| 释义 |
movement, n.|ˈmuːvmənt|
Forms: 4 moevement, 5 mouvement, 5– movement.
[a. OF. movement, moevement (mod.F. mouvement), ad. med.L. movimentum, f. L. movēre: see move v. and -ment. Cf. Pr. movemen-s, Catalan moviment, Sp. movimiento, Pg., It. movimento.
Somewhat rare between the 14th and the 18th c.; not found, e.g., in Shakes., Milton's poetry, or the Bible of 1611.]
1. a. The action or process of moving (in the intransitive senses of the verb); change of position; passage from place to place, or from one situation to another. Also, an instance or kind of this; a particular act or manner of moving.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iv. Pr. ii. 89 (Camb. MS.) Thow nylt nat thanne denoye quod she þat the Moeuement [v.r. moeuementz] of goynge nis in Men by kynde. 1390Gower Conf. III. 107 Astronomie is the science..Which makth a man have knowlechinge Of Sterres in the firmament, Figure, cercle and moevement Of ech of hem in sondri place. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 75 The hevin..moves fra the orient to the occident..Bot the things that ar corporale in this erde..movis nocht with the moving of it,..bot ȝit have thai othir naturale movementis. 1698Norris Pract. Disc. (1707) IV. 238 All the Movement of the Soul here is only to will the Movement of the Body towards these things. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Movement, Motion, Moving, particularly in Dancing, &c. 1732Pope Ess. Man i. 54 In human works, tho' labour'd on with pain, A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain. 1832Tennyson Pal. Art 246 A spot of dull stagnation, without light Or power of movement, seem'd my soul. 1849Balfour Man. Bot. §657 These spores, from their movements, have received the name of Zoospores. 1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. xi, The schoolmistress stepped back with a sudden movement. 1855Bain Senses & Intell. i. i. 75 In wakening from sleep movement precedes sensation. If light were essential to the movements concerned in vision, it would be impossible to open the eyes. 1868― Ment. & Mor. Sci. iii. xiii. 303 The movements, as well as attitudes, of a graceful form, can hardly be other than graceful. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 205 Such movements of the land..must have been brought about by the comparatively sudden action of subterranean forces. 1894S. Fiske Holiday Stories (1900) 30 There was a general movement toward the door. 1903Mission. Rec. U.F. Ch. Scot. Sept. 394/1 There have been considerable movements of population from the Continent to Canada.
b. Mil. A change of position which a body undergoes in tactical or strategical evolutions. Also ‘the regular and orderly motion of an army for some particular purpose’ (Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Dict. ed. 3, 1876).
1784W. Carter (title) Genuine Detail of the several Engagements, Positions and Movements of the Royal and American Armies during the years 1775 and 1776. 1802C. James Milit. Dict. s.v., Hurry and delay, in military movements, are two extremes which should be equally avoided. 1827Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 401 But the march of Mortier with some 15,000 men from Aragon to their assistance had been ascertained, and it was certain therefore that a movement might be apprehended from that quarter. 1889Infantry Drill iii. 89 The double march is not applied to the movements of large bodies of troops for a longer distance than is required in a charge, or [etc.].
†c. Chess. A move. Obs.
1734R. Seymour Compl. Gamester (ed. 5) i. 128 The Queen..may pass from one end of the Board to the other at one Movement. Ibid. 131 After some Movements, you will find it impossible to proceed without exposing your Men or Officers.
d. Chiefly pl.: Actions, activities, ‘doings’ of a person or body of persons.
1833Chalmers in Hanna Mem. (1851) III. 388 He was one of the five who called the night before, and arranged for us then part of the movements of this day. 1861M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 34 The close attention which was paid in England to every step and movement of the new emperor. Mod. They eyed his movements with keen interest. The police watched the movements of the mob.
e. The conveying of cattle from one district to another, often prohibited or restricted during an epidemic of cattle disease.
1869Act 32 & 33 Vict. c. 70 §48 Every local authority and the police of every county..shall..do or cause to be done all things..necessary..for securing, as far as may be, the effectual isolation of infected places in respect of the movement of animals and things. 1878Act 41 & 42 Vict. c. 74 §32 Prohibiting or regulating the movement of animals and persons into, in, or out of an infected place or area. 1954W. R. Wooldridge Farm Animals iv. 74 The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act..gave adequate powers for the control of all movement of cattle. Ibid. vi. 173 Much has been written for and against the policy of suppressing the disease [sc. foot-and-mouth] by..rigid control of movement within a wide area.
f. The departure or arrival of an aircraft.
1961P. W. Brooks Mod. Airliner vi. 144, 130 aircraft movements (arrivals and departures) on a peak Summer day. 1969Sunday Times (Colour Suppl.) 17 Aug. 19/1 Many of the major airports are suffering from aerial traffic jams, and the 747 will mean only one movement where there might have been two or more. 1971Physics Bull. Nov. 660/2 Night flying also assumes a significant percentage of the total number of movements.
