| 释义 |
▪ I. parole, n.|pəˈrəʊl|
Also 7 -ol, -oll.
[a. mod.F. parole (parol) word (see prec.), in sense ‘formal promise, engagement,’ parole d'honneur word of honour, honourable engagement.]
1. (a) In full, parole of honour: Word of honour given or pledged; esp. Mil. the undertaking given by a prisoner of war that he will not try to escape, or that, if liberated, he will return to custody under stated conditions, or will refrain from taking up arms against his captors for a stated period, generally for so long as the war then going on shall last. (b) Now generally used for a system of conditional release of selected prisoners before they have completed their sentences. (c) A person so liberated is said to be on parole.
a1616Beaumont Antiplatonic iii, Loves Votries inthrale each others soule, Till both of them live but upon Parole. c1648Short Abridgem. Britane's Distemper 93 Upon his word of honour, or upon his paroll, as soldiers now call it. 1658–9in T. Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 6 Mr. Turner and Mr. Trevor moved that his parole might be taken. Sir Arthur Haslerigge: The word parole is a new word; I move that the Sergeant take his bond. Sir George Booth: Seeing that we all understand not French, let us take his word; that is English... Sir Richard Temple: His word is sufficient. 1658Willsford Secrets Nat. 198 Licens'd to go upon their Paroles. 1662J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 130 Finding means to make an escape, contrarie to their parole. 1700J. A. Astry tr. Saavedra-Faxardo I. 235 Aspersions..upon him for the Breach of his Parole. 1722De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 315, I..took their paroles of honour for my safety. 1776R. J. Meigs in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) I. 265, I arrived here the 22d instant, from Quebec, on my parole of honor, to return when called for. 1837Lockhart Scott xxvii. note, A good many French officers, prisoners of war, had been living on parole in Melrose. 1880Dixon Windsor IV. xxviii. 259 They had broken their parole and fled. 1908J. M. Sullivan Criminal Slang 18 Parole, released from prison, not a pardon. 1939Joyce Finnegans Wake 246 So they must have their final since he's on parole. 1966Listener 3 Mar. 301/2 Parole was introduced in the United States—at the Elmira Reformatory in New York—in 1876; today some form of parole is in use in all the fifty States, as well as in the separate Federal prison system. 1972J. Gores Dead Skip (1973) xvi. 116 We go see his parole officer. If he was sent up two years ago and is out now, he's on parole. 1974Times 17 Apr. 14/1 Only a minority of the prisoners are getting a parole. Ibid. 14/2 Since the parole system began on April 1, 1968, about 14,000 prisoners have been paroled and about 1,550 are on parole at any one time.
b. ellipt. The condition of being on parole.
1667Anne Wyndham King's Concealm. (1681) 76 They had lately obtained their Paroles. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xii. (1871) I. 735 This man [Rich. Hamilton] had violated all the obligations,..had forfeited his military parole.
2. Mil. The password used only by the officers or inspectors of the guard; distinguished from the countersign given to all the men on guard.
1777W. Dalrymple Trav. Sp. & Port. xliii, The governor of Madrid, having received the parole, he enters the room to the ambassadors. 1844Regul. & Ord. Army 260 The Officers..to be formed about forty paces in front of the centre, in two Ranks, facing the Line where they are to receive the old Parole.
fig.1781Johnson 8 May in Boswell, Classical quotation is the parole of literary men all over the world.
3. Linguistics. With pronunc. |parɔl|. [f. parole in sense ‘(spoken) word, utterance’.] The actual linguistic behaviour of individuals, in contrast to the linguistic system (opp. langue 3).
1935W. F. Twaddell in Lang. Monogr. XVI. 40 The utterance occurs, it is speech, ‘parole’; the form exists, so to say, it is a part of the language ‘langue’. 1939L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. ii. 18 The third part of our definition of language..is obviously concerned almost exclusively with langage rather than with langue or parole. 1953, etc. [see langue 3]. 1959W. Baskin tr. F. de Saussure's Course in Gen. Linguistics (1960) 13 Execution is always individual, and the individual is always its master: I shall call the executive side speaking (parole). 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics i. 51 Let us follow de Saussure, and say that all those who ‘speak English’ (or are ‘speakers of English’) share a particular langue and that the set of utterances which they produce when they are ‘speaking English’ constitute instances of parole. 1971D. Crystal Linguistics 162 This leads to the correlative Saussurean concept of parole, the actual, concrete act of speaking. 1974R. Quirk Linguist & Eng. Lang. iii. 47 Every individual has a unique parole, a unique realization of what is possible in the language of his time and place. But at the same time this is not to deny that the parole of some individuals is more interesting than that of others. 1976Language LII. 93 The particular contextual variant of the adjective may vary for each parole application.
4. attrib. and Comb. parole board, parole-breaker, parole clinic, parole engagement, parole matron, parole officer, parole scheme, parole sponsor, parole system.
