| 释义 |
out-
in comb. is used with substantives, with verbs and their derivatives, and with other adverbs.
In OE. út adv. was already prefixed (1) to ordinary ns. in the sense ‘that is without’, ‘out-lying’, ‘external’, as in útland a country that is out, a distant or foreign land, úthere an army belonging to or coming from without, a foreign army; (2) to verbal ns. and nouns of action and agent-nouns derived from verbal roots, as útfær, útfaru, útfæreld, útgang, going out, exit, departure, útdrǽf, expulsion, útdrǽfere one who drives out, útlád carriage out, exportation, útryne running out, excursion, expiry; (3) to elements forming adjs., either related to the ns. in 1, as útlęnde, útlęndisc, outlandish, foreign, or derived from vbs. (ppl. adjs.), útiernende out-running, purgative. In these ‘nominal compounds’ the stress was always on the prefix.
With verbs, út like other adverbs formed separable collocations or semi-compounds, in which the position of the adv. was shifted according to the construction of the sentence, as in the separable compound verbs of modern German (although in OE. the order was not yet so rigid). Thus, út followed the vb. in the imperative, as gá út! adó út þone béam, and in the pres. and pa. indicative in the principal sentence, as he cymþ út, he eode út, ða fluᵹon hí út. But in the dependent sentence, and in all other moods or parts of the vb., including the infinitive and pples., and all nominal derivatives, the adv. stood immediately in front of the vb.; thus ðá he út cymþ when he comes out, ᵹif he út cyme if he come out, nú wille we út gán now will we go out, út gangendum ðam mónþe on the month going out. In OE. the adv. was regularly written separate; but in translations from Latin, compound verbs in ex- were sometimes rendered by compound vbs. in út- in which the adv. was not only joined, but even retained before the vb. in the principal sentence: e.g. Ps. xviii. 5, ‘in omnem terram exivit sonus eorum’, Vesp. Ps. ‘in all eorðan uteode swoeᵹ heara’. The regular position of út before the vb. in the inf., gerund, and pples., naturally tended to make the collocation pass into a combination, esp. when these were used as ns. or adjs.; and this is the cause why outgoing, outgoer, outgone belong in meaning to go out, outstretching, outstretched to stretch out, outgrowing, outgrowth to grow out, outlook, outlooker to look out. It is only in later Eng. that such collocations as a going-out dress, a clearing-out of cupboards, the bringers-out of a new play, a well thought-out article, have become possible.
As to the verbs themselves, in ME., usage became more lax. On the one hand, the adv. began to be placed after or away from the vb. in the subordinate sentence, the infinitive, etc.; on the other hand the older usage of the inf. in út gán, and the like, was often extended to the indicative, so that we find he out yede, the blod out brast. This was partly due to a general levelling and loss of old syntactical distinctions, so that beside he sprang out and then sprang he out, it became allowable also to say he out sprang and out sprang he, in both of which the adv. stands before the vb. These novelties in word order were especially employed by metrical writers as facilitating the exigencies of rhythm and rime, and it is chiefly in metrical compositions that they are found. But they also occur in translations from Latin, as e.g. in the works of Wyclif, in which L. vbs. in ex- are constantly rendered by Eng. verbs preceded by out. In ME. the elements were still commonly separated in writing; but modern editors have usually hyphened these collocations as compounds.
As a result of these various causes, there are numerous quasi-compound vbs. in out- in occasional use, chiefly poetical, in precisely the same sense as the ordinary prose form in which the simple verb is followed by the adv., e.g. out-pour = pour out. Not unfrequently, moreover, where out stands before a vb. as a mere metrical or poetical inversion, as in ‘A frightful clamour from the wall out broke’, ‘Out went the townsmen all in starch’, the two words, though merely inversions of broke out, went out, are hyphened as if compounds. The tendency so to treat them is probably strengthened by the existence of outbreak (n.), outbreaker, outbreaking, outbroken, outcome, outcoming, and the like. But in these latter the position of the adv. is original, and the stress is on out, while in out broke, out went, the stress is on the vb.
On these accounts it is difficult to deal satisfactorily with the hyphened quasi-compounds in out-. Such as seem of importance, or occur as senses of out-verbs having other senses, are given among the Main words (where it is often indicated that they are not true compounds, or are only poetical); others are given in this article, but no attempt has been made to exhaust them. The same is true of vbl. ns., and ppl. adjs. in -ing, ppl. adjs. in -ed, -en, etc., and agent-nouns in -er, which are permanent possibilities from any verb that can be followed by out, as in outgoing, outgone, outgoer, from go out.
True compound vbs. in out- are those in which it imparts the sense of outdoing, surpassing, exceeding, or beating in some action, as in outlive, outbid, outnumber, outface, and the various extensions of these contained in C. II. These are of later origin: a very few (e.g. outlive, outproffer = outbid, outpass) appear in the end of the 15th c.; they increase gradually during the 16th c. (outrun in Tindale, outcry, outeat, outgo, outride, outrime, outrow, in Palsgr.), and become numerous only c 1600, being freely and boldly employed by Shakespeare, who is our earliest authority for many of them, including the curious group typified by ‘to outfrown frowns’, ‘to out-Herod Herod’. It is not very clear how this use arose, or to what sense of out it is to be referred. But the earlier of these out-compounds were in nearly every instance preceded by a form with over-. Thus outlive (1472) was preceded in same sense by overlive (in OE.) = F. survivre; outpass in ‘the Water of Thamys outpassynge his boundys’ (1494), was preceded by overpass = F. surpasser. It would seem therefore that out- has here the sense of ‘beyond’. It is possible however that in outlive there entered in some association with out 6 b, 23, as if it were ‘to live to see another out or at an end’. One who outbids another, bids beyond his rival until he drives him out of the contest. Cf. also the relation of the two notions in ‘the ship outrode the storm’, and ‘the horseman outrode his pursuers’, or ‘he outrode all competitors in the race’.
I. Out- in comb. forming ns.
* in combination with ordinary ns.
Of these a few existed already in OE., e.g. útland outside or outlying land, foreign land, outland, útgársecg the outer ocean (see ocean), útᵹemǽre extreme boundary, úthealf external side, outside, útweald outlying wood; úthere foreign army, útwícing foreign pirate or viking. The number of these has in later times been greatly increased. Those of longer standing are written as single words; in the more recent, the two elements are usually hyphened, but they are also sometimes written separately, in which case out functions as an adj. = ‘external, exterior, outlying, outer’: see out a. As the meaning is the same either way, the separation or hyphening of the two elements is in many cases optional. (Cf. back-.)
1. In the sense ‘Outlying, situated outside the bounds, or remote from the centre’; also, ‘outside the house, out of doors’; as outland, outfield, outhouse, out-chamber, outport; also out-appurtenances, out-borough, out-bridge, out-butchery, out-chapel, out-city, out-country, out-district, out-freedom, out-garth, out-ground, out-hut, out-kitchen, out-labour, out-oven, out-rick, out-school, out-shed, out-town, out-township, out-village, out-yard, etc.
1599Sandys Europæ Spec. (1632) 138 In Spaine and those *out-appurtenances.
1832Act 2 & 3 Will. IV, c. 64 Sched. O. 16 The boundary of the *out-borough of Hertford.
1670Marvell Corr. Wks. 1872–5 II. 327 There is..discourse..concerning the *out-bridges, as Mighton bridge [etc.].
c1460in C. Coates Reading (1802) 35 Certen Stalls and Shoppes, called the *Out-bochery, otherwise called the Flesh-shambles, in Reding.
1599Sandys Europæ Spec. (1632) 123 Other..are said to have..obteined some *out-Chappel to have their Masse in.
1642Rogers Naaman 842 The *out-cities of Egypt.
1639Fuller Holy War xviii. (1647) 28 They had pasturage to feed their cattel in in *out-countreys beyond Palestine.
1849in Worcester (Mass.) City Documents No. 1, 33 Most of the schools in the *out-Districts, have been conducted..under the new order. 1858J. Morgan Let. 9 June in Richmond-Atkinson Papers (1960) I. 408 The sale of spirits on the two-gallon system..I consider to be the chief curse of the out districts.
1798C. Cruttwell Gazetteer (1808) s.v. Stronsa, It is the common pasture or *out-freedom of all the farms and houses adjacent to it.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xi. 122 Some little *out-huts, or, as I at first thought them, dog-kennels.
1722De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 70 An *out kitchen of a gentleman's house.
1776Pennant Zool. I. 78 In Dauphiné..they [bears] make great havock among the *out-ricks of the poor farmers.