†2. Used for moment. Obs.
1490Caxton Eneydos xxi. 76 That man..that..hath vttered his secretes vnto the entierly, so that thou knowest..the places, the houres & mouementes, and the oportunyte of the tyme moost propyce for to speke wyth hym.
3. concr.
a. A cause of movement. Obs. rare—1.
1725N. Robinson Th. Physick 25, I shall take it as a Postulatum granted, viz. That the Heart is the principal Movement in human Bodies.
b. Mech. (a) sing. and pl. The moving (as distinguished from the stationary) parts of a mechanism, e.g. of a watch or clock; (b) a particular part or group of parts in a mechanism serving some special purpose.
1678Lond. Gaz. No. 1296/4 A Watch, with two silver Cases belonging to it, the Moodment [sic] being ungilt. 1684Wheeler in Phil. Trans. XIV. 648 This hoop and the 2 Plates form the Case of the Movement. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Movement..signifies all those Parts of a Watch, Clock, or any such curious Engine which are in motion. 1710Berkeley Princ. Hum. Knowl. i. §60 The spring and wheels, and every movement of a watch. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. xi, A better movement of a watch, than about the middle of the last century could have been bought for twenty pounds, may now perhaps be had for twenty shillings. 1825J. Crosse York Festival 137 There are movements likewise for enabling the performer to play two or three sets of keys at once [on the organ]. 1860Emerson Cond. Life v. Wks. (Bohn) II. 383 Men are like Geneva watches with crystal faces which expose the whole movement. 1880E. J. Hopkins in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 607/2 A second substitute for the long tracker movements, etc., in large or separated organs, is the ‘pneumatic tubular transmission system’. 1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 179 The plates and train of a watch without the escapement are also spoken of as the movement.
4. In certain figurative and immaterial applications.
a. A ‘moving’ (of the mind) towards or from some object; an impulse of desire or aversion, an act of volition. Now rare. † of (one's) proper movement = of one's own motion.
1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 26 He came nocht to his presence of his proper mouvement. Ibid. 141 To be renouned a worthy man of armes..was his principale movement. 1732Pope Ess. Man ii. 36 Could he, whose rules the rapid Comet bind, Describe or fix one movement of his Mind? 1752Hume Ess. & Treat. (1777) I. 88 He has forgotten the movements of his heart. 1768Sterne Sent. Journ., Snuff-box I. 57, I blush'd in my turn; but from what movements I leave to the few who feel to analyse. 1813Shelley Q. Mab ii. 50 The light and crimson mists..Yielded to every movement of the will. 1852Thackeray Shabby-genteel Story ix, Brandon had some good movements in him. 1868Bain Ment. & Mor. Sci. i. iv. 80 The movements of the will are select and pointed to an end.
b. Philos. The regular process or course of thought in reasoning.
1869Jrnl. Specul. Philos. III. 363 note, The movement (or dialectic) of the syllogism consists in mediating each term so that in the higher forms each (term) becomes a complete realization of the Comprehension (or Totality).
c. In a poem or narrative: Progress of incidents, development of plot; the quality of having abundance of incident, or of carrying on the interest of the reader.
1838Prescott Ferd. & Is. i. xx. II. 324 The dialogue is written with much vivacity and grace, and with as much dramatic movement as is compatible with only two interlocutors. 1878–83L. Villari Life & Times Machiavelli (1898) I. ix. 410 He wrote Latin verses full of movement and fervour.
d. Fine Art. In a work of painting or sculpture, the quality of suggesting that the figures represented are moving. Also, in Arch., harmonious variety in the lines and ornamentation of a building; freedom alike from monotony and incongruity.
1773–8R. & J. Adam Wks. in Archit. Pref. 3 note, ‘Movement’; meant to express, the rise and fall, the advance and recess with other diversity of form, in the different parts of a building, so as to add greatly to the picturesque of the composition. c1782Exhibition, or second Anticipation 35 They are nobly negligent of the constituent parts, and trust for the effect to the movement. 1867A. Barry Sir C. Barry iv. 126 Repose, rather than what artists call ‘movement’, was the characteristic of his designs.
5. a. Music. (a) The manner in which a piece or a passage ‘moves’: variously applied to manner of melodic progression, ‘tempo’ or relative speed of performance, and rhythm or accentual character. (b) quasi-concr. A principal division of a musical work, having a distinctive melodic and rhythmical structure of its own.