[1908Charities & Commons 26 Sept. 730/2 Clearly the Board of Parole is acting adversely to its own rule.] 1916N.Y. Times 9 Jan. iv. 19/4 There will be weekly meetings..of the Parole Board. 1938C. Himes Black on Black (1973) 163 He beseeched God to bless the warder and the deputy warder and the chaplain and the guards and the parole board and the outside judges and the governor and the sovereign state itself. 1956B. Holiday Lady sings Blues (1973) xix. 158 If I had been a booster or a petty thief I'd have the parole board helping me to get a job. 1972‘W. Haggard’ Protectors v. 63 Jack would be out in around five years, even less if the Parole Board were helpful. 1974Times 17 Apr. 14 Prisoner's cases are considered by the local review committee..and are then referred..to the Parole Board for England and Wales.
1900Westm. Gaz. 19 Sept. 4/2 It is difficult to see how we can with any show of fairness inflict any severe punishment on the parole-breakers.
1939Sun (Baltimore) 22 Nov. 9/2 The State hospital system will institute an extensive program of parole clinics within the next few weeks to provide a follow-up service for furloughed and discharged patients which authorities believe may tend to curtail readmissions.
1812Chron. in Ann. Reg. 89/2 A considerable number of officers have..been ordered into confinement, for..breaches of their parole engagements.
1907Charities & Commons 24 Aug. 609/2 Three parole officers and one parole matron have been added to the police department. 1949Times-Picayune (New Orleans) Mag. 13 Nov. 23/3 He became chief probation and parole officer for the federal court. 1970G. Jackson Let. Apr. in Soledad Brother (1971) 51 Parole officers have sent brothers back to the joint for selling newspapers. 1974Guidelines to Volunteer Services (N.Y. State, Dept. Correctional Services) 36 Parole officer, title. A law enforcement officer, peace officer specifically charged with the supervision, and other related duties, of inmates who are released from correctional facilities via parole or some other form of conditional release. They are professional caseworkers in a law enforcement setting.
1973Daily Tel. 20 June 8/6 During the five years of the parole scheme, only 36 of the 11,055 paroled from sentences for crimes of sex or violence had been further convicted of similar offences. 1973Philadelphia Inquirer (Today Suppl.) 7 Oct. 14/3 The Rev. Anthony Velasquez, his parole sponsor, insists that ‘Tony has never had a fair trial.’
1900Congress. Rec. 24 Jan. 1130/2 We have in that State what is known as the parole system. Prisoners are put out on their good behavior. 1952Manch. Guardian Weekly 8 May 4 The parole system should be reformed and speeded up. 1973Guardian 31 Jan. 6/1 Lord Hunt..said the parole system had been operating for five years and had shown a low failure rate in terms of recalling of prisoners.
▪ II. parole, v.|pəˈrəʊl|
[f. parole n.]
†1. intr. To pledge one's word. Obs.
1716Bp. Nicolson in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 392, I dare parole for him, if the Government sends him back..he'll never petition for another return into his native country.
2. a. trans. To put (a prisoner) on his parole, to liberate on parole.
1790D. Fanning Narrative (1861) 33, I then parolled the prisoners, except 30, which I sent to Wilmington. 1863Emerson Emanc. Proclam. (Cent.), The President by this act has paroled all the slaves in America; they will no more fight against us. 1893Leland Mem. II. 100 If you get [him], don't parole him. Shoot him at once. 1948Chicago Daily News 27 Feb. 1/6 Another of those parolled..put up $5,000 as a fee. 1973Publishers' Weekly 2 Apr. 61/2 The murders took place in 1934. Mrs. Judd was parolled in 1971. 1974[see parole n. 1]. 1975Daily Tel. 3 Apr. 3/4 The two Great Train robbers paroled from jail yesterday had each served more than their legal minimum sentences.
b. U.S. To liberate (a prisoner) on his own recognizances.
1888Troy Daily Times 7 Feb. (Farmer Amer.), The defendant was paroled on his own recognisance. 1888N.Y. Herald 29 July (ibid.), He was paroled until August 8.
Hence paˈroled ppl. a., put upon parole.
1865L. N. Boudrye Hist. Rec. Fifth N.Y. Cavalry 196 It is remarkable how readily paroled Rebel soldiers affiliate with us. 1898Daily News 7 June 5/4 The Spanish are already in American debt for paroled prisoners. 1908Independent (N.Y.) 16 Jan. 146/2 Of his one thousand and seven or eight paroled men, up to this evening, seventy-seven have fallen. 1925Scribner's Mag. Oct 410/1 A large proportion of paroled prisoners have been reclaimed from their evil ways by this judicious system. 1966Listener 4 Aug. 155/1 There may be one or more conditions attached to it, and failure to observe them may cause the paroled prisoner to be returned to prison to finish his sentence. 1972J. Gores Dead Skip (1973) xviii. 131 I'm looking for a paroled con named Howard Odum. |