1927Scots Observer 8 Oct. 11/4 Back this summer from six months in the district in charge of *out-schools. 1957V. W. Turner Schism & Continuity in Afr. Society v. 154 Chikimbu was the problem child of the local Mission out-school.
1895J. Roberts Diary 6 This led into someone's *outshed.
1690Andros Tracts II. 216 No suitable Provision was made for our *out-Towns and Frontiers.
1884Manch. Exam. 22 Feb. 5/2 Three of the *out-townships had resolved..to become corporate members of the municipality.
1667Primatt City & C. Build. 93 Either in an *Out-Yard, or in a convenient corner in the Cellar.
2. In the sense ‘Living, residing, or engaged outside (a house, hospital, borough, city, country, etc.)’, usually as distinguished from those of the same body or class living, residing, etc., within; as out-dweller, -patient, -pensioner, etc.; also out-brother (of a fraternity), out-burgess, out-citizen, out-clerk, out-company, out-detachment, out-nurse, out-poor, out-porter, out-pupil, out-ranger, out-servant, out-sister, out-student, out-suitor, etc.; also in sense ‘external, foreign’, as † out-folk, out-merchant, out-people.
1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe 3 If they would bestowe vpon him but a slender *outbrothers annuity of mutton & broth.
1479Burgh Rec. Aberdeen (Spalding Club) I. 37 *Oute⁓burges and inburgessis.
1847Grote Greece ii. xxxvi. (1849) IV. 448 Kleruchs or *out-citizens whom the Athenians had planted..in the neighbouring territory of Chalkis.
1714Mandeville Fab. Bees (1725) I. 84 The trusty *out-clerk..sends him in what beer he wants, and takes care not to lose his custom.
1793Smeaton Edystone L. §101 The *out-company not to return home till the in-company is carried out to relieve them.
1815Chron. in Ann. Reg. 74 The *out-detachments of the Scotch brigade are called in.
1493Charter in A. Laing Lindores Abbey xvii. (1876) 180 Purchessing of *Outfolkis bringing thaim to the burgh.
1847Grote Greece ii. xii. (1849) III. 225 The large number of..Kleruchs or *out-freemen, whom Athens quartered upon their lands.
1865Morris in Mackail Life (1899) I. 171 O my merchants, whence come ye? *Out-merchants from the sea.
1909Englishwoman Apr. 269 If she has a baby, it has to be dragged from bed and carried to some *out-nurse.
1598Barret Theor. Warres 113 With the like regard ought the *out-people to enter.
1781Gilbert Plan Relief Poor 9 The greatest Caution must be used..in settling and superintending those *Out-poor.
1902Chambers's Jrnl. Nov. 717/2 ‘Boots’ will select for him that *out-porter who will most briskly wheel his colossal pile of cases. 1927Daily Express 14 July 9/2 Both men were out-porters at Snow Hill Railway Station.
1853Mrs. Gaskell Ruth II. vii. 183 I'm a sort of *out-pupil of yours. 1867Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. Feb. 71 He is an out-pupil; not in any master's house.
1715Lond. Gaz. No. 5383/4 Thomas Onslow, Esq., to be *Out-Rainger of Windsor Forest.
a1745Swift Direct. Servants, Chanber-maid, Perhaps one of the *out-servants had, through malice,..flung in the stone.
1609MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp., Canterb., Rec. of the enterance of a *novt syster vjs viijd. 1657Ibid., This day Margarett Whitmore was admitted an outsister. 1877G. M. Hopkins Let. 6 Jan. (1938) 93 The eldest, Milicent, is given to Puseyism: she is what is called an out-sister of the Margaret Street Home. 1939M. Philip Companions of Mary Ward I. i. 6 Her entrance..into the Convent of Poor Clares as an out-sister.
1840Browning Sordello iii. 335 How dared I let expand the force Within me, till some *out-soul..should direct it?
1501Douglas Pal. Hon. iii. lix, *Outstewartis and catouris to ȝone king.
1835Macaulay in Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 325 Amount realized from the *out-students of English for the months of May, June, and July.
a1600Forme of Baron Courts i. §3 in Skene Reg. Maj. (1609) 100 Then the Serjand aught to gar call the soytours anes simplie: First the *out soytours of the court. [Cf. in-suitor].
3. In the sense ‘Exterior, external, outward’ (one or other of which words would now in most cases be substituted); as in outside, outline, outbounds; also out-array, out-band, out-blemish, out-border, out-bough, out-branch, out-case, out-clothing, out-edge, out-end, out-entry, out-firmament, out-form, out-garment, out-heaven, out-layer, out-leaf, out-limb, out-limit, out-list, out-porch, out-row, out-sense, out-stair, out-terrace, out-tree, out-verge.
1647H. More Song of Soul i. ii. xiii, Next that is Psyche's *out-array.
1621–31Laud Serm. (1847) 176 The *out-band of the body is the skin.
1601Sir W. Cornwallis Disc. Seneca (1631) 82 Parents..finde a lovelinesse in their [children's] *out-blemishes, and tolerate their inward.
1769Ann. Reg. 229 The horse..dispersed them to the *out-borders of the field.
1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts 309 Some olives left on the *out-boughs after the tree is most shaken.
1675Lond. Gaz. No. 1008/4 A plain round Watch..the Box and *Out-case of Gold.
1496Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) iii. viii. 331/1 The *outclothynge of men of holy chirche.
1759Sterne Tr. Shandy I. xiii, To the very *out-edge and circumference of that circle. 1768― Sent. Journ. (1778) II. 80 (Passport) A couple of sparrows upon the out-edge of his window.
1855Robinson Whitby Gloss., *Out⁓end, the vent or outlet of anything; the outshot or projecting end of a building.
1645Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith xxi. (1845) 281 The mouth, throat, and *out-entry of hell.
1635Swan Spec. M. (1670) 31 Neither may it seem strange how the *out-firmament can be able alwaies to uphold them [the super-celestial waters].
1616B. Jonson Epigr. 1. To Mistress Philip Sidney, Cupid, who (at first) tooke vaine delight, In mere *out-formes, until he lost his sight.
1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 146 Their *out Garment or Vest is commonly of Callico.
1647H. More Song of Soul ii. iii. iii. xv, The fixed sunne..shining in this *Out-heaven.
1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 80 The *out-leaves hang down and rot; but still new ones come within.
1650Fuller Pisgah ii. ix. 184 The *out-limits and boundaries of this..Country.
Ibid. x. §22. 216 The *out-list of Judah fell into the midst of Dans whole cloth.
1641Milton Reform. ii. Wks. (1847) 19/2 Coming to the bishop..into the salutatory, some *outporch of the church.
1715Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 9 The Space..between the crossing-rows and the *out-rows of Stones.
1647H. More Song of Soul iii. i. xxix, What grosse impressions the *out-senses bear The phansie represents.
1715Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 66 A Gallery, on both sides of which I would have placed two *out-stairs.
1615G. Sandys Trav. 233 The vpper roomes of most hauing *out-tarrasses.
1627Speed England v. §3 The *out-verge doth exceed the middle itselfe.
4. In the sense ‘Out of office’, as out-party.
1817[see in a.]. 1818Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 468–9. a 1860 Whately Commpl. Bk. (1864) 172 An out-party will generally have more zeal and more mutual attachment among its members than an in-party. 1949Manch. Guardian Weekly 11 Aug. 3 The Opposition is an ‘out’ party in the brawling 18th century sense. 1965N.Y. Times 18 July iv. 8 For a minority out-party, any position except ‘me too’ almost inevitably is going to become simple opposition. 1976Guardian Weekly 26 Sept. 7/3 Whichever party does not control the White House—the ‘out-party’—does not even have a leader.
5. In the sense ‘Lying out; not in hand’, as † out-money.
1608Middleton Trick to Catch Old One ii. ii, Let my out-monies be reckoned and all.
6. In the sense ‘Having an outward direction, leading out’, as out-path, out-trail, outway. (These come in sense close to the nouns of action in 7.)
1573T. Cartwright Replye to Whitegift 27 It is our partes to walke in the broade and beaten way, as it were the common caussie of the commaundement, rather then an *outpathe of the example. 1627W. Sclater Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 152 ἀπάτη ἀδικίας; The outpath leading to wickednesse. 1897G. MacDonald tr. Schiller in Rampolli 64 Could I but the outpath follow—Ah, how were my spirit blest!
1900Daily News 12 Feb. 3/4 The *out-trail, the trail that's always new.
1644[see outway 1].
