| 释义 |
▪ I. patronage, n.|ˈpætrənɪdʒ|
[a. F. patronage (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.) = It. patronaggio, in med.L. patrōnāticum, -āgium, f. L. patrōn-us patron: see -age.]
The office or action of a patron: in various senses of the word.
1. Eccl. The right of presenting a qualified person to an ecclesiastical benefice; advowson. Originally, the protection and defence of the rights of a church, which carried with it the right of presentation.
1412in Laing Charters (1899) 24 He..sal noth iniure na disese the place throuch na titil of patronage bot as it is granttit..in this indenture. 1513–14Act 5 Hen. VIII, c. 11 §2 The said Erle..[shall] have and enjoye all and singler Advousons and Patronages of Churches. 1578–9Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 99 The patronage of the said bischoprik of Glasgow. 1730–6Bailey (folio) s.v., Lay Patronage..is a right attach'd to the person either as founder, or heir of the founder; or as possessor of the see to which the patronage is annexed, and is either real or personal. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. x. 246 Patronage was introduced in the fourth century. 1876Freeman Norm. Conq. V. xxiv. 501 In either case, patronage involved, what in later times has come to be its whole substance, a right of nomination. 1883Chambers' Encycl. VII. 328/2 By an act of parliament in 1874, patronage was abolished [in the Church of Scotland].
2. Guardianship, tutelary care, as of a divinity or a saint. arch. or Obs.
1582Stanyhurst æneis ii. (Arb.) 49 And so to bee shielded yet agayn with patronage anticque. 1609Bible (Douay) Gen. xlviii. Comm., The ancient Fathers teach the patronage and Invocation of Angels. 1702Addison Dial. Medals ii. Wks. (Bohn) I. 295 Among the Roman Catholics every vessel is recommended to the patronage of some particular saint. 1805Southey Madoc in Azt. x. 139 His the other pile, By whose peculiar power and patronage Aztlan was blest, Mexitli, woman-born.
3. a. The action of a patron in giving influential support, favour, encouragement, or countenance, to a person, institution, work, art, etc. Originally implying the action of a superior.
1553T. Wilson Rhet. Ep. (1567) A j b, I therfore commende to youre Lordeschyppes tuition and patronage this traictise of Rhethorique. 1567Drant Horace Ded. *ij b, Nor any thing doth add more estimation to true nobilitye, then patronage of learning. 1752Johnson Rambler No. 194 ⁋ 4 My fears of losing the patronage of the family. 1813M. Edgeworth Patron. xiv, Obtain for your girls what I call the patronage of fashion. 1839Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 75 Henry's patronage of letters was highly commendable. 1860C. Knight Pop. Hist. Eng. VI. vi. 91 Thanks to the example of the ‘poor author’ who threw the tardy patronage of lord Chesterfield in his face. 1866Geo. Eliot F. Holt i, Harold had gone with the Embassy to Constantinople, under the patronage of a high relative, his mother's cousin.
b. spec. Protection, defence; protectorship. ? Obs.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. viii. 26 Leave unto me thy knights last patronage [i.e. of his dead body]. c1611Chapman Iliad vi. 469 Lest, of a father's patronage, the bulwark of all Troy, Thou leav'st him a poor widow's charge. 1706Phillips, Patronage, Protection, Defence. 1844Thirlwall Greece VIII. 369 Without having been able to effect anything..for..the newly expelled Spartan exiles, who had likewise reckoned on his patronage.
†c. Advocacy, countenance, support. Obs.
1610A. Willet Hexapla Dan. 114 The multitude of those that erre, is no patronage for error. 1612T. Taylor Comm. Titus ii. 11 This place..rightly interpreted, yeeldeth no patronage to that deuise of Vniuersall election. 1674Owen Holy Spirit (1693) 10 He doth therein undertake our Patronage, as our Advocate.
d. Countenance or favour shown with an air or assumption of superiority; patronizing.
1829Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 279 A distinct patronage both of Providence and the Devil. 1870Dickens E. Drood ii, With a pleasant air of patronage, the Dean as nearly cocks his quaint hat as [etc.]. 1883Jos. Quincy Figures of Past 61 If there was a little savor of patronage in the generous hospitality she exercised among her simple neighbors, it was never regarded as more than a natural emphasis of her undoubted claims to precedence.
e. In commercial or colloquial use: The financial support given by customers in making use of anything established, opened, or offered for the use of the public, as a line of conveyances or steamers, a hotel, store, shop, or the like.
