| 释义 |
phonemic, a. and n. Linguistics.|fəʊˈniːmɪk|
[f. phoneme 1 b + -ic.]
A. adj. Of or pertaining to phonemes or phoneme theory; analysable in terms of phoneme theory.
1933L. Bloomfield Language v. 85 The laboratory phonetician usually knows, from other sources, the phonemic character of the speech-sounds he is studying. 1933E. Sapir in Encycl. Social Sci. IX. 155/2 Not only are all languages phonetic in character; they are also ‘phonemic’. Ibid., Languages differ very widely in their phonemic structure. 1942Bloch & Trager Outl. Linguistic Analysis ii. 36 For nearly all purposes it is better to use a Phonemic transcription, which represents the sounds of the language organized into a few dozen distinctive units. 1947E. H. Sturtevant Introd. Linguistic Sci. xi. 122 No scholar has a right to demand..that we discard the familiar and convenient word phonemic for the reason that if an ancient Greek had coined an adjective from the noun phōnēma he would probably have produced phōnēmaticos. 1950R. A. Hall Linguistics & Your Lang. vi. 96 Then, when he has gotten the best phonetic and phonemic analysis possible for the language he is working on, the linguist is ready to go ahead and analyze its grammatical structure. 1950D. Jones Phoneme ii. 9 The more general use of the term [sc. language] covers the speech of people who speak in ways differing considerably from each other—who use different sounds, or who use sounds in such a way that a different phonemic classification is called for. 1955Q. Jrnl. Speech XLI. 254/1 The variation is non-significant, of course, but belongs on the morphemic rather than the phonemic level. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 13 June 334/5 The earlier lessons, which offer a phonemic transcription with the ordinary spelling of words, ask for hard work both in the classroom and outside. 1964M. A. K. Halliday et al. Linguistic Sci. 300 Transformation grammar has thus taken over, but reversed, the hierarchical relation among levels that is characteristic of phonemic–morphemic theory. 1965Chomsky & Halle in Jrnl. Linguistics I. 98 We suggested the names systematic phonemic and systematic phonetic for these levels of representation. Ibid., We called these taxonomic phonemic theories so as to bring out their reliance on procedures of segmentation and classification and their essential independence of ‘higher levels’. 1967Ibid. III. 3 The advantage of introducing a systematic phonemic level is that it enables us to generalize the phonological description beyond the limits of one speaker. Ibid. 25 Given a taxonomic phonemic system, it can always be ‘translated’ into distinctive feature terms. 1968Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. 11 We will make no further mention of ‘phonemic analysis’ or ‘phonemes’ in this study and will also avoid terms such as ‘morphophonemic’ which imply the existence of a phonemic level. 1968P. M. Postal Aspects Phonol. Theory iv. 90 It is natural to view autonomous phonemic representations as being exactly like phonetic representations except that certain ‘redundant’, ‘predictable’, ‘noncontrastive’, etc., features of the phonetic representation have been eliminated. 1971Language XLVII. 503 Some of the theoretical discussions dealing with generative phonology have been concerned with demonstrating that a phonemic level of representation could not be motivated within phonological descriptions and that the only relevant levels were the morphophonemic and the phonetic. 1972M. L. Samuels Lingustic Evol. iii. 31 Phonemic shifts are..often extensive and involve a large part of the vocalic or consonantal systems. 1973A. H. Sommerstein Sound Pattern Anc. Greek i. 2 An autonomous phonemic description of classical Attic. 1974tr. Wertheim's Evolution & Revolution iii. 74 At present China could lead the way in introducing ‘phonemic spelling’.
B. n. pl. (const. as sing.). [See -ic 2.] The study of phonemes and phoneme systems; phonemic analysis.
1936W. F. Twaddell in Language XII. 294 These [t]s, in the practice of every writer on phonemics, are considered as one phoneme. 1940Ibid. XVI. 247 In English we have the incomparably superior term phonemics, which leaves us free to use phonology in its old and widely established usage as a general term for all the phenomena concerned with the production and use of sounds. 1949G. L. Trager Field of Linguistics 5 The description of the phonemes of a language, and of their occurrence and arrangement, is the phonemics of that language. 1952A. Cohen Phonemes of Eng. i. 4 Phonemics..must concern itself with studying distinctive oppositions existing between sounds or sound features. 1957N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. i. 11 A linguistic level, such as phonemics, morphology, phrase structure, is essentially a set of descriptive devices that are made available for the construction of grammars. 1964― Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 74 It seems necessary to conclude that systematic phonemics and systematic phonetics are the only two levels of representation that appear in structural descriptions provided by the phonological component. Ibid. 75 Let us coin the term ‘taxonomic phonemics’ to refer to this body of doctrine. 1968P. M. Postal Aspects Phonol. Theory iv. 89 Traditional autonomous phonemics was able to maintain a natural relation between phonetic and phonemic organization in the absence of any universal rules of the type required by systematic phonemics simply because its phonemic and phonetic systems were so close. 1968Language XLIV. 723 The concept of taxonomic phonemics in linguistics..arose in part as a result of traditional orthographic practices. 1972M. L. Samuels Linguistic Evol. i. 4 There has been justifiable insistence, in recent decades, that graphetics and graphemics must in the first instance be studied separately, before their relationship with phonetics and phonemics can be considered. 1975L. M. Hyman Phonology 82 Systematic phonemics..goes beyond proposing an abstract morphophonemic level.
Hence phoˈnemically adv., with regard to phonemes; in terms of phoneme theory; phonemicist |fɒˈniːmɪsɪst|, a specialist in or student of phonemics.
1934Language X. 123 If a set of phonemic elements only occur together, they constitute a phonemically unitary complex; thus, the stop and the aspiration in English initial f. 1935Ibid. XI. 97 The technique of analyzing phonemically the structure of a dialect. 1942Bloch & Trager Outl. Linguistic Analysis iii. 46 If a language has only five vowel phonemes, the best way of representing them phonemically—regardless of their phonetic nature—is by the letters a, e, i, o, u. Ibid. 49 The affricates in chain and Jane are treated by many phonemicists as unit phonemes, often written /č, j̆/. 1951Language XXVII. 219 The English affricates ch and j have generally been regarded as double sounds by phoneticians; but phonemicists have vacillated back and forth. 1966N. Chomsky in Current Trends in Linguistics III. 49 The notion of ‘complementary distribution’..permits analyses that are not acceptable to the taxonomic phonemicist (or to anyone else). 1967C. L. Wrenn Word & Symbol 5 The multifarious and phonemically divergent regional dialects spoken in the Chinese Republic. 1975Amer. Speech 1972 XLVII. 246 We list all the contrasting ways of beginning an English stressed syllable (in utterance-initial) that every classical phonemicist would have agreed must be a ‘cluster’ rather than a single ‘segmental phoneme’.
Add: phoneˈmicity n., the quality or principle of being phonemic; phonemic status or analysis.
1934Y.-R. Chao in Bull. Inst. Hist. & Philol. Acad. Sinica IV. iv. 392 Between these extremes, there are all intermediate proportions of phoneticity and phonemicity. 1947C. F. Hockett in Language XXIII. 324 The phonemicity of the point of syllable division is my conclusion from the evidence he gives. 1982Papers Dict. Soc. N. Amer. 1977 35 If..one's goals are clarity, ease of recognition and speed of perception, then some compromise with strict phonemicity seems in order. |