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organo-
Combining form of Gr. ὄργανον organ, used in various technical terms, chiefly of Biology, etc. (organ n.1 5), rarely of Music (organ n.1 2). In many compounds a secondary stress may be given as ˌorgano- or orˌgano-, and is not indicated in the individual words listed below. ˌorganoˈleptic a. [F. organoleptique (Chevreul), f. Gr. ληπτικός, f. λαµβάνειν to apprehend by the senses], said of the properties by which bodies act upon the senses and bodily organs (1857 Mayne); also, involving the use of the senses; hence organoˈleptically adv., as regards organoleptic properties; ˌorganomeˈtallic a. Chem., ‘a term applied to chemical compounds in which an organic radical is directly combined with a metal’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.); also absol., an organometallic compound; ˌorganoˈmorphic a. [nonce-wd. after anthropomorphic] (see quot.); orˈganophone, a musical instrument: see quot.; ˌorganoˈphonic a. [Gr. ϕωνή voice], epithet assumed by a band of musicians who imitated various instruments with the voice; orgaˈnophyly [Gr. ϕῦλον race, tribe], the tribal history of the organs of living beings; ˈorganoˌplastic a. [Gr. πλαστικός plastic], having the property of forming or producing the bodily organs; so ˈorganoˌplasty, the formation or development of the organs; † ˌorganopoiˈetical a. Obs. [Gr. ποιητικός capable of making, productive: cf. Gr. ὀργανοποιικός of or for instrument-making] = organoplastic; orgaˈnoscopy [Gr. -σκοπια looking, examination], examination of the organs; spec. a name for phrenology; organosediˈmentary a. Geol., produced by or involving sedimentation as affected by living organisms.
1852T. R. Betton tr. Regnault's Elem. Chem. I. 13 (heading) Of the different physical and *organoleptic characters by which bodies are distinguished. Ibid., The organoleptic characters are those impressions produced on the organs of taste, smell, and touch. 1940Nature 21 Dec. 796/1. Unimpeachable organoleptic evidence exists for the statement that even under modern conditions cheese⁓making is not by any means a fully controlled industrial process. 1963W. Summer Methods Air Deodorization iii. 228 Science has failed, so far, to conceive of an instrument which might be called an artificial nose and which would allow comparisons..between organoleptic sensations and instrumental measurements. 1970Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 25 Sept. 32/2 Each morning he must check the contents of the 50 vats to ensure they are suitable for bottling. His responsibilities there are organoleptic, that is, he is concerned with the qualities of the senses—sight, taste and smell. 1976Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 30 May 4/7 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration would be crippled without its organoleptic analysts.
1959Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. LXXII. 145/1 Celery air-expressed from California was compared with freshly harvested Florida celery in April and May of 1957. The samples were rated *organoleptically and analyzed chemically for several constituents. 1970H. E. Nursten in A. C. Hulme Biochem. Fruits & Products I. x. 246 (heading) Organoleptically significant components of specific fruits.
1852Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CXLII. 417, I have continued my researches upon the *organo-metallic bodies. 1857Miller Elem. Chem. III. 214 Several polymeric forms, besides other compounds of these organo-metallic bodies may be obtained. 1880E. Cleminshaw Wurtz' Atom. The. 270 In organo-metallic radicals properly so called we find properties of the same order, which we interpret in the same manner. 1938H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. iv. 463 They [sc. organomercurials] are the only organo⁓metallics in the first two groups which can be manipulated in water. 1965New Scientist 2 Dec. 658/1 Organometallics have already amply proved their worth as catalysts. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XIII. 716/1 The syntheses of many specific organometallics are dictated by the particular properties or reactions of a single compound or group of compounds. 1976Nature 4 Mar. 11/1 Thus, so far as σ-bonded transition metal organometallics are concerned, the realisation of the difference between their kinetics and thermodynamic stabilities has led several research groups to design stable molecules.
1886Kernel & Husk 62 Some metaphors..which describe Him [God] by reference to implements (such as a shield) may be called *organomorphic.