** In comb. with nouns of action, agent-nouns, and verbal ns., cognate with or derived from the simple vb. followed by out.
Some examples already in OE.: see above.
7. With nouns of action; as outbreak [cf. break out], outburst, outcome, outcry, outfare, outgang, outgrowth, outlet, etc.; also outchuck, outflare, outflight, outflood, outgleam, outjert, outsally, outspurt, outstress, outswarm, outvoyage.
1892Sat. Rev. 22 Oct. 486/2 Product of design or *out⁓chuck of atoms.
1878Browning Poets Croisic lxxiv, He must puff the flag To fullest *outflare.
a1652Brome Mad Couple i. i. Wks. 1873 I. 18 The inconveniences I have met with in those extravagant *outflights.
1859W. Arthur Duty of Giving Proport. Income 53 In one eternal *outflood benefits stream from Him.
1875D. McLean Gospel in Ps. 342 *Outgleam of overawing holiness is here.
1598Florio, Sortita, an out-rode, an excursion, an *out-salie.
1884E. E. Hale Fortunes of Rachel xix. 191 They all laughed at this *outspurt of the classics.
1881G. M. Hopkins Sermons & Devotional Writings (1959) 197 The first intention then of God outside himself or, as they say, ad extra, outwards, the first *outstress of God's power, was Christ; and we must believe that the next was the Blessed Virgin.
1894Edin. Rev. Oct. 407 An enthusiastic belief and an *outswarm of a tribe.
1808Forsyth Beauties Scotl. V. 200 The statute [prohibits] any vessel from conveying abroad more than a small number of emigrants in any *out-voyage.
8. With agent-nouns; as outcomer [cf. come out], outdoer, outfitter, outgoer, outliver, outlooker, outputter, outsetter, etc., q.v.
9. With verbal substantives in -ing; as outbearing [cf. bear out], outbranching, outbreaking, outcoming, outgoing, etc.; also out-bolting, † out-bossing, out-calling, out-flowering, out-gadding, out-gathering, out-glowing, out-hilding, out-shadowing, out-shedding, out-sifting, out-sprouting, etc.
1868Browning Ring & Bk. xii. 164 Not an abrupt *out⁓bolting as of yore.
c1449Pecock Repr. ii. ii. 138 He graued in a greet *out-boocing ymagis of cherubyn.
1676W. Row Contn. Blair's Autobiog. x. (1848) 250 A more general *out⁓calling of the body of the people.
1895Chicago Advance 7 Mar. 800/3 The present *outflowering of Scottish literary genius.
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. vii. 8 Their wandering and confused *outgaddinges intoo the way.
1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. viii. lxix, The star-like *out-glowing of some pure fellow-feeling.
c1449Pecock Repr. i. xvi. 89 Bi greet plenteouse *out hilding of textis writen in the Bible.
1825Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 292 In prophetic murmurs or mute *out-shadowings of mystic ordinances.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xi. iv. (Tollem. MS.), By *out-schedynge of rayne. 1582Bentley Mon. Matrones ii. 4 The verie outshedding of thy most pretious bloud.
1839‘J. Fume’ Paper on Tobacco 119 The comparatively long shreds or *outsiftings.
1897Chicago Advance 20 May 664/2 The natural *outsprouting of the new life.
II. Out- in comb., forming adjs. (Stress on out.)
10. With participial adjs. in -ing (OE. -ende), from pres. pples.; as outbreaking [cf. break out], outcoming, outflowing, outgoing, outjutting, outlying, outstanding, etc.; also outbeaming, out-curving, out-flooding, out-hanging, out-rushing, out-sallying, out-springing, etc.
1886R. L. Stevenson Silv. Squatters 59 The *out-curving margin of the dump.
1909R. Kane Sermon of Sea xix. 306 Its eager essence is roused, directed, loosened, and flung forward in the *out⁓flooding force of a soul's quest, in the torrent-like tide of love.
1850W. Howitt Year-bk. Country ix. 313 In the lower, *out-hanging towers are dungeons. 1851H. Melville Moby Dick I. ii. 13, I at last came to a dim sort of outhanging light not far from the docks. 1972D. Haston In High Places iii. 38 A few words of explanation and 1,500 feet of long, out-hanging, body-burning abseils.
1612Daniel First Part Hist. Eng. iii. 177 By his *out-lauishing humour.
1813Shelley Q. Mab iv. 66 The dreadful path Of the *outsallying victors. 1877J. T. Beer Prophet of Nineveh iii. iii. 193 Watch well the gates, that no outsallying bands Fall on our rear.
11. With ppl. adjs. in -ed, -en, etc. (from pa. pples.); as out-born, out-bound, out-bowed, outcast, outgone, outgrown, out-sent, out-shot, etc.; also out-broken, out-called, out-created, out-crushed, out-curled, out-flown, out-flung, out-fought, out-hunted, out-laid, out-mapped, out-pointed, out-pushed, out-shoved, etc.
1535Coverdale 1 Kings vi. 7 It was buylded of whole and *outbroken stones.
c1550Cheke Matt. xxi. 13 Th'appointed house for his *outcalled people.
1647H. More Song of Soul ii. iii. iv. xxvii, This *out-created ray.
1851W. R. Williams Lord's Prayer (1854) i. 194 The last wail of the *outcrushed soul.
1893H. D. Traill Soc. Eng. I. 327 Conventional *out-curled leaves.
a1684E. Taylor Behmen's Theos. Phil. (1691) xxiv. 39 What is of God in those *outflown Powers.
1894Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 462/1 A man seated at a desk..his face buried in his *outflung arms. 1940W. Faulkner Hamlet iii. i. 159 This time his outflung hands touched the farther bank. 1955V. Cronin Wise Man from West xiii. 243 They heaved themselves up by hand and foot over outflung eaves of the plateau.
1892Stevenson & Osbourne Wrecker xii. 189 Our *out-fought enemy [sc. a squall] only a blot upon the leeward sea.
1898Pall Mall Mag. Sept. 25 Taking the *out-held hands, he jumped to her side.
1662J. Chandler Van Helmont's Oriat. 246 With the blacknesse of their *out-hunted venal blood.
1622Drayton Poly-olb. xxvii. 12 Whereas the rocky Pile Of Foudra is at hand, to guard the *out-layd Isle Of Walney.
1898J. E. Jennings From an Indian Coll. 28 *Out-mapped plains, stretching to misty ends.
1869Goulburn Purs. Holiness x. 92 The *out-pointed finger of human scorn.
12. With a n. (as obj. of out prep.), forming adjs., meaning ‘Out of or outside the thing named’; as out-board, out-college, out-door, etc.; also out-sea, out-water. Also, away from the thing named, as out-shore.
1885Pall Mall G. 23 Feb. 11/2 One of these will be an under-water tube;..one out-water tube finds a place in the bow. 1897Blackmore Dariel 11 No mixed Norman blood of outsea cutthroats. 1947[see kick-back, kickback c]. 1961Times 2 Aug. 4/1 Meanwhile, the outshore current looked more attractive to three other good starters.
13. Parasynthetic derivatives from phrases in which out mostly means ‘projecting, protruding’, forming adjs.; as out-bellied, out-breasted, out-eyed, out-kneed, out-lipped, out-shouldered, etc.
1570Levins Manip. 49/41 *Outbelied, viscerosus.
Ibid. 49/39 *Outeyed, strabus.
Ibid. 49/38 *Outkneed, varus.
Ibid. 49/42 *Outlipped, labiosus.
1682Lond. Gaz. No. 1722/4 A little *out-shinn'd. 1724Auld Rob Morris in Ramsay's Tea-t. Misc. (1733) I. 63 He's out-shin'd, in-kneed and ringle-ey'd too.
1579J. Jones Preserv. Bodie & Soule i. xxvi. 50 Crooke-legged, and *out-shouldred.
III. Out- in comb. forming verbs. (Stress on the second element.)
* Separable or syntactic combinations.
In ME. properly two words; in mod. use chiefly poetic or metrical forms, being, more or less, habitual nonce-words, made up each time from their elements. The adv. had originally a distinct stress, and still has often a secondary stress.
14. With intrans. vbs., in the same sense as the simple vb. followed by out; as outbeam, outbreak, outburst, outflow, outgo, etc. (q.v.); also † outbuller, outdie, † outflee, outflood, outissue, outlean, † outpeak, outslide, outslink, outvanish, outwave, outwheel.
1513Douglas æneis iv. xii. 41 Thairwith gan hir seruandis behald..The blud *outbullerand on the nakit swerd.
