| 释义 |
nitrous, a.|ˈnaɪtrəs|
[ad. L. nitrōsus: see nitre n. and -ous, and cf. F. nitreux.]
1. a. Having the nature or qualities of nitre; impregnated with nitre.
1601Holland Pliny I. 386 Forasmuch as Date trees delight in a salt and nitrous soile. 1657S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. 142 This falls out for want of a nitrous, and thereby a nutritive quality in the grain. 1692Ray Disc. 142 The Air being..as much rarified, would contain but few nitrous Particles. 1748Anson's Voy. i. vi. (ed. 4) 95 The land being generally of a nitrous and saline nature. 1774J. Bryant Mythol. I. 30 Hot streams either of water or bitumen: or else salt, and nitrous pools. 1884A. Brassey in Good Wds. June 403/1 The temple..submerged in the nitrous waters of the river.
b. Mixed or impregnated with nitre so as to form an explosive compound. Also fig.
1667Milton P.L. iv. 815 As when a spark Lights on a heap of nitrous Powder. 1714Gay Trivia iii. 383 The nitrous Store is laid, the smutty Train With running blaze awakes the barrell'd Grain. 1742Young Nt. Th. ix. 202 Sudden, as the spark From smitten steel; from nitrous grain, the blaze. 1806J. Grahame Birds Scot. iii. 84 The leaden bolt Slung from the mimic lightning's nitrous wing.
†c. As an epithet applied to the air, on the supposition that it was charged with particles of nitre. (Cf. nitre n. 1 c.) Obs.
1670Clarke Nat. Hist. Nitre 36 The nitrous Air receiv'd into the Lungs. 1720Welton Suffer. Son of God I. xiii. 342 My Blood requires the Nitrous Air, to preserve Life by the Respiration of my Breath. 1735Somerville Chase i. 165 The nitrous Air, and purifying Breeze. 1784Cowper Task iii. 32 The nitrous air Feeds a blue flame, and makes a cheerful hearth.
d. Performed by means of nitre.
1800Med. Jrnl. III. 429 My letter to Dr. Duncan, respecting nitrous fumigation.
2. In special applications:
a. nitrous salt, a salt containing nitre.
1662R. Mathew Unl. Alch. 20 Thy Salt doth also consist of three sorts, a fixed Salt, and a Nitrous, and a Volatil. 1718Quincy Compl. Disp. 113 For that reason it abounds with a nitrous Salt. 1732Arbuthnot Rules Diet in Aliments, etc. 277 Nitres, and those Vegetables which have nitrous Salts in them. 1814Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. 339 The nitrous Salts are too valuable for other purposes to be used as Manures. a1828Pearson in Brit. Husb. (1834) I. 245 There is considerable waste in gases and ammoniacal and nitrous salt by their putrefaction.
b. nitrous acid, an acid having nitrous properties; in later use spec. an acid (HNO2) which contains less oxygen than nitric acid.
1676Grew Anat. Pl., Exper. Luctation ii. (1682) 243 Upon its solution by a Nitrous Acid. 1779Phil. Trans. LXIX. 396 Nitre is composed of two different ingredients, viz. an acid, called..the nitrous acid, and the vegetable alkali. 1804Abernethy Surg. Obs. 139 The administration of nitrous acid, opium, and other remedies. 1849D. Campbell Inorg. Chem. 24 Nitrous acid pure is a colourless liquid at a low temperature, but becomes green on a slight elevation of heat. 1867Bloxam Chem. 134 The so-called nitrous acid of commerce is really nitric acid holding in solution a large proportion of nitric peroxide. 1871Tyndall Frag. Sci. (1879) I. iv. 101 The brown fumes of nitrous acid were seen.
attrib.1812Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. I. i. 113 Nitrous acid gas [is composed] of 1 of azote and 4 of oxygene. 1839Lindley Introd. Bot. 386 Nitrous acid gas is probably as deleterious as the sulphurous and hydrochloric acid gases.
†c. nitrous air, = next. Obs.
1775Priestley On Air I. 109, I happened to distinguish it by the name of Nitrous air because I had procured it by means of spirit of nitre only. 1789Phil. Trans. LXXX. 70 This salt, heated in close vessels, yields dephlogisticated nitrous air in great abundance.
d. nitrous gas, a mixture of oxides of nitrogen, such as is obtained when most metals are acted on by nitric acid in the presence of air.
1794Pearson in Phil. Trans. LXXXIV. 389 A fresh discharge of nitrous gaz took place on adding more nitrous acid. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 121 The name of nitrous gas is given to that aeriform fluid which is disengaged by the action of iron, copper, silver, and mercury on the nitric acid. 1837M. Donovan Dom. Econ. II. 227 Nitrous gas strongly resists putrefaction;..and after nitrous gas, carbonic acid gas is next in preservative power. 1880Jrnl. Soc. Arts 445 Nitrous gas is passed through a solution of diphenylamine in acetic acid.
e. nitrous oxide, a colourless gas (nitrogen protoxide, N2O), with a faint odour and sweetish taste, which when inhaled produces exhilaration (hence called laughing gas) or anæsthesia.
1800Sir H. Davy Res. Nitrous Oxide 95 The nitrous oxide may be analised, either by charcoal or hydrogene. 1836–41Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 5) 410 Nitrous oxide supports combustion, and a taper introduced into it has its flame much augmented. 1878Meredith Teeth 205 The..use of nitrous oxide for certain bodily complaints.
attrib.1840Penny Cycl. XVI. 244/1 Nitrous oxide gas is composed of one volume of oxygen and two volumes of azote. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1530/1 Nitrous-oxide Apparatus. 1892Syd. Soc. Lex., Nitrous oxide water, a solution..of five volumes of nitrous oxide in one of water.
f. nitrous ether, nitric ether (nitric 1 c).
1811[see nitric 1 c]. 1860Knight's Eng. Cycl., Arts & Sci. III. 980 Nitrous ether, dissolved in alcohol, is the sweet spirit of nitre of pharmacy. 1879Allen Comm. Org. Anal. I. 153 Spirit of nitrous ether has often a great tendency to become acid. This may be due to the decomposition of nitrous ether.
g. nitrous vitriol, a solution of oxides of nitrogen in sulphuric acid produced in the Gay-Lussac tower in the lead-chamber process.
1879Chem. News 30 May 237/2 In a paper about to be published, I [sc. G. Lunge] have proved that denitration by hot water or steam is insufficient when the nitrous vitriol, by faulty work, contains nitric acid. 1933W. T. Read Industr. Chem. xi. 165 A portion of the acid from the coolers is sent to the top of the cold tower. As it passes down the cold tower it picks up the oxides of nitrogen in the form of nitrosyl sulfuric acid and becomes..‘nitrous vitriol’. 1954Kirk & Othmer Encyl. Chem. Technol. XIII. 472 The Glover tower receives the hot burner gas, and is fed at the top with the nitrous vitriol from the Gay-Lussac tower, and with 52° Bé. (65%) acid from the chambers. |