1880Advertisement, *Organophone. (Debain, Inventor.) A close imitation of the brilliant and broad effects produced by a well-balanced pipe organ.
1890Stratford-on-Avon Herald 19 Dec. 8/1 He joined an *organophonic band which travelled throughout the district, and gave variety entertainments.
1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man I. i. 24 *Organo⁓phyly.
1864Webster, *Organoplastic. 1879tr. De Quatrefages' Human Species 122 Under the influence of the organo⁓plastic or evolutive force there were formed proto-organisms of a very simple structure.
1892Syd. Soc. Lex., Hygienic *Organoplasty, Roger-Collard's term for the art of developing organs by appropriate exercise of them.
1664Power Exp. Philos. i. 71 The Soul is in full exercise of her Plastick and *Organo-Poïetical Faculty.
1864Webster, *Organoscopy,..phrenology. 1892Syd. Soc. Lex., Organoscopy, the examination of the several organs of the body in order to form an opinion concerning the..faculties..and other endowments of the person. Also, a synonym of Cranioscopy.
1964Jrnl. Geol. LXXII. 81/2 Algal stromatolites are laminated *organosedimentary structures formed by the activity of algal mats in binding fine particulate sediment. 1972Ibid. LXXX. 592/1 ‘Molar tooth’ structure..most likely resulted from organosedimentary processes similar to those forming algal stromatolites.
2. Chem.
a. Prefixed to the names of elements to form adjs. designating compounds in which an atom of the element is bound to an organic radical; as organochlorine, organo-lead, organo-lithium, organo-magnesium, organo-mercury, organo-phosphorus, organo-silicon, organo-tin, organo-zinc. These may also be used absol.
1961Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. LIV. 636/1 The..effectiveness of six organochlorine insecticides applied to soil were determined in the field against Hippelates gnats. 1970Motor Boat & Yachting 16 Oct. 25/2 Two serious disadvantages about the early organochlorines such as D.D.T. were that they were..concentrated in certain tissues of the bodies of successive predators. 1974Country Life 26 Dec. 1984/2 The gradual decline in the use of organochlorine pesticides has allowed predatory birds..to re-establish themselves.
1861Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XIII. 228 Organo-lead compounds are arranged under the types of sesquioxide and peroxide of lead. 1974Physics Bull. May 180/1 Lead alkyl petrol additives provide virtually the only source of organolead compounds in the environment.
1932Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LIV. 1957 It is possible to prepare many organolithium compounds by the direct interaction of lithium with an RX compound in ether or benzene. 1974Chem. & Pharm. Bull. XXII. 1711 Many reports have been published so far on the reactions between organolithiums and open chain compounds.
1901Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXX. i. 263 The organo-magnesium compound produced crystallises in colourless, flattened needles. 1968R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis vi. 202 Organomagnesium compounds, known as Grignard reagents after their discoverer, are the most widely used of organometallic reagents.
1860Chem. News 30 June 26/1 At present the representatives of the organo-mercury series all belong to the mercuric type. 1963A. J. Hall Textile Sci. v. 263 Shirlan is also much used for protecting cotton against mildew attack. A number of complex organo-mercury compounds are also effective for this purpose. 1974Nature 20 Sept. 236/2 The ability of organo⁓mercury compounds, particularly methylmercury, to concentrate in tissues of fish and other animals at levels which are toxic for human consumption, is of increasing environmental concern.
1950G. M. Kosolapoff Organophosphorus Compounds i. 7 In many classes of organophosphorus compounds we find mixtures that are inseparable by fractional distillation. 1962Brit. Birds LV. 431 Certain organophosphorus sprays were used on Brussels sprouts. 1971Homes & Gardens Aug. 89/3 A servicing company can apply a long-lasting organo-phosphorus insecticide to pendant fittings.
