| 释义 |
parallelism|ˈpærəlɛlɪz(ə)m|
[ad. Gr. παραλληλισµ-ός comparison of parallels, f. παραλληλίζ-ειν to place side by side, to parallel. Cf. F. parallélisme (1667 in Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. a. The state or position of being parallel; direction parallel to or with something. Rarely with pl., a particular instance of this (quot. 1753).
1610W. Folkingham Art of Survey ii. v. 55 Proiect all Plumbe-lines in Parallelisme perpendicular to a Parallel or supposed Common Base. 1656Hobbes Six Lessons Wks. 1845 VII. 263 An objection..taken from the parallelism of two concentric circles. 1753Hogarth Anal. Beauty iii. 19 To give the front of a building, with all its equalities and parallelisms. 1794G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I. x. 408 So long as the rays preserve their parallelism. 1836Penny Cycl. V. 247 The parallelism of the veins of grasses is particularly pointed out. 1880W. B. Carpenter in 19th Cent. No. 38. 613 Irregularities in the general parallelism of the stratification.
b. The state or fact of remaining parallel to itself, i.e. of maintaining the same direction; constancy of direction, as of a moving line.
1656tr. Hobbe's Elem. Philos. (1839) 430. 1660 N. Ingelo Bentiv. & Ur. 11 (1682) 116 The Axis of the Earth being directed to keep a perpetual Parallelism. 1794G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. IV. xliii. App. 173 The axis of the earth keeps a perfect parallelism and constant inclination to the plane of the ecliptic. 1868Lockyer Guillemin's Heavens (ed. 3) 117 It is the parallelism of the axis which accounts for the nearly invariable position of the celestial pole above the horizon in each locality.
†c. loosely. The position of being in the same parallel (of latitude) with. Obs.
1739Descr. of Windward Passage (ed. 2) 8 They fall into the Trade-Winds as soon as they arrive in that Parallelism of Latitude with Jamaica, which carries them right before it all the Way.
2. fig.
a. The quality or character of being parallel (see parallel A. 2); close agreement of course or tendency; similarity in details; precise correspondence or analogy.
1638Rouse Heav. Univ. vii. (1702) 99 In this parallelism, the True Internal and Mystical sense of the Mosaical Genesis doth consist. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. Pref. 12 This parallelism between the ancient or genuine Platonick and the Christian Trinity might be of some use. 1790Paley Horæ Paul. i. 5 The connexion and parallelism of these with the same circumstances in the Acts. 1827Whately Logic (1837) 235 The argument rests on the assumption of parallelism in the two cases. 1891Driver Introd. Lit. O.T. (1892) 22 The parallelism of details which prevails between the two narratives is remarkable. 1962Listener 5 Apr. 606/2 The success of apartheid or parallelism or separate development—call it what you will—is dependent on educating the Bantu to take over all their responsibilities themselves. 1968Economist 4 May 18/2 ‘Parallelism’ in the activities of party and state can be eliminated quite simply by emphasising that the party is the boss and the government merely its executive servant [in Romania]. 1972Nature 8 Dec. 339/2 A rough parallelism between the histories of the Iceland and Hawaii plumes is noteworthy.
b. An instance of correspondence or analogy; a parallel case, passage, etc. (Usually in pl.)
1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 261 Proved by Two Parallelisms of Agreements. 1794Paley Evid. i. viii. (1800) I. 153 Parallelisms in sentences, in words, and in the order of words, have been traced out between the gospel of Matthew and that of Luke. 1869J. Martineau Ess. II. 312 Their passages of apparent analogy are but false parallelisms. 1955P. W. Stallmar in College English XVII. 25/1 For relationships between works that are not necessarily borrowings of the one from the other, I would use the general label ‘parallelism’. The differentia of the parallelism is, I suggest, that a parallelism is not necessarily a conscious borrowing.
3. spec. Correspondence, in sense or construction, of successive clauses or passages, esp. in Hebrew poetry; a sentence or passage exemplifying this. Also in Anglo-Saxon poetry.
1778R. Lowth Transl. Isaiah Prelim. Diss. 10 The correspondence of one Verse, or Line, with another, I call Parallelism. When a Proposition is delivered, and a second is subjoined to it, or drawn under it, equivalent, or contrasted with it, in Sense; or similar to it in the form of Grammatical Construction. 1813J. J. Conybeare in Archaeologia XVII. 269 The parallelism (if I may be so allowed to term it) of the Anglo-Saxon writers... The poems attributed to Cædmon afford innumerable instances of the same figure. 1816G. Gregory tr. Lowth's Lect. Sacr. Poetry Hebrews II. 39 The parallelism is sometimes formed by the iteration of the former member, either in the whole or in part. 1873M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma 49 The very laws of Hebrew composition which make the second phrase in a parallelism repeat the first in other words. 1876H. Sweet Anglo-Saxon Reader p. xcix, There is also a tendency to parallelism, or repetition of the same idea in different words. The last half of one line is often connected with the first half of the next in this way. 1935A. C. Bartlett Larger Rhet. Patterns Anglo-Saxon Poetry iii. 30 Every literary model impelled the Anglo-Saxon toward structural parallelism in pairs. 1938A. Campbell Battle of Brunanburh 38 The sentence structure is essentially that of the older verse, with its free use of parallelism both of expressions and sentences. 1977J. A. Cuddon Dict. Lit. Terms 471 Parallelism is common in poetry of the oral tradition—for instance, in Beowulf.