1382Wyclif Ps. xxx. 12 Þat seȝen me, *outfloun fro me.
1920D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xxiii. 349 The marvellous fulness of immediate gratification, overwhelming, *out-flooding from the source of the deepest life-force.
1879H. Phillips Notes Coins 6 Chests, whence serpents are *out⁓issuing.
1851Mrs. Browning Casa Guidi Wind. ii. 36 Duke Leopold *outleant And took the..oath. 1900Hardy Poems of Past & Present (1902) 170 The land's sharp features seemed to be The Century's corpse outleant.
1582Stanyhurst æneis ii. (Arb.) 58 Much lyke the *owtpeaking from weeds of poysoned adder.
1862Whittier At Port Royal 5 At last our grating keels *outslide Our good boats forward swing.
1861Lytton & Fane Tannhäuser 9 Then from..their long familiar homes,..*outslunk The wantons of Olympus.
1890Lippincott's Mag. May 679 With that knowledge *outvanished in shame all the weakness of his position.
1594Carew Tasso (1881) 116 Ioy, which doth from brimfull hart *out-waue.
1886W. Alexander St. August. Holiday 137 While the midnight Arctic sun *outwheel'd.
15. With transitive vbs., in the same sense as the simple vb. followed by out.
a. With the force of: Out, away; out of existence; out of a socket or place, loose; outward, so as to project; forth; into the open, into manifestation; as outbear, outblot, outcast, outflow, outlay, outpour, outshut, etc. (q.v.); also outban, outbar, outblast, outbolt, outbulge, outbustle, outchase, outcount, † out-crowd, outcull, outeye, outfan, outferret, outget, outheave, out-hurl, out-hew, outlaunch, † outlength, outlengthen, outmark, † out-open, outpress, † outpry, outquaff, outshake, outshape, outshower, outsnatch, outspue, outspurn, outsquat, † out-thring, outvaunt, outwaste, outweed, outwrench. Also some exemplified only in pa. pple.: out-beat, † out-brede, † out-carve, outgather, † out-gnaw, out-hire, out-lance, outreave, outspill.
1885–94R. Bridges Eros & Psyche Feb. xxiii, And Zeus..*outban'd From heaven whoever should that word mis⁓call.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. x. 63 Which to *outbarre..From sea to sea he heapt a mighty mound.
1627Drayton Agincourt, etc. 57 There hang his eyes *out beaten with a mall.
1659Gauden Tears Ch. iv. xx. 557 That they may blot and *out-bolt, set up and pull down Magistracy.
a1400–50Alexander 2615 (Ashm.) Now ere þe baners *out bred [Dubl. oute brade].
1810Coleridge in Lit. Rem. (1838) III. 339 The fancy *out-bustled the pure intuitive imagination.
c1430Lydg. St. Giles 294 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 374 Doorys tweyne By craft *out corve.
c1400Mandeville (1839) xxv. 257 O gode cristene man..scholde ouercomen & *out chacen a M. cursede mys beleevynge men. 1509Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) ⁋⁋vj, So great a number, Whose folly from them outchaseth Gods grace.
c1315Shoreham Poems (E.E.T.S.) 33/893 For repentaunce ondeþ þe hel, And schreft hyt mot *out croude Al clene.
1594Carew Tasso (1881) 99 And mongst you ten *out⁓cull, as likes him best.
1930R. C. Campbell Adamastor 87 Victory-vanned, with her feathers *out-fanned, The palm tree alighting my journey delayed. 1957― Coll. Poems II. 253 The Spring with rosy spinnaker outfanned Comes curling silver fleeces through the land.
1855Browning Old Pictures in Florence xxv, How a captive might be *out-ferreted.
1588Misfort. Arthur v. ii. in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 338 With duskish dens *out-gnawn in gulfs below.
1850W. B. Ullathorne Remarks on Proposed Education Bill 14 A momentum with which to *outheave from the soul of youth both the principle of authority and the positive doctrines of religion together. 1908Hardy Dynasts III. iii. iii. 104 Till dawn began outheaving this huge day, Pallidly—as if scared by its own bringing.
1596Spenser F.Q. v. i. 3 When Justice was not for most meed *out-hyred.
1590― Muiopot. 82 Two deadly weapons fixt he bore, Strongly *outlaunced towards either side.
1594Kyd Cornelia i. i. 31 Guiltles blood by brothers hands *out-lanched. 1842Mrs. Browning Grk. Chr. Poets 36 Outlaunch thee, Soul, upon the æther.
1592Greene Groatsw. Wit, ‘Deceiving World, that with alluring toys’, And scornest now to lend thy fading joys T' *outlength my life.
1827Carlyle Germ. Rom. III. 215 This *outlengthening of his electorial power!
1861Macm. Mag. IV. 131/1 A red coat against green ground would *outmark a soldier to a foe rifleman.
c1440Lydg. Nightingale Poems (E.E.T.S.) 21/156 Withouten felawe j gan the wyne *outpresse.
1596C. Fitzgeffrey Sir F. Drake (1881) 58 That durst not yet her home-bred nest *out-prie.
1647R. Stapylton Juvenal 170 Or then *out-quaffe those cups Laufella takes.
a1340Hampole Psalter xvii. 32 In the i sall be *outreft [eripiar] fra fandynge.
1897Outing (U.S.) XXIX. 323 Clear their silvery notes *outshaking, The sleigh bells are ringing.
1899T. Hardy Poems, Immortality 6 And still his soul *outshaped..Its life in theirs.
1647H. More Song of Soul i. i. lx, And raging raptures do his soul *outsnatch.
1880W. Watson Prince's Quest (1892) 73 The hope that filled youth's beaker to the brim The tremulous hand of age had long *outspilled.
1647H. More Song of Soul iii. iii. xxvi, All drink from hence, That..poyson do *outspue.
1601Breton Blessed Weeper (1879) 11 When my deere Lord sayd not,..get thee hence, or like a dogge *outspurne mee.
1558T. Phaer æneid vii. U iv, The greatest sort with slinges, their plummet lompes of lead *outsquats.
c1500Lancelot 65 The byrdis thar mychty voce *out throng.
1509Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) 139 Of that foole who..all *outwasteth by immoderate expence.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. iv. 35 The sparks soone quench, the springing seed *outweed.
1855Singleton Virgil II. 583 He strains t' *outwrench the weapon.
b. With the force of ‘completely, thoroughly’, ‘to a finish’; as outask (q.v.); also out-bake, out-bathe, out-dry, out-end, out- hear, out-play, out-tear, out-tire. (Some only in pa. pple.)
Some of these directly render L. verbs in ex-, e-.
By Wyclif the ex- of L. vbs. is often rendered more fully by full out, e.g. exultāre full out glad, full out joy; exōrāre full out pray, exquærere full out seek, exardescere to wax full out tend. Modern editors have sometimes hyphened out to the vb., making compound vbs. out-glad, out-joy, etc.
1382Wyclif Isa. xlviii. 10, I haue *out bake thee, but not as siluer.
c1540tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden) I. 209 The salutiferus water..wherin being *owtebathed he showlde obteyne his purpose.
1382Wyclif Isa. xlii. 15 Alle the buriounyng of hem I shall *out drien [Vulg. exiccabo].
a1300E.E. Psalter lxxix. 14 *Out-ended [L. exterminavit] it bare of wode swa.
1382Wyclif Isa. xli. 17, I the Lord shal *out heren hem [Vulg. exaudiam].
1864Skeat Uhland's Poems 220 The jest is now *out-played.
1382Wyclif Ps. lxxvii[i]. 40 Hou ofte sithis thei *out terreden hym in desert [Vulg. exacerbaverunt].
1796Plain Sense (ed. 2) I. 125 His obstinacy might *out-tire that of his father's.
a1877Swinburne Lesbia Brandon (1952) xvi. 165 Her limbs shuddered now and then..as if cold or out-tired. 1905‘Q’ Shining Ferry i. vii. 91 And so, out-tired with their long day,..they came at nightfall..to the palace of enchantment.
16. Forming transitive verbs with the sense, ‘to put or drive out by means of’ the action expressed in the simple vb. (cf. bow out, crowd out, hiss out, etc.: see out adv. 1 h); as outawe, out-elbow (poet.), outfeed, out-gloom, out-hiss, outjeer, outjest. All nonce-wds.
1889W. S. Blunt New Pilgrimage, Sancho Sanchez, With a solemn grief *outawing the brute laughter of their eyes.
1936Dylan Thomas Twenty-Five Poems 9 Now that my symbols have *outelbowed space.
