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Mogul, n.1 and a.|məʊˈgʌl, ˈməʊgəl|
Forms: α. 6–7 Magoll, 7 Mogol(l, -ull, 8–9 Moghul, -hol, 9 Mog-, Mughal, 7– Mogul; β. 6–7 (9 from Pg.) Mogor, 7 Maghoore, Magor(e.
[a. Pers. and Arab. muγal, muγul, a mispronunciation of the native name Mongol. The β-forms represent the Sp. and Pg. corruption Mogor.]
A. n.
1. A Mongol or Mongolian; spec. in Hist. (a) A follower of Baber (a descendant of Tamerlane) who founded the Mongol empire in Hindustan in 1526; (b) a follower of Jenghis Khan in the 13th c.
α1625Purchas Pilgrims I. 267 The Gouernour of Surat and the Gouernours brother of Cambaya, sent a Mogoll vnto me with a present of refreshing. 1662J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 82 The Mogul's..who came out of great Tartary, are good Natur'd, mild, discreet, civil [etc.]. 1841Elphinstone Hist. Ind. I. App. ii. 433 There were Scythian irruptions into India before those of the Moguls under Chengiz Khán. 1842W. Miles tr. Hist. Hydur Naik 317 The besieged Naik..had killed a great many of the Moghuls. 1874L. J. Trotter Hist. Ind. iii. vii. 160 Driven out of the province he had hoped to reconquer for the Moghals, Abhi Singh..retired into his own country. 1886Yule & Burnell Gloss. Anglo-Ind. s.v., Among the Mahommedans of S. India the Moguls or Mughals constitute a strongly marked caste.
β1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 179 In Cambaia it selfe, where the Mogors are of such fearefull puissance, liue the Resbuti.
†b. Mogul's breeches: ? a sort of long drawers or pyjamas. Obs.
a1625Fletcher, etc. Fair Maid Inn iv. ii, Oh let him have his shirt on, and his Mogols breeches, here are women ith' house.
2. the Great Mogul or Grand Mogul, also shortened to the Mogul: the common designation among Europeans of the emperor of Delhi, whose empire at one time included most of Hindustan; the last nominal emperor was dethroned in 1857.
α1588Hickock tr. Frederick's Voy. 6 Twelue yeares agoe the great Magoll a More king of Agray and Delay..became the gouernour of all..Cambaia. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 542 The Mogol or Mogor. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 29 These Moguls or Emperours of East India. 1710Addison Whig Exam. No. 5 ⁋4 Turks and Indians, who have no laws above the Will of a Grand Signior or a Mogul. c1796T. Twining Trav. Amer. (1894) 92 When I was at Dehli the Great Moghol..allowed me..to have his name and the date of my reception at his Court engraved on some personal ornament. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge iii, But then he awoke out of a dream about picking a lock in the stomach of the Great Mogul. 1876Bancroft Hist. U.S. III. i. 11 The empire of the Great Mogul.
β1588Parke tr. Mendoza's Hist. China 407 The grand Tartar, or Mogor. c1591Fitch in Hakluyt Voy. (1599) II. i. 254 The people..call him The great Mogor. 1615Stow's Ann. 945 The great Maghoore whome some corruptly call Mogall. c1645Howell Lett., The Vote (1650) II. 128 That she may prize his royall favour more Than all the wares fetch'd from the Great Mogor! 1880R. F. Burton tr. Camoens' Lusiad x. II. 384 The Grand Mogor.
b. transf. Also mogul. A great personage; an autocratic ruler.
1678Dryden Kind Keeper iv. i, Mr. Limberham is the Mogol of the next Mansion. 1754R. Wall in Trans. R. Hist. Soc. (1932) XV. 29 Wen you wil read this scrape, the mogol will bee five or six leagues of going to Granad. 1877N.Y. Daily Tribune 16 Feb. 4/4 John A. Logan is the Head Center, the Hub, the King Pin, the Main Spring, Mogul, and Mugwump of the final plot. 1902‘Mark Twain’ in Harper's Weekly 6 Dec. 1824/2 My old friend, the great mogul..the station⁓master, you know. 1928Dialect Notes V. i. 69 Mogul, an aristocrat. ‘They think they are the moguls of this town.’ New Mexico. 1957Times Lit. Suppl. 10 May 285/2 Rich but decadent, moguls and hangers-on of the film industry. 1966T. Pynchon Crying of Lot 49 i. 9 One Pierce Inverarity, a California real estate mogul. 1973Canad. N. & Q. Nov. 12 Those who have examined the career of Canada's first ‘movie mogul’, have not been able to uncover the final chapters of his life. 1974Times 14 Mar. 14/7 A group of cinema moguls asked how she [sc. Gertrude Stein] managed to get so much publicity. ‘By having a small audience’ was the reply.