1771Encycl. Brit. III. 326/1 The most common movement of jiggs, which is by six or twelve quavers in a bar, have their bass, for the smoothness of the movement, often written in plain crotchets. 1776Burney Hist. Mus. (1789) I. iv. 56 The beginning or first movement of the piece he mentions was in A. 1818Busby Gram. Mus. 476 If the piece be intended for an overture to a three-act opera..or a grand sonata, it ought not to consist of fewer than three movements. 1823Crabb Technol. Dict., Movement (Mus.), the progress or course of sounds from grave to acute, or from acute to grave. 1846Keble Lyra Innoc. (1873) 204 Some heart-thrilling chime, Some Dorian movement, bold or grave.
transf.1822Blackw. Mag. XII. 28 She is led up from hall to hall of the high-piled edifice, in one continued movement, may we call it, of the poem.
b. Prosody. Rhythmical or accentual character; in classical prosody often applied to the manner in which what is theoretically the same metre may be differentiated by variety of treatment.
1871B. Taylor Faust I. 274 The movement of the original is as important as its meaning. Shelley's translation of the stanza's, however, is preferable to Hayward's. 1871Public Sch. Lat. Gram. 468 Propertius..in his later [poems]..approaches much nearer to the Ovidian movement. 1887Bowen Virg. Pref. (1889) 9 The orderly and majestic movement of the Roman hexameter.
c. Dancing. (See quot. 1967.)
1949Shurr & Yocom Mod. Dance v. 135 When the count is finally speeded-up, do not omit any of the suspended movements. 1949Ballet Ann. iii. 40 Movement after movement was ruined by the broken line. 1967Chujoy & Manchester Dance Encycl. (rev. ed.) 647/2 Movement, the fundamental language of dance; a purposeful change of weight or position, as contrasted with motion, which in dance is considered as purely kinetic, i.e. physical, while movement is metakinetic.
6. a. A course or series of actions and endeavours on the part of a body of persons, moving or tending more or less continuously towards some special end. Often with defining word prefixed, as in the Oxford movement (see Oxford).
1828D'Israeli Chas. I, I. viii. 250 A long line of secret communication made him the centre of every political movement. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II. vii. 137 The Reformation was essentially a Teutonic movement. 1885Pall Mall G. 1 Dec. 4/1 Oxford is the home they say of movements, and Cambridge of men. 1903C. E. Osborne Fr. Dolling xxii, The main aims and principles of the Catholic Movement in the Anglican Church.
b. in the movement: ‘in the swim’, (moving or taking part) in the direction or tendency of things which is prevalent at a particular period or in a particular field.
1894World 5 Sept. 11/2 We have in The New Woman a live play, a play which is distinctly in the movement. 1907Q. Rev. July 160 To make life vivid: to be ‘in the movement’, this was his [sc. Disraeli's] desire. 1926C. Sidgwick Sack & Sugar xxvi. 299 She..had quite antiquated Victorian ideas of what English people had nowadays if they were in the movement. She had not got beyond shiny chintzes and overmantels.
c. The way in which ‘things’ are moving at a particular time or in a particular sphere.
1846J. D. Morell View Specul. Philos. I. 152 By so doing, he [sc. Descartes] has unquestionably merited the reputation of standing at the head of the whole modern movement of metaphysical philosophy. 1861Buckle Civiliz. II. vi. 587 Read by..thousands..who accept its conclusions because they like them; which is merely saying, because the movement of the age tends that way. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §1. 449 It was long before the religious movement..came into conflict with general culture.
d. (With capital initial.) A group of English poets in the nineteen-fifties, their characteristics, or their influence. Also attrib.
[1954Spectator 27 Aug. 261/1 Poets of the Fifties... For better or for worse, we are now in the presence of the only considerable movement in English poetry since the Thirties. ] Ibid. 1 Oct. 399/1 (heading) In the Movement.Ibid. 399/2 In these columns some weeks ago Mr. Anthony Hartley remarked upon some of the characteristics of this new Movement of the Fifties—its metaphysical wit, its glittering intellectuality, its rich Empsonian ambiguities. Ibid. 400/2 Genuflections towards Dr. Leavis and Professor Empson, admiration for people whom the Thirties by-passed, Orwell above all..are indeed signs by which you may recognise the Movement... The Movement, as well as being anti-phoney, is anti-wet. 1958A. Alvarez in Internat. Literary Ann. I. 99, I have been using the past tense because the Movement has now ended and its poets have gone off on their separate ways... The Movement, for all its limitations and negatives, was immensely valuable. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Jan. 30/4 The poetry-fanciers say that there are two better Movement poets than either Mr Wain or Mr Amis. Ibid. 7 Mar. 127/1 The outstanding performer, or even the ‘real poet’ of the original Movement is Mr. Philip Larkin. 1959Ibid. 27 Feb. 114/2 Around 1953, Mr. Larkin, Mr. Amis, Mr. Wain and the rest of them burst on a startled world—and ‘the Movement’ restored to English poetry self-control, precision, and clarity. 1961Listener 24 Aug. 268/1 The decade just ended, a decade dominated by a group of university poets usually referred to as the Movement. 1972Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Apr. 411/3 One need only look at the standard Movement and post-Movement poetry of that period. 1972D. Timms Philip Larkin i. 15, I am reminded here of John Wain's description of the Movement as an avant garde that was a rear guard.