1890J. Pulsford Loyalty to Christ I. 318 It is ‘the Bread of God’,..It *outfeeds corruption, disease and death. 1748*Out-gloom [see out-bluster 1].
1613Beaum. & Fl. Captain Prol., For ye may When this is hist to ashes, have a play, And here, to *out-hiss this.
1863Cowden Clarke Shaks. Char. v. 129 His professing ‘friend’ *out-jeers him from drowning.
1605Shakes. Lear iii. i. 16 The Foole, who labours to *out-iest His heart-strooke iniuries.
** Compound verbs in out-, with the trans. force of exceeding or going beyond some thing or person in some action. * Formed on verbs.
17. To pass beyond, exceed (a defined point, a limit in space, time, degree, etc.), by or in the action expressed by the simple vb.; as outask (2), outdwell, outflourish, outgrow (2), outlast (2), outpass, outrun, etc.; also out-feast, out-journey, out-skip, out-sport, out-study, out-task, out-tower, etc.
1651–3Jer. Taylor Serm. I. ii. xv. (R.), He..hath *out⁓feasted Anthony or Cleopatra's luxury.
1889Univ. Rev. Nov. 437 Whose dreams *out-journey Sirius nor tire.
1603B. Jonson Sejanus ii. ii, Thou lost thyselfe..when thou thought'st Thou could'st *out-skip my vengeance: or out⁓stand The power I had to crush thee into ayre.
1604Shakes. Oth. ii. iii. 3 Let's teach our selues that Honourable stop, Not to *out-sport discretion.
1670Eachard Cont. Clergy 24 Some also, of very feeble and crasie constitutions in their childhood, have *out-studied their distempers.
1868Pall Mall G. 24 Sept. 9 Sometimes the ‘toucadore’ is pushed by emulation to *out-task his strength.
1708Brit. Appolo No. 55. 3/1 Some Arrow..Mounts..upwards and *out-tow'rs the sight.
18. To surpass, excel or outdo (a person, etc.) in the action of the simple vb. In this sense out- may be prefixed to almost any intr. vb. of action or state, and to many trans. vbs. used absolutely; so that the number of these compounds is without limit. Examples are: outbawl, outbid, outbrag, outdo, outgo, outlive, outproffer, outride, outrun, outshine, etc.; also out-achieve, out-bang, out-banter, out-bark, out-bat, out-beg, out-bleat, out-blunder, out-boil, out-bowl, out-box, out-break, out-brew, out-bribe, out-bury, out-caper, out-carol, out-chat, out-chatter, out-chide, out-clamour, out-club, out-comply, out-cook, out-crash, out-craunch, out-crawl, out-crow, out-curl, out-curse, out-darkle, out-din, out-dine, out-diplomatize, out-dissemble, out-dive, out-drudge, out-equivocate, out-fawn, out-feast, out-flaunt, out-gastronomize, out-grin, out-groan, out-grunt, out-hammer, out-hasten, out-hustle, out-lament, out-lighten, out-limn, out-linger, out-mount, out-peal, out-pipe, out-pity, out-plod, out-populate, out-praise, out-preen, out-procrastine, out-prosper, out-quibble, out-quote, out-rap, out-redden, out-rime, out-rove, out-scream, out-shout, out-shriek, out-sigh, out-skate, out-slander, out-snore, out-speculate, out-sprint, out-squall, out-squeal, out-sting, out-strut, out-sulk, out-swim, out-swindle, out-testify, out-threaten, out-throb, out-tinkle, out-triple, out-tyrannize, out-usure, out-vapour, out-vary, out-vociferate, out-wait, out-wake, out-waltz, out-warble, out-whine, out-whip, out-whirl, out-whore, out-wile, out-wish, etc.
1960V. Packard Waste Makers (1961) xxiv. 295 The Russians *outachieved the United States in launching earth satellites. 1970Time 17 Aug. 39 Getting along with parents has never been easy in the U.S. America has almost begged for trouble by expecting children to out⁓achieve their parents.
1773J. Duncombe in R. Freeman Kentish Poets (1821) II. 364 To see the Surry cricketers *Out-bat them and out-bowl. 1873Chicago Tribune 4 June 1/7 The Mutuals outbatted their opponents. 1970Outbat [see outbowl below].
1651Davenant Gondibert iii. v. 13 Where she *outbeg'd the tardy begging Thief.
1645J. Bond Job in West 31 The Lusts of those strangers..did often *out-boyle..the scalding waters of the Bath.
1773*Outbowl [see outbat above]. 1823Lady's Mag. July 388/1 There was no doubt that Andrews could, if he chose, out-bowl Samuel Long, and out-bat Tom Coper. 1970Sunday Tel. 20 Dec. 21/7 This weakened M.C.C. side..have been outbatted, outbowled and outfielded by South Australia.
1862Athenæum 1 Nov. 555 Who could out-walk, out-leap, *out-box, out-fish every competitor.
1944Sun (Baltimore) 15 Jan. 9/3 *Outbreaking her rivals, the light⁓coated filly opened up a length advantage in the run to the turn. 1955Ibid. 19 May 20/4 Aeschylus outbroke the opposition but could not keep pace.
1743Lond. & Country Brew. iv. (ed. 2) 286 She thought none could *out-brew her.
1783Blair Rhet. xxviii. II. 94 If Oppianicus had given money to Stalenus, Cluentius had *outbribed him.
a1763Byrom Descr. Beau's Head (R.), For sometimes at a ball The beau show'd his parts, *out⁓caper'd 'em all.
1652Brome City Wit i. i. Wks. 1873 I. 283 She that will..*out-chat fifteen Midwives.
1798in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1799) II. 259, I *out-chattered the lawyers at Edinburgh.
1871Swinburne Songs bef. Sunrise Prelude 108 *Outchide the north wind if it chid.
1839Dickens Let. 9 Sept. (1965) I. 578 A woman..who..far *out-cooked the cook of Petersham! 1970N. Armstrong et al. First on Moon ii. 34 Mike Collins, who had become fond of dishes like coq au vin.., definitely could outcook Lew Hartzell. 1976S. Wales Echo 23 Nov., He proved it last night when he out-cooked five girls to win the South Glamorgan round of the Wales Gas schools cookery competition.
1769Chesterfield Lett. (1774) IV. 280, I believe I could now *outcrawl a snail.
1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe (1871) 26 Not Salisbury Plain or Newmarket Heath..may overpeer, or *outcrow her.
a1600Donne Curse iv, For if it be a she, Nature before hand hath *out-cursed me.
1839Bailey Festus xiv. (1852) 200 A hue which *outdarkles The deeps where they shine.
1848Fraser's Mag. XXXVII. 389 We were as much out-gastronomised as *out-diplomatised by the French.
1660N. Ingelo Bentivolio & Urania i. (1682) 136 The Plowman strives to *outdrudg his beasts, that he may grow a wealthy Yeoman.
1681T. Flatman Heraclitus Ridens No. 29 He has the Head of a Jesuit, and shall out-wit, out-plot, out-swear, *out-equivocate, and out-face the whole Society.
a1680Butler Hud. (J.), *Outfawn as much and out-comply.
1711Addison Spect. No. 173 ⁋3 An Ambition..of *Out-grinning one another. 1810W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XXIX. 51 Features that outgrin Le Brun's Passions.
1961in Webster, It is one thing to be beaten and quite another to be *out-hustled. 1966Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Va.) 8 June 30/2 We out-hustle them, out-position them, and in all but two games have actually out-rebounded them. 1975New Yorker 7 Apr. 116/2 The other Knicks,..out-hustling the Lakers, double-teamed them all over the court.
1899Swinburne Rosamund iii. 45 Thine eyes *outlighten all the stars.
1665Glanvill Scepsis Sci. xvii. 104 'Twas never an heresie to *out-limn Apelles.
1868Browning Ring & Bk. xi. 1588 One will be found *outlingering the rest.
1602Marston Antonio's Rev. iv. v, I scorn't that any wretched should survive, *Outmounting me in that superlative.
1826Miss Mitford Village Ser. ii. (1863) 379 *Out-piping the nightingale, in her own month of May.
1879Howells L. Aroostook viii. 84 In every little village there is some girl who knows how to *outpreen all the others.
1842S. Lover Handy Andy xxv. 218 It was the bully joker..who..*outquibbled the agent about the oath of allegiance.
1856Lever Martins of Cro' M. 203 To out-talk him, *out-quote, and out-anecdote him.