4. A statement of correspondence or analogy; a comparison, simile: = parallel B. 8. ? Obs.
1656H. More Enthus. Tri. (1712) 12 Aristotle makes a long Parallelism betwixt the nature and effects of Wine and Melancholy. 1660Sharrock Vegetables 149, I shall beg leave by a parallelism to apply it to the present matter.
5. ? Levelling, or condition of being levelled.
1794Mathias Purs. Lit. (1798) 6 France had been long looking for that, which her philosophers had taught her to term, the parallelism of the sword.
6. Psychol. The theory that mental (psychic) and physical processes are concomitant and that any change in the one will be correspondingly reflected in the other.
1860J. D. Morell tr. Fichte's Contrib. Mental Philos. iii. 41 How far into details this parallelism between the mind and the world reaches, it is the province of psychology to show. 1877Illustr. London News 5 May 427/1 As to the relation of mind to matter, he held that there is an exact parallelism of mental and material events..as two aspects of the same thing. 1891M. E. Lowndes tr. Höffding's Outl. Psychol. ii. 64 Both the parallelism and the proportionality between the activity of consciousness and cerebral activity point to an identity at bottom. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 66/2 The last of these [sc. the Monism of Spinoza, which reduced matter and mind to parallel attributes of the One Substance]—severed, however, from Spinoza's metaphysics—is now the prevailing theory, and to it the term Psychophysical Parallelism most properly applies. 1925C. D. Broad Mind & its Place iii. 121 Psycho-neural Parallelism has also a positive side. 1956[see interactionism]. 1976Progress in Sci. Culture (E. Majorana Centre) Spring 11 If we are to avoid falling into parallelism with its self-stultifying philosophy of determinism, we have to develop a dualist-interactionist philosophy according to which the self-conscious mind has an identity and activity that are not entirely dependent on brain events.
7. a. Biol. The development of similar characteristics by two related groups of animals or plants, in response to similar environmental pressures.
1887E. D. Cope Origin of Fittest ii. 98 Among the higher groups [of Lacertilia Leptoglossa] the parallelisms lie in the arrangement..of the head shields. 1898A. S. Woodward Outl. Vertebr. Palæont. p. xxiii, The case of the horses is often cited as suggesting that such a parallelism in evolution may have occurred. 1907V. L. Kellogg Darwinism To-Day viii. 279 (heading) Parallelisms in variation. 1934W. E. Le Gros Clark Early Forerunners of Man i. 6 If this thesis is carried to a logical conclusion, it will necessarily demand a much greater scope for the phenomenon of parallelism or convergence in evolution. 1961G. G. Simpson Princ. Animal Taxon. iii. 78 Parallelism is the development of similar characters separately in two or more lineages of common ancestry and on the basis of, or channeled by, characteristics of that ancestry. Ibid. 103 Parallelism may be difficult or practically impossible to distinguish from homology on one hand and convergence on the other. 1967R. E. Blackwelder Taxon. iv. 139 Parallelism..differs from convergence in that the development of the similar features is the result of and is channelled by a common ancestry.
b. Anthrop. A similarity between the evolution and achievements of different cultures.
1937R. H. Lowie Hist. Ethnol. Theory xi. 190 Schmidt differs from Morgan mainly in denying universal parallelism, unilinear evolution. 1949G. P. Murdock Social Struct. vii. 116 The extraordinary extent of parallelism, both in kinship terminology and in types of kin and local groups. 1958E. A. Hoebel Man in Primitive World (ed. 2) xxxiv. 607 Very little attention has been given to parallelism, or independent invention, in this discussion for the reason that relatively few of the total mass of cultural traits possessed and shared by the peoples of the world have been invented more than once. 1958F. M. Keesing Cultural Anthropol. vi. 148 Anthropologists..have therefore been critical of attempts to read historical connections into what they regard as an instance of parallelism between Old and New World cultural elements.
Add:8. Computing. The use of parallel processing; the execution of operations concurrently by separate parts of a computer, esp. (in later use) by separate microprocessors; also, the capability of a computer to operate in this way.
1961J. A. Glassman (title of M.Sc. thesis, Univ. California) The effects of digital computer parallelism in solving for the roots of a polynomial. 1978Communications Assoc. Computing Machinery XXI. 67/1 Note that all of the functional units can operate concurrently so that in addition to the benefits of pipelining..we also have parallelism across the units too. 1984P. H. Winston Artificial Intelligence (ed. 2) iv. 139 Of course, action-centered and object-centered systems, as request-centered systems, can have parallelism, so the issue of computational resources..is a general issue. 1987Computer Newslet. 24 Apr. 11/3 Architectures to support fifth generation languages and software..almost always involve parallelism to achieve realistic performance. |