| 释义 |
▪ I. -ose1
a suffix representing Latin -ōsus, forming adjs. from substantives, with the meaning ‘full of’, ‘abounding in’; e.g. ann-ōsus full of years, clām-ōsus screaming, cōpi-ōsus rich, pecūni-ōsus moneyed, religi-ōsus scrupulous. As a living suffix -ōsus came down to OF. as -os, -us, later -eus, -eux, AF. and Eng. -ous (ME. also -ows), which survives with pronunciation |-əs|. But from the 15th c. onward there was a tendency to alter -ous words to -ose after L., as seen in such forms as ambitiose, gloriose, malitiose, pompose, virtuose, zelose. None of these displaced the earlier forms in -ous; but a few words formed directly from L. from the 15th c. onward have taken their place in the language, as bellicose, globose (15th c.), jocose, morose, verbose (17th c.), otiose (18th c.), grandiose, pilose (19th c.). In a few cases -ous and -ose forms are both in use, e.g. acerous, acerose, acinous, acinose, those in -ose being more technical. Originally these words have the stress on the suffix, joˈcose, moˈrose, but this is not always maintained in more recent usage, esp. in words of more than two syllables. Nouns of state from these adjs., as from those in -ous, end in -osity: globosity, verbosity.
▪ II. -ose2 Chem.,
a suffix originating in the ending of the word glucose, and employed in forming the names of the related carbo-hydrates, saccharose and cellulose, with the isomers of these three, as dextrose, lævulose, dambose, galactose, mannitose; lactose, maltose, melezitose, melitose, mycose, synanthrose, trehalose; amylose, etc. Now extended to carbohydrates which are not isomers of glucose, saccharose, or cellulose, as arabinose, rhamnose, ribose, xylose, etc., and to classes of sugars, as aldose, furanose, hexose, pentose, pyranose, etc.
These formations are due to the French chemists, and the earlier of them appeared first as Fr. words. Glucose was so named by the committee of the Académie des Sciences (Thénard, Gay Lussac, Biot, Dumas), who reported 16 July 1838 upon the mémoire of Peligot: ‘il résulte que le sucre de raisin, celui d'amidon, celui de diabète, et celui de miel..constituent un seul corps, que nous proposons d'appeler glucose. (Note. γλευκος [mispr. -χος], moût, vin doux.)’ Comptes Rendus VII. 106 (1838). Glucose was thus merely a frenchified representation of the Gr. word γλεῦκος ‘must, sweet wine, sweetness’, with u for ευ and -ose for -ος. (Littré's assumption that the term was derived from γλυκύς sweet, in accordance with which he essayed to alter it to glycose, was thus historically erroneous.) The name cellulose was given by Brongniart, Pelouze, and Dumas, in reporting upon the mémoire of Payen, 14 Jan. 1839: ‘En effet, il y a dans les bois le tissu primitif, isomère avec l'amidon, que nous appellerons cellulose, et de plus une matière qui en remplit les cellules, et qui constitue la matière ligneuse véritable.’ C.R. VIII. 51 (1839). Cellulose was thus formed on cellule, but there is no evidence that its inventors thought of a L. adj. *cellulōsus; and app. the ending -ose was given simply to match glucose. It appears from other statements that the actual author of glucose, and presumably also of cellulose, was Dumas, the rapporteur of the committees. The ending -ose was soon extended; contractions of lævo-glucose (Berthelot) and dextro-glucose (Kekulé) gave lævulose and dextrose, and the forms lactose, melitose, etc. followed.
▪ III. -ose3
a suffix corresponding to -osis, used to form the names of fungal diseases of plants, as erinose. |