3. The name of a kind of plum.
1718M. Eales Receipts 29 The great white Mogul makes a fine black Plum. 1731Miller Gard. Dict. s.v. Prunus, White Imperial, Bonum Magnum; white Holland or Mogul Plum. 1845E. Acton Mod. Cookery 483 Preserve of the Magnum Bonum, or Mogul plum.
4. In full Mogul engine, Mogul locomotive: A locomotive of a peculiar type built for hauling heavy trains.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. s.v., The Mogul is generally accepted as a type of engine especially adapted to the economical working of heavy-freight traffic. Ibid. fig. 1756 Mogul Locomotive. 1885Iron 25 Sept. 281/3 The ‘Mogul’ engine.
5. pl. Playing cards of the best quality (see quots.).
1842Bradshaw's Jrnl. 16 Apr. 371/2 The best cards are called Moguls. 1866Stationer & Fancy Trades Reg. 1 Sept. 939 The different qualities of cards are distinguished as Moguls, Harry's, Highlanders, and Merry Andrews. 1867Philol. Soc. Trans. 71 Moguls, so called from the device on the wrappers used for this particular sort of cards; the device being a fancy sketch or picture of the Great Mogul.
B. adj.
1. Of, pertaining or relating to, the Moguls, or the Mongol empire in India.
1617Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 3) 609 Wee might seeme to haue spoken sufficiently of the Cambayans alreadie, in our former Mogoll-Relations. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 568 We thought our selves a Match for the whole ten thousand Mogul Tartars. 1722tr. Petis de la Croix's Hist. Genghiz Khan i. i. 7 Every Mogul Family..were accustom'd the first Day of the Year to celebrate a Feast. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. lxv. VI. 332 Memorials in the Mogul or Persian language. Ibid. 337 In the Mogul empire of the north. 1858J. B. Norton Topics 38 The old Mogul dynasty. 1903Blackw. Mag. Mar. 317/2 It was here that the later Moghul emperors held their daily court.
2. Denoting works of art, jewels, etc., noted for their richness, produced in India at the time of the Mogul empire.
1921C. H. Smith in C. S. Clarke Indian Drawings Pref., The other very important Mogul drawings bequeathed to the Museum by Lady Wantage. 1931A. U. Dilley Oriental Rugs & Carpets v. 140 The Mogul animal rugs of India, equally with the flower rugs, are photographic. 1958A. Ridler in C. Williams Image of City p. xxi, He seemed so full of the energy of thought that even the most lack lustre of his listeners felt themselves, for the time being, ‘mogul diamonds’. 1963S. C. Welch Art Mughal India 12 We know dozens of Mughal Old Masters by name and style... Several of the qualities we find in Mughal art (romanticism, Indian-ness, and poetry) have frequently been denied it by critics. 1963Times 20 Apr. 10/4 A sabre set with emeralds, the hilt carved in seventeenth-century Moghul jade. 1969Cultural News from India Nov. 30 She illustrated her theory with slides of Moghul and Rajasthani miniature painting. 1969Times 25 Nov. 14/6 (Advt.), Four 17th century Mughal carpets. 1973New Society 10 May 292/1 Western art influenced mughal artists.
Hence † Mogulish a. = Mogul a.; ˈMogulship, used ironically.
1719J. T. Philipps tr. Thirty-four Confer. 331 His two Sons..undertook to defeat all the Mogulish Army. 1851H. Melville Moby Dick III. xxii. 148 Before I saw it off..I must call his old Mogulship, and see whether the length will be all right. 1876C. M. Yonge Womankind xxiii. 197 The mistress..viewing their summons to a parent's sick-bed..as an injury to her own Great Mogulship. |