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▪ I. ˈmural, n.
Forms: 5 muraill, -ayl(le, 6 mural, Sc. pl. muralȝeis.
[a. F. muraille:—Com. Rom. muralia (repr. L. mūrālia neut. pl. of mūrālis mural a., taken as fem. sing.: see -al1 5); cf. Sp. muralla, Pg. muralha, It. muraglia; also OF. murail, Pr. muralh masc.]
†1. A wall. Obs.
Modern editors have introduced the word, by a doubtful conjecture into the text of Shakes. Mids. N. v. i. 208, where the folio has ‘Now is the morall [? read wall] downe’. The Quartos have the unmeaning reading ‘Now is the moon vsed’.
1471Caxton Recuyell (Sommer) II. 404 He sawe his enemies that hasted hem to come vnto the muraill & wallis with ladders. 1481― Godeffroy iii. 21 He shewid to hym..a parte of the muraylles whiche were thenne yet apperyng. 1485― Chas. Gt. 142 In suche wyse that the grete quarters of the murayl & walles fyl and tombled doun to the erthe. 1513Douglas æneis x. i. 53 Amyd the clos muralȝeis and paill, And doubill dykis, quhou thai thame assail. 1555Eden Decades 336 In folowyng this order of woorke in the pourgynge and diuydynge of golde, it shall not bee requisite as in other maner of practises, to bee at greate charges by reason of many men which shall be needefull, with manye murals [orig. di tante muraglie], fornaces, fiers, and dyuers artificers.
2. [Short for mural painting (mural a.1 2 a).] A painting executed on a wall or ceiling as part of a scheme of decoration. So mural painter. orig. U.S.
1921Quill Mar. 23 I'm doing big things... ‘They satisfy’ and such outdoor murals. 1929Arts & Decoration Oct. 63 (heading) Arresting murals of classic inspiration in the Long Island home of F. Russell. 1931H. Crane Let. 4 Nov. (1965) 385 He's fundamentally a mural painter, and even his smaller paintings have a tremendous scale. 1936R. E. Sherwood Idiot's Delight ii. i. 76 He has been out in Australia doing colossal murals for some government building. 1946H. Feibusch Mural Painting 15 H. J. K. Tisdall, the mural painter, helped me with his wide knowledge of technique and materials. 1949F. Maclean Eastern Approaches i. ii. 18 The Customs' building [in the frontier station of Negoreloye]..was a fine big, bright room, decorated with murals depicting scenes from Soviet life. 1954T. Gunn Fighting Terms 43 Turn your closed eyes to see upon these walls A mural scratched there by an earlier man. 1964Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 17 July (1970) 181 There was a great mural in the Library by Thomas Hare Benton. 1973F. Taubes Painter's Dict. of Materials & Methods 159 Only a certain portion of a large mural can be completed in one day's work. 1974Impressionism (R. Acad.) 32/2 Saint-Sulpice murals, completed 1861, were a revelation for young artists.
▪ II. mural, a.1|ˈmjʊərəl|
Also 6–7 murall, 7 -ell.
[a. F. mural (coronne murail 14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), cf. Sp., Pg. mural, It. murale; ad. L. mūrāl-is belonging to a wall, f. mūr-us wall: see mure and -al1.]
1. a. Of or pertaining to a wall; resembling a wall.
mural diagraph (see quot. 1829); so mural alphabet, an alphabet the letters of which are represented by knocks and scratches on the wall through which the message or conversation is being sent. mural tower (see quot. 1844).
1586Warner Alb. Eng. ii. viii. (1612) 35 Prouiding therefore murall workes, they threaten hot assault. 1624Wotton Archit. i. 14 Adding much beautie & strength to the Murall Angles, where they fall gracefully into an indented Worke. 1667Milton P.L. vi. 879 And soon repaird Her mural breach, returning whence it rowl'd. 1738Glover Leonidas v. 551 Like the mural strength Of some proud city bulwark'd round. 1774Pennant Tour Scotl. in 1772, 120 The rocks which on both sides are perfectly mural and equidistant. 1807J. Barlow Columb. ii. 244 Three cities gay their mural towers unfold. 1829J. Swaim (title) The Mural Diagraph, or the art of conversing through a wall. 1844G. T. Clark in Archæol. Jrnl. I. 102 The walls [of Edwardian castles] were strengthened by ‘mural’, or towers projecting inwards,..and ‘buttress-towers’ projecting outwards. 1851Richardson Geol. vi. (1855) 153 A mural escarpment is one of a steeper and more perpendicular character. 1860G. B. Prescott Electr. Telegr. xxi. 420 The dots of the Mural alphabet are represented by knocks on the wall, and the lines by scratches. 1860Hartwig Sea & Wond. i. 5 Bold mural coasts, rising precipitously from the deep sea. 1880Haughton Phys. Geog. ii. 71 A margin of lofty unbroken mural precipices nowhere less than 12,000 feet in height.
b. Roman Antiq. mural crown (= corona muralis): an embattled crown, conferred upon the soldier who first scaled the wall of a besieged town. So also mural coronet, mural garland, mural wreath, etc. In extended use, any embattled crown (e.g. that which the goddess Cybele is portrayed as wearing; also Her.).