1852Tennyson Ode Wellington viii, Glossy purples, which *outredden All voluptuous garden-roses.
1530Palsgr. 650/1, I *outryme, je oultre rysme. c1728Pope Let. Wks. 1751 VIII. 216 They will out-rhyme all Eaton and Westminster.
1851Fraser's Mag. XLIV. 448 Each trying to *outscream, outroar, outbellow and outblaspheme his neighbour.
1832Motherwell Poems, Caveat to Wind, Go, tear each fluttering rag away, *Outshriek the mariner.
1963Times 4 Mar. 3/7 M. Schnelldorfer..had some bad falls and was *outskated by his fellow Bavarian, the ebullient S. Schönmetzler. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 15 Jan. 19/1 Detroit Red Wings outskated, outhustled and outshot Chicago Black Hawks Saturday night.
a1616Beaum. & Fl. Scornful Lady ii. ii, He *out-snores the poet.
1938Times 25 July 5/1 Pender had struck two even shrewder blows for his side by *out-sprinting A. Pennington twice. 1963Times 11 Feb. 3/3 Snell was outsprinted in a mile.
1752Young Brothers v. i, Demetrius' sigh *outstings the dart of death.
1855Kingsley Westw. Ho (1889) 453 The only way to cure her sulkiness was to *outsulk her.
a1845Hood Two Swans iii, His ruby eye *out-threaten'd Mars.
1851Fraser's Mag. XLIV. 471 Custom *out-tyrannizes absolutism.
1735Pope Donne Sat. ii. 38 *Outusure Jews, or Irishmen outswear.
1609B. Jonson Sil. Wom. iv. ii, He'll watch this se'ennight but he'll have you; he'll *outwait a serjeant for you. 1929D. H. Lawrence Pansies 95 Still a man can be A meeting place for sun and rain, Wonder outwaiting pain As in a wintry tree. 1957T. Hughes Hawk in Rain 28 Where the insects couple as they murder each other, Where the fish outwait the water. 1977J. B. Hilton Dead-Nettle i. 9 She had..succeeded in out-waiting her antagonists. Her patience..had become too much for their nerves.
1630B. Jonson New Inn i. i, And now I can *outwake the nightingale, Out-watch an usurer, and out-walk him too.
1742Young Nt. Th. i. 216 To see thy wheel Of ceaseless change *outwhirl'd in human life.
1738Pope Epil. Sat. i. 116 Ye Gods! shall Cibber's Son, without rebuke, Swear like a Lord, or Rich *outwhore a Duke. a1657*Outwish [see outglad].
b. To get the better of, overpower, defeat, beat, in some reciprocal action or contest; as outbalance, outbrave, outjockey, outmatch, outrival; also outbargain, out-batter, out-blackguard, out-bless, out-brawl, out-cheat, out-compete, out-complement, out-huff, out-mate, out-strive, out-tease, etc.
1834M. Edgeworth Helen xix, The two parties..try to outwit or *outbargain each other.
1813W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. LXXII. 523 Oldham could *out-blackguard Pope.
1621–31Laud Sev. Serm. (1847) 37 The happy commerce that a Prince hath with his people, when they strive to *out-bless one another.
1600Look About You in Hazl. Dodsley VII. 405 Wantons' words Quickly can master men, tongues *out-brawl swords!
1890Temple Bar Mag. Mar. 349 Apt to be *out-competed in their own towns by foreigners.
1648J. Beaumont Psyche xxiii. clxxxi, He..gently strove Her Sorrow's Fullness to *out-compliment.
1681Otway Soldier's Fort. ii. i, I'll try to *out-huff him.
a1851J. Baillie (Annandale), Since the pride of your heart so far *outmates its generosity.
1615Chapman Odyss. i. 18 All the rest that austere death *outstrove..safe anchor'd are. 1898Westm. Gaz. 24 Feb. 2/3 While giant Titans all the rest outstrove With praises of the New Hyperion.
1748Richardson Clarissa (1811) IV. 197 The sex may thank themselves for teaching me to *out-tease them.
c. To overcome or defeat by the action expressed by the simple verb; as out-baffle, out-blur, out-buzz, out-cavil, out-flout, out-scorn, out-war.
1658W. Burton Itin. Anton. 128 A bold man, that *out baffled the then Proprietor here.
1669Addr. hopeful yng. Gentry Eng. 7 We have no copy left so foul, which too ingeniously transcribing vice do's not every day *out-blur.
1880Tennyson Columbus 120 The flies at home, that ever swarm about And..murmur down Truth in the distance—these *outbuzz'd me.
1614Jackson Creed iii. xxv. §1 As if he meant to *outflout the Apostle for prohibiting all besides..Christ Iesus.
1605Shakes. Lear iii. i. 10 To *out-scorn The to-and-fro-conflicting wind and rain.
1548Udall Erasm. Par. Luke xxiv. 190 b, By these captaines shall he *outwarre & subdue all the uniuersall kyngdomes of y⊇ worlde. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. xi. xii. §138. 704 They desire..not to seeme by sitting still..to haue beene out-warred, though ouer-warred.
19. To exceed or do more than is expressed by the simple vb.: as out-Atlas to load more than Atlas, out-beggar to more than beggar; so out-calvinize, out-pay, out-please, out-practise, out-ravish, out-realize, out-resent, etc.
1603Dekker Grissil (Shaks. Soc.) 21 If you should bear all the wrongs, you would be *out-Atlassed.
1810Scott Lady of L. ii. xxiii, O! it *out-beggars all I lost!
1830Edin. Rev. L. 336 The absolute decree..is here far *out⁓calvinised.
1733Budgell Bee IV. 519 Half a Crown *out-pays his Sweats worth.
1618T. Adams Faith's Encouragem. Wks. 1862 II. 203 Having a little fed his eye with that, *outpleaseth him with a sapphire.
1648Boyle Seraph. Love xiii. (1700) 74 Unless we would say, that he *out-practis'd what he taught.
c1425St. Mary of Oignies ii. x. in Anglia VIII. 176/46 While she so *oute-rauisshed was angwysshed wiþ houge desyre.
1806A. Knox Rem. I. 14 St. Paul *out⁓realized this far.
a1718Penn Tracts Wks. 1726 I. 900 Some People have *out-resented their Wrong so far.
** Formed on adjectives.
20. To exceed or surpass in the quality expressed by the adj.; as out-active, out-black, out-game, out-grave, out-guttural, out-infinite, out-modern, out-subtle, out-swift. See also out-old, out-royal, in 23.
a1661Fuller Worthies, London ii. (1662) 191 No wonder if the Younger *out-active those who are more ancient.
1655― Ch. Hist. iii. ii. §1 Seeing his ink *out-black'd with her expression.
1940Sun (Baltimore) 14 June 20/1 The Greentree filly *outgamed Rosetown in a thrilling battle to the wire. 1957Ibid. 1 Feb. 22/1 Careless Miss..caught Miss Erlen inside the sixteenth pole and then outgamed that filly, thanks to Brooks's superior handling.
1645Fuller Good Th. in Bad T. (1841) 55 Fools..endeavouring to *out-infinite God's kindness with their cruelty.
192219th Cent. Apr. 654 The old dog could in truth *out-modern the best of them. 1935Out-modern [see sense 23 a].
1619Fletcher M. Thomas iv. ii, The Devil I think Cannot *out-subtile thee.
1605Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. i. Vocation 855 Thou that..*Out-swifted Arrows, and out⁓went the Winde. a1618― Spectacles xxv, Worldly Pleasures, vain Delights, Far out-swift far sudden flights, Waters, Arrowes, and the Windes.
*** Formed on substantives.
21. On names of qualities, actions, or objects: To exceed in the quality or action, or in reference to the thing, expressed by the n.; as outfoot, outlung, outlustre, outnumber, outrange, etc., q.v.; also out-age to exceed in age; out-bowl, out-tap, to excel at the bowl or tap, i.e. in drinking; so out-anecdote, out-Billingsgate, out-billow, out-bubble, out-colour, out-compass, out-confidence, out-course, out-cricket, out-crown, out-duty, out-faith, out-fame, out-feat, out-feature, out-figure, out-flavour, out-gambit, out-girth, out-glory, out-gorget, out-grain, out-horror, out-hymn, out-impudence, out-letter, out-light, out-lip, out-long-word, out-luck, out-machine, out-mantle, out-marvel, out-metaphor, out-million, out-miracle, out-monster, out-name, out-nick, out-night, out-ochre, out-passion, out-poison, out-poll, out-pomp, out-price, out-privilege, out-prodigy, out-purple, out-purse, out-rate, out-rebound, out-rhetoric, out-romance, out-savour, out-scent, out-sentence, out-skill, out-sonnet, out-sound, out-sphere, out-splendour, out-stale, out-stall, out-state, out-stature, out-storm, out-sum, out-supersitition, out-syllable, out-table, out-talent, out-taste, out-throat, out-tint, out-title, out-tone, out-tongue, out-trap, out-tun, out-tune, out-venom, out-vigil, out-wealth, out-weapon, out-woe, out-word, out-worth, etc.
