| 释义 |
▪ I. overstrain, n.|ˈəʊvəˈstreɪn|
[over- 29 b.]
Excessive strain; the act of overstraining or fact of being overstrained; spec. the condition of having been strained beyond the yield point.
1754Richardson Grandison (1812) VI. 144 (D.) It was such an overstrain of generosity from him that it might well overset him. 1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 5 Such was his state of exhaustion, in consequence of the previous overstrain on every nerve and muscle. 1878Holbrook Hyg. Brain 101 How is the merchant to avoid mental overstrain? 1895[see fatigue n. 1 d]. 1931H. J. Tapsell Creep of Metals iii. 32 The raising of the yield point at air temperature of mild steel was even more marked if the stress producing the overstrain were continued for a time. 1941H. Gilkey et al. Materials Testing 132 The general nature of cold-working, of whatever sort, is simply overstrain.
▪ II. overstrain, v.|ˌəʊvəˈstreɪn|
†1. trans. To strain, stretch, or extend (something) over or across. Obs. rare. [over- 10.]
1575Laneham Let. (1871) 51 Which, with a wire net..eeuen and tight, waz al ouerstrained.
†2. To go beyond in straining or exertion; to surpass in effort. Obs. rare. [over- 22.]
1590Greene N. too late (1600) 18, I haue..sought to ouer⁓match thy father in pollicie, as he ouerstraines vs in iealousie.
3. To strain too much, subject to excessive strain; to stretch or exert (an organ or faculty) more than it will bear. [over- 27.]
a. lit. or in physical sense; spec. to strain (a substance) beyond the yield point.
1589R. Harvey Pl. Perc. (1590) 2 Neuer will I ouerstraine my strength. 1640Bp. Hall Chr. Moder. (ed. Ward) 28/2 He so overstrained his lungs, in calling upon his troops, that he presently died. 1745De Foe's Eng. Tradesman vi. (1841) I. 36 At last..[they] overstrain their sinews..and are cripples ever after. 1873Hamerton Intell. Life i. vii. (1875) 40 You must not sacrifice your eyesight by overstraining it. 1899J. A. Ewing Strength of Materials iii. 40 This operation was carried far enough to overstrain the piece a second time, and curve D then shows that a very imperfectly elastic condition has reappeared. 1931H. J. Tapsell Creep of Metals iii. 33 The effect of a period of rest on iron and steel overstrained at air temperature is to produce a recovery of elasticity and an increase in hardness. 1962R. E. Smallman Mod. Physical Metall. vii. 242 If a specimen which has been overstrained to remove the yield point is allowed to rest.., the yield point returns as shown.
b. fig.
1633Bp. Hall Occas. Medit. (1851) 148 His justice will not let his mercy be overstrained. 1782F. Burney Cecilia vii. v, Those scruples..she herself thought might be overstrained. 1863J. G. Nichols Herald & Geneal. I. 497 This argument is greatly overstrained.
c. absol. or intr.
1703Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. ii. (1709) 76 To endeavour not to Please is Ill-nature; altogether to Neglect it, Folly; and to Over-strain for it, Vanity and Design. a1742Oldmixon in Southey's Comm.-pl. Bk. IV. 261/1 Writers of comedy are very apt to overdo and overstrain, in complacency to the judgment of their audience.
Hence ˌoverˈstrained ppl. a. (whence ˌoverˈstrainedness); ˌoverˈstraining vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1599Thynne Animadv. (1875) 57 Yt maye, after a harde and ouerstreyned sorte, beare somme sence. 1671F. Phillips Reg. Necess. 417 An overstreining conjecture which is not here endeavoured to be asserted. 1695Dryden Observ. Du Fresnoy's Art of Painting §54 With overstraining and earnestness of finishing their pieces, they often did them more harm than good. 1839Bailey Festus (1852) 74 That eye which..Beams close upon me till it bursts from sheer O'erstrainedness of sight. 1859Tennyson Vivien 372 As some wild turn of anger, or a mood Of overstrain'd affection. 1895Proc. R. Soc. LVIII. 131 The tendency to creeping is found..to be much reduced in consequence of the hardening and recovery of elasticity which the overstrained material undergoes. 1900Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. CXCIII. 15 Curve No. 2 illustrates the semi-plastic condition of the material immediately after the removal of the overstraining load. 1931H. J. Tapsell Creep of Metals iii. 32 An overstrained material does not resemble its former state: it is physically a new material. 1962R. E. Smallman Mod. Physical Metall. vii. 242 The absence of a yield point at the beginning of plastic flow is characteristic of a specimen in an overstrained condition. 1962P. G. Forrest Fatigue of Metals vi. 191 The beneficial effect of tensile overstraining on the fatigue strength of a notched bar. 1971Afr. Wildlife XXV. 51/1 During the past few years an increasing number of wild animal species has been found to be prone to the development of a disease complex for which the new name, overstraining disease, is suggested. Ibid., It is characterized by muscular degeneration, paralysis especially of the hind limbs and the passage of dark red-brown urine. The course is variable and affected horses may die from acute heart failure or the accumulation of toxic amounts of excretory products, resulting from kidney damage. Overstraining disease in game..may result from various capturing techniques. 1974Nature 22 Feb. 577/1 Capture myopathy (so-called overstraining disease) in wild animals has gained increasing prominence. |