assemblie is helde. 1742Young Nt. Th. vii. 533 But these..When reason moderates the rein aright, Shall re-ascend. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xvii. (1788) II. 33 Whatever could interest the public prosperity, was moderated by the authority of the Prætorian præfects. 1808Barclay Muscular Motions 324 On what grounds are we to imagine that these two muscles shall..moderate one another with accuracy and precision?
refl.1638Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II.) 209 Yet moderate your selfe a little at first, and be reserved in a strange country. 1673Sir L. Jenkins Let. to Earl of Arlington in W. Wynne Life (1724) I. 128 The two Bishops have moderated themselves as much as can be desired.
†b. To adjust, arrange, adapt; to modify; to proportion the quantity of. Obs.
1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 18 He moderated so his mete and his drinke that he was at noo tyme fatter nor leener than other. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §44 And he that hath but a fewe shepe moderate this medicyne accordynge. c1570Schort Somme 1st Bk. Discipline §6 The ministeris stipend sould be moderated that neither [etc.]. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 243 Not only his orders and decrees are broken and moderated by the Councell, but also sometimes rejected and contemned.
3. a. In academic and Eccl. use: To preside over (a deliberative body) or at (a debate, etc.).
to moderate a call (Sc.) = ‘to moderate in a call’ (see 3 b).
1577Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. 84 There moderated there at that time the schoole of the faithfull, a famous learned man called Pantanus. 1593Bilson Govt. Chr. Ch. xiv. 291 The Churches of Christ before that time were guided by certaine chiefe Pastours, that moderated as well the Presbyters as the rest of the flocke. 1630W. Scot Apol. Narr. (1846) 17 The General assemblies were not moderated by Superintendents. 1638Act Gen. Assemb. Ch. Scotl. 17 Dec. (1682) 51 No Minister, moderating his Session, shall usurpe a negative voice over the members of his Session. 1708S. Sewall Diary 4 Feb., He expounded the first of Matthew yesterday; Moderated the Bachelours Dispute to day. 1748Whitehall Even. Post No. 363 A Call was moderated for the Rev. John Edmonston, Minister at Cadross. 1809Kendall Trav. I. vii. 68 The governor or some one chosen to moderate the court. 1816Scott Old Mort. xxxi, Others were moderating a harmonious call, as they somewhat improperly termed it, to new officers. 1848G. Struthers Hist. Relief Ch. ii. 201 A call was moderated... The people had set their affections upon Mr. William Adam... For him they moderated a kind of irregular call among themselves. 1968N.Y. Times 26 June 1/5 Being shown live at the time was a panel discussion on the ‘underground press’ moderated by Steven V. Roberts, a reporter for The New York Times. 1975Listener 9 Jan. 39/1 The closed circuit at the University of Kent at Canterbury was used recently to televise a meeting whose potential participants promised to be too numerous for any of the available halls... There were two ‘teams’ moderated by the chaplain.
b. intr. To act as moderator; to preside. Now chiefly Sc., to act as president of a Presbyterian church court or of a synodical or congregational meeting.
In the Scottish Presbyterian churches, the ‘call’ or formal invitation to a minister-elect is signed by the members of the congregation at a meeting attended by the presbytery, and presided over by its moderator. On such an occasion the presbytery (or its moderator) is said to moderate in a call.
1581Confer. iii. (1584) O j b, Any learned man present might moderate. 1614B. Jonson Bart. Fair i. iii, A question of Predestination..put to 'hem by the Matron, your Spouse; who moderates with a cup of wine, euer and anone, and a Sentence out of Knoxe between. 1635E. Pagitt Christianogr. 21 Stachis was the first Bishop of Bizantium..who hath had a continued Succession to the Patriarch now moderating. 1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xiii. (1739) 23 In the National and Provincial [Synods], sometimes Kings moderated alone, sometimes the Archbishop alone. 1707E. Chamberlayne Pres. St. Eng. iii. xii. (ed. 22) 468 The Regius Professors of Divinity, Law, and Physick, are obliged to moderate at every Doctors and Batchellors Act, in their several Faculties. 1766T. Clap Ann. Yale-Coll. 15 Mr. Andrew moderated at the Commencements. 1778E. Stiles Lit. Diary (1901) II. 311 The first Commencements were private. Rector Pierson moderated and gave Degrees till his Death. 1795T. Hutchinson Hist. Mass. (ed. 3) I. 161 note, Mr. Mather..moderated at the masters disputations, and conferred the degrees at the commencement in 1681. 1803Gradus ad Cantabr. 89 To Moderate, to perform the office of Moderator in the schools. 1869A. Macdonald Story Disputed Settlement (1877) 69 (E.D.D.), I must go over and see him one of these days, before his call is moderated in. 1898N. R. Johnston Looking Back fr. Sunset Land 150 He had moderated in a unanimous call for me in Topsham congregation.
†4.
a. trans. To decide (a question) as an arbitrator; to settle by bringing about a compromise.
1602Carew Cornwall i. 26 b, It passeth mine abilitie to moderate the question. 1603Sir C. Heydon Jud. Astrol. xii. 276, I will require no other arbitrators, to moderate the controuersie beetwene vs. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 23 b, Cato moderates the matter thus. 1744Warburton Remarks i. Wks. 1811 XI. 327 But St. Paul himself has long ago moderated this question for us, and declared for the negative.
†b. absol. or intr. To act as mediator or arbitrator. Also, to take a mediating view. Obs.
1597–8Bacon Ess., Discourse (Arb.) 14 The honourablest part of talke is to giue the occasion, and againe to moderate and passe to somewhat else. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. xiii. (1627) 184 When one taketh the affirmative part, another the Negative, and it may be a third moderateth or determineth betwene both. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 160 Elgazzuli..moderated twixt the Cadies and his owne Reformatists. 1708Swift Sentim. Ch. of Eng. Man i. Wks. 1751 IV. 65 Endeavouring to moderate between the rival Powers. 1713Addison Guard. No. 122 ⁋6 There were however a few select judges who moderated between both these extremes. 1756Connoisseur No. 130 ⁋1, I shall not pretend to moderate in family disputes of so important a nature. |