1801Southey Lett. (1856) I. 140, I mean mine [Pyramids] to outlive and *out-age the Egyptian ones!
1681Hickeringill Char. Sham Plotter Wks. 1716 I. 219 Dulness and Slander enough to *out-Billingsgate Heraclitus Ridens.
1622Dekker & Massinger Virg. Mart. ii. i, When I was a pagan..I durst out-drink a lord; but your Christian lords *out-bowl me.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. i. §3 Lest it should make it swell or *out-compass itself.
1893Nat. Observer 14 Oct. 558/2 A Parsee team to *outcricket an English eleven!
1655H. Vaughan Silex Scint. ii. Favour, O let no star compare with thee! Nor any herb *out-duty me!
1650Fuller Pisgah ii. iv. 109 That good Centurion; who though a Gentile *outfaithed Israel itself.
1614Raleigh Hist. World iv. ii. §21 (1634) 485 Those two great captains, whom Alexander sought by all means to *out-fame.
1929R. Bridges Testament of Beauty i. 714 True beauty of manhood *outfeatureth childish charm.
1866Hardy Time's Laughingstocks (1909) 54 Intently busied with a vast array Of epithets that should *outfigure thee.
1962L. Deighton Ipcress File v. 34, I felt tired and *out⁓gambited.
1648J. Beaumont Psyche iii. li. (D.), She blushed more than they, and of their own Shame made them all asham'd, to see how far It was outpurpled and *outgrain'd by Her.
a1704T. Brown Last Observator in Coll. Poems (1705) 101 And I'll by far *outhymn the fam'd de Foe.
1836–48B. D. Walsh Aristoph., Knights iv. i, Confound it, I shall be *out⁓impudenced.
1837Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life (1870) III. 71, I..had the glory of *out-long-wording both parties.
1916H. Titus I Conquered ix. 119 The hind legs straightened, that mighty force bore on his footing—and the stone slipped. The Captain [sc. a horse] was *out⁓lucked. 1928Daily Express 9 July 13/1, I ran into Charles Kingsley there, who..was just outlucked as [sic] Wimbledon. ‘I drew Patterson in the third round... What do you think of that for bad luck?’
1942Ann. Reg. 1941 39 General Wavell had to conduct simultaneously a number of campaigns in each of which he was outnumbered and *outmachined.
1784Cowper Task v. 680 With poetic trappings grace thy prose Till it *outmantle all the pride of verse.
1814Cary Dante (Chandos) 304 And every sparkle shivering to new blaze, In number did *outmillion the account.
1955E. Bowen World of Love iv. 74 See, today, how even Antonia had been *out-monstered.
a1611Beaum. & Fl. Maid's Trag. v. iv, Thou hast..found out one to *out-name thy other faults.
1667Digby Elvira iv. in Hazl. Dodsley XV. 60, I took my time i' th' nick, but she *outnick'd me.
1596Shakes. Merch. V. v. i. 23, I would *out-night you did no body come.
1648J. Beaumont Psyche xi. ccxxiii, A Stink *Outpois'ning all the Bane of Thessaly!
1705M. Henry Wks. (1835) I. 87 If the honour of temperance were to be carried by the major vote..the sober would be *out-polled. 1968Economist 11 May 21/1 A list of delegates pledged to support Mr. Kennedy at the Democratic nominating convention in August..outpolled by a margin of two to one a list pledged to Mr. Humphrey. 1973Guardian 19 Apr. 4/5 In Oakland, California, incumbent Republican John Reading outpolled Black Panther party chairman Bobby Seale by more than 34,000 votes in an eight-man race for Mayor. 1976Time 27 Dec. 8/2 Soares..had hinted he might resign if his party was heavily out-polled.
1612J. Davies Muse's Sacrifice (1878) 44 Their Vertues price, that doth *out⁓price the Vice, though more it be.
1966*Out-rebound [see out-hustle in sense 18]. 1974State (Columbia, S. Carolina) 8 Mar. 4-B/5 Maryland badly out-rebounded us when they beat us by 11 points at College Park. They are a great board team. 1977Detroit Free Press 11 Dec. 5-D/2 This is the first time we've been outrebounded all year.
1616Marine Records E. Ind. Co. in Athenæum No. 3604. 711/3 But was presently *outrhetorick'd by our new commander.
1655Fuller Ch. Hist. viii. iii. §34 Their real sufferings *out-romanced the fictions of [etc.].
1632Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry iv. ii. song, Yet this *out-savours wine,—and this, perfume.
1650Fuller Pisgah ii. 65 The stench of his hypocrisie *out⁓sented all the smell of his burnt offerings.
a1667Cowley Poet. Rev. Wks. 1711 III. 46 Where every Tongue's the Clapper of a Mill, And can *out-sound Homer's Gradivus.
1870E. H. Pember Tragedy of Lesbos iv. 73 How very far she doth *outstature me.
1647R. Stapylton Juvenal 90 *Out-storme a tempest.
1795Southey Joan of Arc ii. 80 The prisoners of that fatal day *out-summ'd Their conquerors!
a1661Fuller Worthies, Linc. ii. (1662) 54 Women *out⁓superstition Men.
Ibid., Warwick iii. (1662) 119 This Nation hankered after the Name of Plantagenet, which..did *out⁓syllable Tuthar in the Mouths.
1806Sporting Mag. XXVII. 186 To *out-tap his competitor, and drink his neighbours into an opinion of his sobriety.
1765Goldsm. Ess. vi. Wks. (1881) 302/2 Calvert's butt *outtastes Champagne.
1593Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 50 They *out-throate me, and put mee downe I cannot be heard.
1611Shakes. Cymb. iii. iv. 37 Whose tongue *Out-venomes all the Wormes of Nyle.
a1661Fuller Worthies, Kent ii. (1662) 67 The tender care of King Charles did *out-vigil their watchfullness.
1659Gauden Tears Ch. ii. xxxi. 253 When they did so much out-wit and *out-wealth us!
1602Marston Antonio's Rev. ii. iii, Let none *out-woe me: mine's Hurculean woe.
1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, i. i. 123 A Beggers booke *Out-worths a Nobles blood.
22. On names of persons, actors, agents: To excel, surpass, or outdo in executing the office, or acting the part characteristic of the person or agent in question; as outfool, outgeneral, outknave, etc.; also out-admiral, out-captain, out-devil, out-epicure, out-friend, out-king, out-lord, out-paragon, out-paramour, out-queen, out-rebel, out-rogue, out-tailor, out-victor, out-woman, out-zany, etc.
1889H. D. Traill Strafford ii. 18 He returned, out⁓generalled and *outadmiralled.
1883Contemp. Rev. Sept. 371 A determination not to let myself be out-stared or *out⁓devilled by him.
1634Rainbow Labour (1635) 25 You shall observe them to *out-Epicure the foole in the Gospell.
1615T. Tomkis Albumazar ii. vii. in Hazl. Dodsley XI. 348 She cannot outlove me, nor you *outfriend me.
1749Hill Merope i. iii. 17 Courage, self-sustain'd, *Out-lords Succession's Phlegm—and needs no Ancestors.
1889Academy 8 June 392/3 A hero who *outparagons the Admirable Crichton.
1605Shakes. Lear iii. iv. 94 Wine lou'd I deerely, dice deerly; and in Woman, *out-Paramour'd the Turke.
1839Bailey Festus xiv. (1852) 182 We still, one hour, our royalty retain, To *out-queen all in kindness and in care.
1864Sat. Rev. 13 Aug. 220/2 Who alone in Europe have the subtlety and craft to *outrogue and outwit them.
1827Westm. Rev. VII. 278 Unless, indeed, some king Brummel..should *out-tailor him in power.
1876Tennyson Q. Mary iii. i, She could not be unmann'd—no, nor *out⁓woman'd!
1616B. Jonson Epigr. cxxix, Thou dost *out⁓zany Cokely, Pod; nay, Gue: And thine owne Coriat too.