1546Langley Pol. Verg. De Invent. ii. xi. 54 The mural or wal croune that was geuen to him that scaled firste the walles. 1572J. Bossewell Armorie ii. 77 b, One is named a Crowne murall. 1600Holland Livy vi. 231 Two goodly murall garlands [bestowed upon Manlius] for scaling and entering upon the wals first. 1629Massinger Picture ii. ii, All rewards And signes of honour, as the Ciuicke garland, The murall wreath, the enemies prime horse,..To him alone are proper. 1751Johnson Rambler N. 85 ⁋2 He toils without the hope of mural or civick garlands. 1851Helps Comp. Solit. iv. (1874) 54 One in rich vesture, superb, with what seems like a mural crown on her head.
Comb.1872Howells Wedd. Journ. (1892) 297 The mighty rock, mural-crowned.
2. a. Placed, fixed, or executed on a wall.
1561Eden Arte Nauig. ii. xvi. 43 b, You wyll make a mural dial. 1837Howitt Rur. Life vi. xvi. (1862) 584 The mural tablets to the memory of departed rectors. 1842Gwilt Archit. Gloss. s.v., An arch inserted or attached to a wall is called a mural arch; and columns placed within or against a wall are called mural columns. 1850A. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. (1863) 171 A fragment of mural painting preserved in the Christian Museum in the Vatican. 1872Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lakes (1879) 186 Isel church is a small, ancient building, containing..some mural inscriptions. 1916H. F. Osborn Men of Old Stone Age 316 This Art..is also mural or parietal.., consisting of drawings, engravings, paintings and bas-reliefs on the walls of caverns and grottos.
†b. Of a fruit-tree: Growing against, and fastened to, a wall. Also of the fruit. Obs.
1664Evelyn Kal. Hort., July 70 Mural-trees. Ibid. Oct. 76 Plant dry Trees.., Standard, Mural, or Shrubs. 1709Phil. Trans. XXVI. 469 The Sap of our finer mural Fruit-Trees, as of Peaches, Nectarines, Apricocks, &c. 1731Gentl. Mag. I. 40 The Nectarine and like delicate mural Fruit.
absol.1699Evelyn Kal. Hort., Mar. (ed. 9) 30 Now is the best time for pruning young Murals.
c. Astr. In mural arch, ‘a wall, or walled arch, placed exactly in the plane of the meridian{ddd}for the fixing of a large quadrant, sextant, or other instrument, to observe the meridian altitudes, &c., of the heavenly bodies’ (Chambers Cycl. 1752); hence mural arc, mural circle, mural quadrant, etc., an arc, circle, quadrant, etc., placed on such a wall; they have been superseded by the transit-circle.
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Tycho Brahe was the first who used a mural-arch in his observations. 1786Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 5 In the year 1689, Mr. Flamsteed compleated his mural arc at Greenwich. 1812Woodhouse Astron. vi. 25 When the quadrant is fixed to the side of a vertical wall in the plane of the meridian, it is called a mural quadrant. 1867–77G. F. Chambers Astron. vii. vi. 696 The Mural Circle consists of a graduated circle furnished with a suitable telescope and very firmly fixed to a wall (murus) in the plane of the meridian.
3. Phys. and Path. Belonging to or connected with the wall of the body or of any of its cavities. Cf. parietal.
1884Barnes Syst. Obstetric Med. & Surg. I. 329 Parietal,..mural, interstitial or tubo-uterine gestation. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 866 Other parts of the endocardium may be affected also (mural endocarditis). 1899Ibid. VI. 161 A thrombus formed from the circulating blood is at first parietal or mural.
▪ III. † ˈmural, a.2 Obs. rare—1.
[Badly f. L. mur-ia brine (see muriatic a.) + -al1.]
= muriatic a.
1742Perry in Phil. Trans. XLII. 51 This [hot spring] Water..contains..a mural Salt of a limy Quality.
▪ IV. ˈmural, a.3 Path. rare—0.
[a. F. mural, badly f. mûre mulberry: see -al1.]
In mural calculus = ‘mulberry calculus’ (see mulberry 6).
1857Dunglison Med. Dict., Mural, vesical calculi are so called, when rugous and covered with tubercles or asperities. |