| 释义 |
‖ phylum|ˈfaɪləm|
Pl. -la.
[mod.L., a. Gr. ϕῦλον race, stock.]
1. a. Biol. A tribe or race of organisms, related by descent from a common ancestral form; a series of animals or plants genetically related; a primary division or subkingdom of animals or plants supposed to be so related. Also transf. and fig.
1876tr. Haeckel's Hist. Creation II. xvi. 42 By tribe, or phylum, we understand all those organisms of whose blood⁓relationship and descent from a common primary form there can be no doubt, or whose relationship, at least, is most probable from anatomical reasons, as well as from reasons founded on historical development. 1878Bell tr. Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. p. xvii, I have arranged the chief phyla first of all in the form of a genealogical tree. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 578 The classes..collectively termed Vermes do not constitute a phylum..comparable..to the phyla Mollusca or Echinodermata.
transf. and fig.1945Auden Coll. Poetry 162 Whole phyla of resentments every day Give status to the wild men of the world Who rule the absent-minded. 1971New Scientist 25 Mar. 682/1 We have to regard science as a ‘phylum’ (as the term is used by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin)—that is, as an expanding movement within the four-dimensional spacetime continuum of the social system. 1973Sci. Amer. Apr. 121/1 Computers are no longer individuals with names but a phylum of many species, rapidly evolving under selection pressures.
b. Psychol. The human race or group as it is relevant to the development of the individual.
1927T. Burrow in Brit. Jrnl. Med. Psychol. VII. 199 The social group or phylum. Ibid. 202 In a comprehensive view of our human phylum there remains no other conclusion than that the social mind..comprises a systematization of social images. 1930― in Psyche XI. ii. 69 Medicine, then, became a science when the symptoms of the individual ceased to be the focus of interest and when interest became focussed instead upon the pathological germ or cause of definite alterations of tissue and their characteristic symptoms, as these..were observed within the organism of man..as a species or phylum. 1940H. G. Baynes Mythol. of Soul i. xii. 460 The concept of individuality as a self-contained, self-regulating organism has no validity unless it also embraces this backward extension of the ancestral phylum. 1953T. Burrow Sci. & Man's Behavior vi. 73 Some of my colleagues commented upon the unusual sense in which I use the term ‘phylum’... By this term I do not mean to separate man from the rest of the vertebrates. I am merely trying to discuss man, with his social needs and interests, as a biological organism.
2. Linguistics. A group of languages related, or believed to be related, less closely than those of a family or stock.
1958H. Hoijer in R. H. Thompson Migrations in New World Culture Hist. 59 There is no indication that the families of a phylum, or the phyla of a macro-phylum, need be connected by clearly statable phonetic correspondences. 1965Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics X. 142 The reconstruction (by comparative method linguistics) is systematic... The reconstruction (in phylum linguistics) is illustrative and restricted to a relatively small set of cognates and typological samenesses which point to an earlier phylum parent language in the prehistoric era. 1973A. P. Sorensen in D. R. Gross Peoples & Cultures of Native S. Amer. 333 Two of them represent the comparative method linguistics approach..; the other two represent the phylum linguistics approach. 1973Language XLIX. 239 Tarascan, like Zuni, is a one-language phylum. |