1941Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXIII. 1194/1 The lack of a clear understanding of the behavior of the substituted organo-silicon compounds and the possibility of producing useful resinous polymers for them led to an investigation of some of the disubstituted compounds. 1955Brown & Dey India's Mineral Wealth (ed. 3) x. 391 The resultant organosilicon chlorides are hydrolised [sic] to silanols which condense into the polysiloxanes or silicones. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XIII. 716/1 The organosilicon halides..are prepared by a special reaction using copper as catalyst.
1866Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 220 No organo-tin compounds containing only one equivalent of positive radicle, have hitherto been produced. 1960Times Rev. Industry Apr. 83/3 Among the new chemicals are..organotin compounds of germicidal..nature.
1860Chem. News 30 June 26/1 Organo-zinc compounds are decomposed by water, oxide of the metal and hydride of the radical being produced. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IX. 403/1 For many years organo⁓zinc compounds were used for synthetic purposes.
b. Prefixed to the names of various types of compounds to form ns., indicating the presence of an organic radical in the molecule, as organoalkali, organo-borane, organo-mercurial, organo-metal, organo-phosphate, organo-siloxane; these may also be used attrib. Also organocompound, an organometallic compound.
1932Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LIV. 1958 A corresponding simpler technique might be used with organoalkali compounds like phenyl-lithium. 1968G. E. Coates et al. Princ. Organometallic Chem. iii. 34 A large class of charge-delocalized organoalkali compounds consists of the addition compounds between alkali metals and bi- or poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
1957Organoborane [see hydroboration]. 1971J. D. Roberts et al. Org. Chem. xix. 536 The boron halides and the organoboranes (BR3) are Lewis acids. 1976Nature 15 Jan. 163/2 Chapters 4–6.., on four-coordinate organoboranes, organodiboranes, and other polyboranes, are particularly welcome.
1866Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 224 Aluminium series.—The only known organo-compounds of this series are aluminic methide, Al{ppp}(CH3)3, and aluminic ethide, Al{ppp}(C2H5)3. 1974Nature 13 Dec. p. x (Advt.), Each chapter provides a complete review of all aspects of the organocompound in question.
1972Ibid. 25 Feb. 414/3 The dumping of substances likely to find their way into the food chains is completely prohibited—these include organohalogen and organosilicon compounds. 1977Offshore Engineer May 29/1 The real villains on the ‘blacklist’ are certain organohalogens (for example the extremely toxic and readily absorbed printing by-product PCB), mercury and cadmium.
1866Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 221 A brisk action with considerable elevation of temperature attends the formation of the organo-mercurial compound. 1938H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. iv. 463 Organomercurials are the least active organometallic compounds of the first two groups. 1961Times 27 Mar. 5/3 It is comparable with the organo-mercurials against apple scab. 1971Nature 23 July 222/1 Only inhaled elemental mercury vapour is comparable with the above organo-mercurials in inducing intoxication.
1866Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 230 Arsenic Series.—This series..contains the first discovered organo⁓metal, cacodyl. 1971Nature 31 Dec. 518/1 The use of metal complexes as organo-metal catalysts for the synthesis of industrially important organic intermediates and polymers.
1958Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. LI. 714 (heading) New organophosphate insecticides developed on rational principles. 1974M. C. Gerald Pharmacol. vii. 133 Medically, organophosphate compounds are used for the treatment of glaucoma.
1946E. G. Rochow Introd. Chem. Silicones i. 2 The period since 1940 has seen rapid development of the organosiloxanes or silicone polymers. 1970Sci. Jrnl. Feb. 21/3 Cement and plaster can be made water repellent by incorporating into the mix small quantities of organosiloxanes which have a large proportion of silicon bonded hydroxyl groups.
Add:[2.] [b.] organochloride.
1970Biol. Abstr. LI. 4266/1 Functional state of the liver and stomach in people..affected by organochloride chemical poisons. 1987Woman's Day (Melbourne) 16 Nov. 57/2 Organochlorides, the chemicals that were detected in Australian meat in the US and Japan, do not cause allergies and their long-term damage, if any, is not known. |