| 释义 |
naturalist, n. and a.|ˈnætjʊərəlɪst|
[ad. F. naturaliste (1527), = It. and Sp. naturalista; or f. natural a. + -ist.]
A. n.
1. a. One who studies natural, in contrast to spiritual, things; one who regards natural causes as a sufficient explanation of the world and its phenomena; an adherent of or believer in, naturalism.
1587Golding De Mornay Pref (1592) 9 Against the false naturalists (that is to say professors of the knowledge of nature and naturall things) I wil alledge nature it selfe. 1612R. Carpenter Soul's Sent. 76 Those blasphemous truth-opposing Heretikes, and Atheisticall naturalists. 1677Gilpin Demonol. (1867) 132 The Naturalists explode Christ and Scriptures at last as unnecessary. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 191 Let the Naturalists explain these Things [the aspirations of the soul]. 1824Southey Sir T. More (1831) I. 5 The religious Naturalist in his turn despises the feeble mind of the Socinian. 1864Q. Jrnl. Sci. I. 554 The small semi-educated sect of men calling themselves ‘Naturalists’, or ‘Secularists’. 1952R. M. Hare Lang. Morals v. 92 It is therefore no answer..to claim that a ‘naturalist’ might if he pleased define ‘good’ in terms of some characteristics of his choice. 1964[see contextualism 1].
b. One who follows the light of nature, as contrasted with revelation.
1608Bp. Hall Epist. iii. iii, Let me but know what action Popery requires of any of hir followers, which a meere Naturalist hath not done, can not do? 1628Feltham Resolves ii. xcii. 269 For the Manner how God would bee worshipped, no Naturalist could euer find it out, till hee himselfe gaue directions from his sacred Scripture. 1825Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 288, I am here speaking in the assumed character of a mere naturalist, to whom no light of revelation had been vouchsafed.
†2. A natural man; one with natural instincts.
1635J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 34 Feredo was in one respect a naturalist, desirous of posterity.
3. a. One who studies, or is versed in, natural science; a natural philosopher, a physicist. Now rare or Obs. (very common in 17th c.).
1587Greene Euphues Cens. Philautus Wks. (Grosart) VI. 172 Your phisicall reasons bewraies a good naturalist. 1605Timme Quersit. i. xvii. 89 Diligent physitians or naturalists..wil put the same to any kind of metall. 1654Whitlock Zootomia 227 That Inke hath Poyson in it, the Historian, as well as Naturalist will confesse. 1686Plot Staffordsh. 8 Because the Lightening first affects the Sense, I give it the precedence, as is usual amongst Naturalists. 1726Swift Gulliver iii. iii, For the highest clouds cannot rise above two miles, as naturalists agree. 1752Hume Ess. & Treat. (1777) I. 330 All water..remains always at a level. Ask naturalists the reason. 1795J. Hutton Th. Earth I. 201 Some part of the Theory of the Earth..which will probably give offence to naturalists who have espoused an opposite opinion. 1813Mackintosh De L'Allemagne Wks. 1846 II. 537 The naturalist gives no picture of scenery by the most accurate catalogue of mineral and vegetable produce.
b. (In early use only contextual, now specific.) One who is interested in, or makes a special study of, animals or plants. (A less precise term than zoologist, botanist, etc.)
1600Sutton Disce Mori vi. (1846) 57 A lion; of whom the naturalist writeth, that he is of such courage [etc.]. 1658T. Wall Charact. Enemies Ch. 30 The great Naturalist observes it of this beast, the Leopard [etc.]. 1733Swift On Poetry Wks. 1755 IV. i. 194 So, nat'ralists observe, a flea Hath smaller fleas that on him prey. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. VII. 27 The sea snail, of which naturalists have..mentioned fifteen kinds. 1808Pike Sources Mississ. iii. 210 This father was a great naturalist, or rather florist; he had large collections of flowers, plants [etc.]. 1859Darwin Orig. Spec. ii. (1873) 33 Every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 7 The structure of a bone enables naturalists to build up the animal of which it is a part.
†4. One ‘natural’ to a country; a native. Obs.—1
1631Heywood Eng. Eliz. (1641) 160 If they aimed at the life of a naturalist, being their..Sovereignes sister.
†5. One who lacks technical training. Obs.—1
1707Sir W. Hope New Method Fencing (1714) 255 A vigorous and stout ignorant or naturalist, with a swinging irregular pursute, will put any of you from off all your orderly postures of defence.
6. One who aims at reproducing or adhering closely to nature; a representative of naturalism:
a. in art.
1784J. Barry Lect. Art iii. (1848) 124 The cavils of the ignorant,—or the Naturalists, as they choose to call them⁓selves. 1856Ruskin Mod. Paint. III. iv. vi. §2 Others received both good and evil together (thence properly called Naturalists). 1873Pater Renaissance 42 Botticelli lived in a generation of naturalists, and he might have been a naturalist among them.
b. in literature.
1883Lowell Wks. (1890) VI. 62 Fielding was a naturalist in the sense that he was an instinctive and careful observer. 1888H. James Partial Portraits 124 [Trollope] tells us, on the whole, more about life than the ‘naturalists’ in our sister republic.
B. adj. Naturalistic.
1830Pusey Hist. Enq. ii. 366 Its naturalist tendencies..received their highest power to hurt from corresponding points in the state of theology. 1860Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. ix. ii. §4 That naturalist art..denied at last the spiritual nature of man. 1893Collingwood Life Ruskin I. 192 The Naturalist-landscape school, a group of painters who threw overboard the traditions of Turner. |