7. [After F. le parti du mouvement.] Applied, in the first half of the 19th c., to designate the aims of the ‘liberal’ or innovating parties in European politics. Chiefly attrib., as in movement party.
1835De Quincey Wks. (1863) XV. 213 The new doctrines of Radical Reformers, and of that section amongst political men denominated the Movement party. 1835Court Mag. VI. 116/2 If the movement party retains its ascendency. 1838Mill A. de Vigny Diss. & Disc. (1859) I. 291 The sympathies of the Radical or Movement poet will take the opposite direction. 1842T. Arnold Lect. Mod. Hist. v. 246 The popular side in the great questions of English history, the side, in later language, of the movement.
8. Comm. Activity in the market for some commodity. Also, a rise or fall in price.
1886Rep. Sec. Treas. I. 58 (Cent.) The total movement of bonds held for national banks was $87,967,300. 1890Century Dict. s.v., The movement in coffee is insignificant. 1895Funk's Stand. Dict. s.v., An upward movement in stocks.
9. = motion n. 11.
1891Syd. Soc. Lex., Movement,..the act of evacuating the bowels; as well as the matter resulting therefrom.
10. attrib. and Comb., as movement area, movement-complex, movement control, movement-habit, movement-illusion, movement-impulse, movement-melody, movement order, movement-response, movement-sensation, movement-study, movement time; (sense 3 b) movement-maker; (sense 6) movement party; movement cure = kinesipathy: see kinesi-; movement permit, permission to move cattle from a particular district; movement restriction, a ban on the movement of cattle from a district, esp. when cattle disease is present.
1958Chambers's Techn. Dict. 995/2 *Movement area, that part of an aerodrome reserved for the take-off, landing and movement of aircraft.
1924R. M. Ogden tr. Koffka's Growth of Mind v. 251 *Movement-complexes of grasping and touching..are learnt even earlier than walking. 1956W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Dict. 334/2 *Movement control. 1969Times 6 Jan. 7/7 Secondary effects of movement control and closed markets left a trail of expense and inconvenience. 1972L. Lamb Picture Frame ii. 21 He arranged with movement control to go a different way.
1856M. Roth (title) The *Movement Cure.
1920T. P. Nunn Education xiii. 169 Recognition-habits of increasing complexity corresponding to the increasingly complex *movement-habits of writing.
1894Creighton & Titchener tr. Wundt's Human & Animal Psychol. ix. 137 It has sometimes been thought that the act of will suffices of itself to explain these subjective *movement-illusions. 1924R. M. Ogden tr. Koffka's Growth of Mind iv. 156 The sensory impressions and the *movement-impulse of the animal under investigation.
1736Ainsworth Lat. Dict., A *movement maker, Internarum horologii portatilis partium faber. 1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 82 What movement-makers call a bay-leaf pinion.
1924R. M. Ogden tr. Koffka's Growth of Mind v. 259 In this unification a ‘*movement-melody’ composes itself. 1956W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Dict. 334/2 *Movement order. 1957P. Kemp Mine were of Trouble iii. 51 Your Movement Order will be sent to your Squadron in a few days. 1973Radio Times 8 Nov. 19/2 It's really like the movement order for an operation. You move up to your start line.
1969Times 27 Jan. 10/8 Brucellosis accredited cattle only will be shown at the Surrey county show... Cattle entered there will require only a *movement permit.
1954L. B. Ames et al. Rorschach Responses in Old Age xii. 141 Human *movement responses become more passive with increasing deterioration of subjects. 1969Times 6 Jan. 7/7 Hogs kept at home, and sometimes in one field because of *movement restrictions, fared less well.
1898G. F. Stout Man. Psychol. I. ii. vi. 192 The distinction between position-sensations and *movement-sensations is important. 1951J. M. Fraser Psychol. xv. 187 It is fatally easy to make *movement-study sound difficult. 1952New Biol. XIII. 58 The time between the beginning of his movement and the moment at which he starts to return back again is called ‘The *Movement Time’. 1968R. N. Singer Motor Learning & Human Performance iii. 67 Movement time may include reflex or reaction time, or, as it is usually viewed in research literature, the time a particular act takes to be completed after it has been initiated.
Add:[6.] e. With the. = women's movement (b) s.v. woman n. 10.
1971It 9–23 Sept. 11/5, I spent ten years in ‘the movement’. 1973Maclean's Mag. Jan. 45/3 My editor in New York..began writing ‘Ms.’ on her letters to me..and the office was full of The Movement. 1977C. McFadden Serial (1978) x. 26/2 She had somehow reconciled shaving her legs with the Movement. |