23. a. In most of the groups 18–22, the compound vb. in out- may be cognate with the object, being formed either on the simple verb belonging to the object, or directly on the object itself, usually unchanged, but sometimes with a verbal ending (e.g. -ize). The object may be a person or a thing, and the sense is ‘to outdo the agent in his own sphere or work’, or ‘to exceed or surpass the action, quality, or other thing’. Our earliest examples of this are from Shakespeare, who has ‘out-frowne Fortune's frowne’, and ‘out-villaind villanie’; it is rare in the 17th c., but greatly used in the 19th, when also those formed on adjs. appear. Thus, formed on vbs., to out-cook all cookery, out-beg a beggar, out-blunder former blunders; out-compete competition or competitors, outfish fish, out-rival a rival or rivalry. From adjs., to out-old the old, out-royal royalty. From ns., to out-ambush ambushes, out-balderdash balderdash, out-blarney blarney, out-calvinize Calvinism, out-faminize famine, out-fiction fiction, out-horror all horrors; out-bishop the bishop, out-devil the devil, out-fiend fiends, out-jingo the Jingo, out-modern the moderns, outmonster the monstrosities, outrainbow the rainbow, out-saint the saint, out-usure the usurer. A few examples are added in chronological order to show the development of this usage. The first three are all in Shakespeare.
1593[see outpray]. 1601[see out-villain]. 1605[see out-frown]. 1612J. Davies Muse's Sacrif. (1878) 63 So hath a Painter licence too, to paint A Saint-like face, till it the Saint out saint. 1647Clarendon Contempl. Ps. Tracts (1727) 452 We may be weary of rebellion, because other men have out-rebelled us. a1661Fuller Worthies (1811) I. 500 (D.) He out-equivocated their equivocation. 1781S. Peters Hist. Connect. 71 My answer is, that those Puritans were weak men in Old England, and strong in New England, where they out-pop'd the Pope, out-king'd the King, and out-bishop'd the Bishops. 1809Malkin Gil Blas vii. ix. ⁋4 He must have out-devilled the devil. 1828Examiner 790/2 Here was balderdash out⁓balderdashed. 1837Lytton E. Maltrav. (1851) 74 We out-horror horror. 1844Thackeray May Gambols Wks. 1900 XIII. 439 Mr. Turner..has out-prodigied almost all former prodigies. 1876L. Stephen Hist. Eng. Th. 18th C. I. 114 An attempt to out-infidel the infidel. 1877Tennyson Harold iii. i, Thy patriot passion..Out-passion'd his! 1884― Becket Prol., A beggar on horseback, with the retinue of three kings behind him, outroyalling royalty. 1885Pall Mall G. 20 June 1/2 When each dame's object in life was to out-chignon the chignon of her neighbour. 1886Homilet. Rev. (U.S.) Jan. 13 They propose to out-old the old, by going back to the early Greek theology. 1892Sat. Rev. 6 Feb. 165/1 Out-criticking the critics. 1892Black & White 1 Oct. 392/2 One of the strangest instances extant of fact out-fictioning fiction. a1918W. Owen Coll. Poems (1963) 53 The few who rushed in the body to enter hell, And there out-fiending all its fiends and flames With superhuman inhumanities. 1930E. Blunden in Time & Tide 3 Jan. 16 The new painters, with their endeavours to outmonster the monstrosities of uninspired futurists. 1935Amer. Speech X. 192/2 She out-moderns the moderns in a frock that is made for cocktailing. 1956‘H. MacDiarmid’ Stony Limits 33 The range of the tartans outrainbowing the rainbow. 1960T. Hughes Lupercal 46 Four-legged yet water-gifted, to outfish fish.
b. Hence esp. with proper names of persons, nations, sects, etc., in the sense of ‘to outdo the person, etc., in question in his special attribute’. The classical example is Shakespeare's out-Herod Herod; a few instances are found in the 17th c., esp. in Fuller, and in the 18th c. in Swift; but the vast development of this, as of so many other Shakespearian usages, belongs to the 19th c., in which such expressions have been used almost without limit. Examples are out-Achitophel, out-Alexander, out-Bentley, out-Boniface, out-Bonner, out-Brutus, out-Darwin, out-Milton, out-Mormon, out-Nero, out-Ottoman, out-Quixote, out-Sternhold, out-Timon, out-Toby, out-Trollope, out-Turk, out-Zola, etc.; and, with verbal ending, out-Calvinize, out-Germanize, out-Gothamize, out-Hobbesize, out-Pantagruelize, etc. A few examples follow in chronological order to illustrate the growth of the usage.
1602[see out-Herod]. 1650Fuller Pisgah i. vii. 21 Hushi the Archite, who out-achitophelled Achitophell in his policy. 1655― Ch. Hist. viii. ii. §24 Herein, Morgan Out-Bonnered even Bonner himself. 1676Marvell Mr. Smirke Wks. 1875 IV. 12 [He might] out-boniface an Humble Moderator. c1729Swift Verses on Sir R. Blackmore, Sternhold himself he out-Sternholded. 1737Common Sense I. 309 Even to out-bentley Bentley. 1800Wolcott (P. Pindar) P.S. Wks. 1812 IV. 338 In his accoutrements out-Alexandering Alexander. 1826Q. Rev. XXXIII. 317 The following trait even out-tobies Uncle Toby. 1827Lady Granville Lett. (1894) I. 438 We shall out-Turk the Turks. 1829Bentham Justice & Cod. Petit. 141 Gotham itself would find itself here out-Gothamised. 1833Macaulay Ess., H. Walpole (1887) 281 When he talked misanthropy, he out-Timoned Timon. 1870Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873) 3 He..out-Miltons Milton in artifice of style. 1886Referee 21 Feb. 7/4 If the Provost-Marshall has..out-Neroed Nero. 1887Longm. Mag. Nov. 24, I came across a peculiar people who in many respects out-mormon Mormons. 1887Lit. World (U.S.) 23 July 229/3 Depicted with a realism which out-Zolas Zola.
intr.a1661Fuller Worthies, Essex i. (1662) 334 He hath out-Alciated therein, in some mens judgement.
*** Compound vbs. in out- otherwise formed.
†24. Out- expressing the notion of ‘taking out from the condition in which it is’, ‘undoing’, hence = un-; as outhele to uncover, outsheath to unsheath, outthrive to cease to thrive.
a1300E.E. Psalter xxxvi. 14 Swerde out-scheþed sinne doande. a1340Hampole Psalter xxxiv. 3 Outhell þe swerd, & louk agayns þaim þat folus me. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 28 And than he outthryveth Fro worldly ioye.
†25. With out- in place of L. ex-, e-, in words f. L.; as outcorporate, outsturb, outvirtuate.
1382Wyclif Josh. vii. 25 For thow has disturblid vs; out stourbe [Vulg. exturbet] thee the Lord in this day. 1559Morwyng Evonym. Pref., Arnold calleth Exvirtuare to outverteuat, Excorporare to outcorporate.
26. Forming vbs. from ns. with various senses; as, with out = out of, out-gauge, to throw out of gauge or proportion; out-heart, to put out of heart, dishearten; out-patience, to put out of patience; out-spirit, to put out of spirits, to dispirit; out-uncle, to do out of an uncle; so to out-grandfather. Also, out-finger, to open out the fingers of (the hand); outfolio, to drive out with folios (cf. 16); † out-nose, to put out the nose of; † outpeople, to empty (a country) of people, to carry the people out of. All nonce-wds.
1880G. Meredith Tragic Com. (1881) 189 The pen fell from her hand *outfingered in loathing.
1847Wellington in R. C. Winthrop Remin. For. Trav. (1894) 16 These huge Parliamentary Reports..will soon *outfolio us out of our houses and homes.
1891Pall Mall G. 7 Dec. 3/1 Mr. Kipling *out-gauged whatever he touched.
1839Bailey Festus xx. (1852) 321 Mastering all, Save one thing—love, and that *out-hearted him.
1624Quarles Job Div. Poems (1717) 155 That done, h' enjoys the crown of all his labour, Could he but once *out-nose his right-hand neighbour.
1892Harper's Mag. Feb. 394/2 Thou dost *outpatience me!
c1550Cheke Matt. i. 11 Josias begot Jechoni and his brethern in y⊇ *outpeopling of y⊇ contree to Babylon.
1643Ph. Nye Serm. in Kerr Covenants & Covenanters (1895) 148 You will be *outspirited and both you and Your cause slighted.
1748Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. xiii. 86 This little syren is in a fair way to *out-uncle, as she has already out-grandfathered us both! |