1804Ann. Rev. II. 187/1 That the institution has all that claim to general patronage..we are disposed to deny. 1856Olmsted Slave States 76 The appearance of the other public-house indicated that it expected a less select patronage. Mod. ‘Messrs. A. and B. have opened a new establishment for the supply of.., and hope for a share of public patronage’.
f. Rom. Antiq. The rights and duties or position of a patron (sense 2 b).
1697[see clientship]. 1885Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 413/1 The patronage and the clientage were alike hereditary.
4. The right or control of appointments to offices, privileges, etc., in the public service.
1769Junius Lett. iii. 18 Is the command of the army, with all the patronage annexed to it, nothing? 1792Gouv. Morris in Sparks Life & Writ. (1832) II. 259 The ministers possess more patronage than any monarch since Louis the Fourteenth. 1800Asiat. Ann. Reg., Proc. E. Ind. Ho. 116/1 Why had they confined their inquiry to one individual charge of the abuse of patronage—that of the sale of writers appointments? 1886N. Amer. Rev. CXLII. 577 The senators of each State divided their patronage to suit them⁓selves, fulfilling the pledges of the last election and bribing voters for the next.
5. Arms of Patronage (Her.): see quots.
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Arms of Patronage, in heraldry, are those, a top whereof are some marks of subjection and dependance... The cardinals on the top of their arms bear those of the pope, who gave them the hat, to shew that they are his creatures. 1823Crabb Technol. Dict., Patronage, Arms of (Her.), those arms which governors of provinces, lords of manors, patrons of benefices, add to their family arms to betoken their right and jurisdiction.
6. attrib. (chiefly in senses 1 and 4), as patronage curse, patronage-monger, patronage polity, patronage reform, patronage system, etc.; Patronage Secretary (in Great Britain), the Secretary of the Treasury through whom the patronage of that department of the government is administered and appointments to departments under its control made; so Patronage Secretaryship.
1907Daily Chron. 18 July 3/6 The patronage curse..has received the benediction of a Liberal Government.
1968Economist 28 Dec. 21/2 It seemed unquestionably right to establish the teaching profession as a separate civil service beyond the reach of politicians and patronage-mongers.
1971P. A. Allum Politics & Society Post-War Naples (1973) iv. 98 The patronage polity has been absorbed within the parliamentary system despite the contradictions between them.
1897Daily News 21 Oct. 8/7 Archbishop Benson..was..greatly disappointed at his failure to get his patronage reforms, as embodied in the Benefices Bill, through.
1852Disraeli Ld. G. Bentinck xvii. 314 Sir Robert appointed the man of the world financial secretary of the treasury..and entrusted to the student, under the usual title of patronage secretary of the treasury, the management of the house of commons. 1873Trollope Phineas Redux (1874) I. xvi. 127 Roby..was at this moment Mr. Daubeny's head whip and patronage secretary. 1875Le Fanu Will. die xxix, That judicious rewarder of public virtue, and instructor of the conscience of the hustings, the patronage Secretary of the Treasury. 1881Daily Tel. 4 Mar. 2 Whether it was with the Sanction of the Government that certain draft Editorials..have been forwarded to organs of the press by the noble lord the Patronage Secretary. 1909Westm. Gaz. 16 Sept. 9/2 When he laid down the Patronage Secretaryship he assumed the offices of Lord Privy Seal and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
1802Deb. Congress U.S. 18 Feb. (1851) 580 A variety of circumstances..gave the patronage system the preponderancy, during the first three Presidential terms of election. 1976National Observer (U.S.) 24 Apr. 16/4 The patronage system in the nation's fourth-largest city remains intact, and it is expected that the power it wields will be utilized with considerable impact.
▪ II. † ˈpatronage, v. Obs.
[f. prec. n.; perh. influenced by It. patroneggiare to patronize.]
trans. To give patronage to; to countenance, uphold, protect, defend; to patronize.
1587Greene Euphues' Censure Ep. Ded., For that the goddesse [Pallas] did most patronage learning and souldiers. 1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, iii. i. 48 Yes, as an Out-law in a Castle keepes, And vseth it, to patronage his Theft. 1596Edward III, iii. iii, To patronage the fatherless and poor. 1598R. Haydocke tr. Lomazzo To Rdr., To patronage them from the insolent incroaching of men of no desert. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. Aaaa ij, That I may charge you to Patronage no more than you had.
Hence † ˈpatronaged ppl. a.; † ˈpatronaging vbl. n. and ppl. a. Obs.
1597J. King On Jonas (1618) 124 That it should be rackt to the patronaging of Temo's cosenage. 1650Don Bellianis 254 The quiet shore of your most gentle and patronaging favours. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 411 The Patron ought..to have Honours done him in such patronag'd Church, as the best seat therein and the like. |