| 释义 |
▪ I. osmo-1
repr. Greek ὀσµο-, combining form of ὀσµή smell, odour, in scientific and technical terms: as osˈmology, the study of smells, a treatise on odours. osˈmometer1, an instrument for measuring the acuteness of the sense of smell (Syd. Soc. Lex.). osˈmometry1, measurement of odours or of the acuteness of the sense of smell (Mayne); hence osmoˈmetric a.1 (Mayne). osmonoˈsology [Gr. νόσος disease], history of the diseases of the sense of smell (Mayne). Also used to repr. osmium (cf. osmio-), as in osmoˈphilic a.1 = osmiophilic a.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., Osmology. 1889Univ. Rev. Mar. 364 Literature is much more than osmology, and the world contains something beyond and above its social sewers. 1899Q. Rev. July 90 A treatise..on ‘monumental physiology, archaeological symbolism, mystical osmology’, for the author sees hidden meanings in smells. 1961in Webster, Osmophilic. 1961Lancet 16 Sept. 656/1 The appearance of osmophilic densities in the zones of lamellar discontinuity at the nodes of Ranvier. 1972Jrnl. Electron Microsc. XXI. 85/1 In order to check the nature of the osmophilic granules..in enlarged axons, the distribution, origin and properties in the area postrema were studied in a morphological comparison..with neuro⁓secretory granules in the hypothalamus.
▪ II. osmo-2
repr. Gr. ὠσµό-ς push, thrust, impulse, used as comb. form of osmose in a few scientific terms. ˈosmogene (cf. gazogene, -gen), an apparatus for carrying out the process of osmosis. osˈmometer2, an instrument for exhibiting the force of osmotic action, also, an instrument for the measurement of osmotic pressures. osˈmometry2, measurement of osmotic force; hence osmoˈmetric a.2, osmoˈmetrically adv. osmoˈphilic a.2 Biol. [ad. G. osmophil (A. A. von Richter 1912, in Mycolog. Centralbl. I. 74)], tolerating or thriving in a medium which exerts a high osmotic pressure; so ˈosmophile, an osmophilic organism. ˈosmoreceptor Biol., any sensory organ which reacts to changes in osmotic pressure (concentration) in the body fluids.
1854Graham in Phil. Trans. CXLIV. 181 The quantity of salt diffused from the osmometer in the water-jar during the experiment was also observed. 1855Miller Elem. Chem. I. 72 This instrument generally used by this gentleman [Prof. Graham] in his experiments, and called by him the osmometer. 1885G. L. Goodale Physiol. Bot. (1892) 224 An osmometer..consists of a small reservoir furnished with a membrane bottom, and a graduated tube at its upper part.
1903M. H. Fischer tr. Cohen's Physical Chem. ix. 139 Pfeffer measured the osmotic pressure of sugar solutions of various concentrations with a mercury manometer, and obtained with such an osmometer the following results. 1974Tombs & Peacocke Osmotic Pressure Biol. Macromolecules iii. 86 Claesson and Jacobsson..have made an osmometer with a very precise optical method for determining the difference in height of two menisci. 1976Nature 12 Aug. 578/1 The total osmolality of the fluid was obtained with a Clifton nanolitre osmometer.
1913Chem. Abstr. IV. 298 In a series of expts. in an ‘osmometric vessel’..the following mol. wts. are obtained by balancing the pressure of the salt against a sugar soln. on the other side of the membrane. 1964J. Eliassaf tr. Rafikov's Determination Molecular Weights vi. 169 The osmometric measurement of molecular weight is based on the fact that the osmotic pressure..is proportional to the number..of gram-molecules of dissolved material in a definite volume of solution.
1943Jrnl. Physical Chem. XLVII. 69 The molecular weight of a carefully fractionated sample determined osmometrically checks the value obtained for the same polymer by means of the ultracentrifuge. 1964J. Eliassaf tr. Rafikov's Determination Molecular Weights vi. 223 It was found that for molecular weights of less than 75,000 a difference begins to appear between the molecular weight determined osmometrically and the molecular weight computed by the Mark-Houwink equation.
1913Chem. Abstr. VII. 297 (heading) Osmometry of saline solutions and the theory of Arrhenius. 1973Nature 27 Apr. p. xv (Advt.), It also shows how osmometry, ultracentrifugation, light scattering,..and gel filtration are used to analyze polydisperse systems.
1961P. L. Carpenter Microbiol. xiii. 201/1 Microorganisms that have become adapted to high osmotic pressure are called osmophiles. 1969L. do Carmo-Sousa in Rose & Harrison Yeasts I. iii. 88 She also suggested the possibility of finding obligate osmophiles..in Antarctic soils which have a high content of soluble salts.
1920F. W. Tanner tr. A. Guilliermond's Yeasts iv. 120 The maximum concentration for spore formation in a yeast depends upon the species. For an osmophilic species like Zygosaccharomyces Mandshuricus the concentration is high. 1960L. E. Hawker et al. Introd. Biol. Micro-Organisms xvi. 380 Sugar concentrations of 50 to 70 per cent effectively prevent the growth of most micro-organisms... A few osmophilic yeasts and bacteria may grow slowly. 1972Sci. Amer. Apr. 95/2 Because of the high osmotic pressure of honey, they are yeasts of the type called osmophilic, meaning that they live or thrive in a medium that has a high osmotic pressure.
1946E. B. Verney in Lancet 30 Nov. 782/1 The osmoreceptors, wherever they may be, do not accommodate during short-period exposure to a rise in the osmotic pressure of the carotid plasma produced by NaCl. 1947― in Proc. R. Soc. B. CXXXV. 68 It becomes justified, therefore, to introduce the term ‘osmoreceptors’ as descriptive of the autonomic receptive elements with which the neurohypophysis is functionally linked, and through whose activation the pituitary anti⁓diuretic substance is released. 1970A. J. Vander et al. Human Physiol. xii. 354/2 Receptors must exist which are sensitive to extracellular osmolarity. These osmoreceptors are located in the hypothalamus. 1973Nature 14 Dec. 383/1 The osmoreceptors which control the salt glands in marine birds are located in or near the heart. |