| 释义 |
pariah|pəˈraɪə, ˈpɛərɪə, ˈpɑːrɪə|
Forms: 7 parea, (piriawe, parrier, 8 parrear, bareier), 8–9 paria, (pariar, parriar, 9 pareiya), 8– pariah.
[ad. Tamil paṛaiyar, pl. of paṛaiyan name of the largest of the lower castes in Southern India, lit. ‘(hereditary) drummer’, f. paṛai ‘the large drum beaten at certain festivals’. (Yule & Burnell.)]
1. prop. A member of a very extensive low caste in Southern India, especially numerous at Madras, where its members supplied most of the domestics in European service.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 494 The Pareas are of worse esteeme,..reputed worse than the Diuell. 1626Ibid. (ed. 4) 998 The worst whereof are the abhorred Piriawes. 1717J. T. Phillips Acc. Malabar xxxii. 127 Bareier (or a sort of poor People that eat all sort of Flesh). 1807F. Buchanan Mysore I. i. 20 The Parriar, and other impure tribes..would be beaten, were they to attempt joining in a procession of any of the gods of the Bráhmans. 1856R. Caldwell Dravidian Gram. App. 494 The Pariars [ed. 2 Pareiyas] constitute a well defined, distinct, ancient caste,..and..has subdivisions of its own,.. its own traditions, and its own jealousy of the encroachments of the castes which are above it and below it. 1886Yule & Burnell Anglo-Ind. Gloss. s.v., There are several castes in the Tamil country considered to be lower than the Pariahs, e.g. the caste of shoemakers, and the lowest caste of washermen. And the Pariah deals out the same disparaging treatment to these that he himself receives from higher castes.
2. Hence, extended to a member of any low Hindu caste, and by Europeans even applied to one of no caste, an outcaste.
This extension of application began among the higher castes of Hindus, because the Pariahs are lower than the lowest caste of the Brahmanical system, by whom they are shunned as unclean and thus, practically, outcasts.
1711in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Old. Time (1861) II. 125 A resort of basket makers, Scavengers,..and other Parriars, to drink Toddy. 1798W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. VI. 550 As little..[to] be looked for..as a brave heroic spirit among the outcast Parias of the Hindoos now. 1816Singer Hist. Cards 317 To shew that Gipsies..were of the lowest and most degraded cast of Parias or Suders. 1823Byron Juan xii. lxxviii, They lose their caste at once, as do the Parias. 1842Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 164 This may be true with respect to the Parriahs, or outcasts.
3. fig.
a. Any person (or animal) of a degraded or despised class; a social outcast.
1819Shelley Lett. Pr. Wks. 1888 II. 286 Such remembrances..as an exile and a Pariah may be permitted to address to an acknowledged member of the community of mankind. 1834L. Ritchie Wand. by Seine 245 A king's daughter..thrown forth to prowl with the Pariahs of society. 1884Expositor Feb. 106 The sparrow, a very Pariah amongst the feathered tribes! 1901Academy 23 Mar. 244 Ibsen is the supreme pariah of the English stage.
b. = pariah dog: see 4 b.
1816‘Quiz’ Grand Master 39 But soon some Paria's appear. Note, The Paria puppies of Bombay. 1895B. M. Croker Village Tales (1896) 58 I'll get you an old pariah out of the bazaar, and give you fifty rupees to buy him a collar!
4. a. attrib. That is a pariah; consisting of or belonging to pariahs; also applied to animals of low breed or things of base quality (see also b).
1711C. Lockyer Acc. Trade India i. 20 The Company allows two or three Peons to attend at the Gate, and a Parrear Fellow to keep all clean. 1716in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Old. Time (1861) II. 230 A Pariah woman of the Right hand castes. 1837Lett. fr. Madras (1843) 121 People here talk of high-caste and Pariah horses, Pariah dogs, &c. 1860Emerson Cond. Life, Behaviour Wks. (Bohn) II. 387 Some men appear to feel that they belong to a Pariah caste.
b. † pariah-arrack, a deleterious native spirit made in India (obs.); pariah brig, a sea-vessel built in India; pariah-dog, a yellow vagabond dog of low breed which frequents towns and villages in India and the East; pariah-kite, the Scavenger-kite of India (Milvus govinda).
1671–2Sir W. Langhorne in J. T. Wheeler Madras in Old. Time (1861) III. 422 The unwholesome liquor called *Parrier arrack.
1929F. C. Bowen Sea Slang 101 *Pariah brigs, deep-sea native vessels in India. 1935M. H. Beattie On Hooghly 116 She was what was termed a pariah brig, or native craft, which would find her way to Kedgeree and there pick up a native pilot. 1946‘Shalimar’ Ships & Men 122 Indian pariah brigs were taken up to replace coasting steamers.
1780I. Munro Narr. Milit. Operat. iv. (1789) 36 A species of the common cur, called a *pariar dog. 1878E. Arnold Pref. P. Robinson's In my Ind. Gard. 9 The very pariah-dogs are classic to those who know Indian fables.
1877–78V. Ball Jungle Life xiv. (1880) 655 The scavenger or *pariah kites (Milvus govinda)..though generally to be seen about the tents, are not common in the jungles.
Hence ˈpariahdom, the condition of a pariah; also ˈpariahhood, ˈpariahism, ˈpariahship.
1878Symonds Sonn. M. Angelo & Campanella 16 The men of whom I speak were conscious of Pariahdom. 1887Globe 22 Oct. 1/4 It is astonishing that any person..should regard the national uniform as a badge of pariahism. 1894Work & Workers June 258/2 Ostracism from the class carries with it..hopeless, entire pariahdom. 1897W. J. Locke Derelicts xx. 256 Forgetful of the gaol and his pariahdom. 1906― Beloved Vagabond (1908) vi. 68 They walked on together, and I dropped behind, suddenly realising my pariahdom. 1920Edin. Rev. Jan. 18 The possibility of intermarriage is the crucial test of equality of consideration; its absence sets a stamp of servility and pariahship on the proscribed caste. 1936W. Faulkner Absalom, Absalom! 334 Rode the two horses through that night..in something very like pariah-hood. 1945R. Hargreaves Enemy at Gate 19 This choice aggregation of desperadoes and ‘poor masterless men’, welded into that solidarity of pariahdom which is the outlaws' primary source of strength. 1967H. Arendt Orig. Totalitarianism (new ed.) iii. 68 Disraeli..discovered the secret of how to preserve luck, that natural miracle of pariahdom. 1977New Yorker 15 Aug. 70/2 Moynihan is the strongest force in the attempt to shift New York out of the congressional pariahdom to which it has long been consigned. |