| 释义 |
▪ I. retort, n.1|rɪˈtɔːt|
[f. retort v.1]
†1. Mus. A ‘retorted’ mood. Obs. rare.
1597Morley Introd. Mus. 27 The first must serue you in your first singing till you come to this sign {repetn} where you must begin again and sing by the retort in half time.
2. a. A sharp or incisive reply, esp. one by which the first speaker's statement or argument is in some way turned against himself, or is met by some counter-charge. Also fig.
App. not in very common use before the 19th c.
1600Shakes. A.Y.L. v. iv. 76 He sent me word, if I said his beard was not cut well, hee was in the minde it was: this is call'd the retort courteous. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) VIII. xix. 242 The mockers were mocked by that retort. 1777Sheridan Trip Scarb. iii. ii, Well then, let Loveless look to his wife, 'twill be but the retort courteous on both sides. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xvi, The priest interrupted Vivaldi's retort. 1824Byron Def. Transf. i. ii, That's a fair retort, For I provoked it. 1852Rogers Ecl. Faith (1853) 269 If you give up that principle, you lay yourself open at once to the retort that your position is insecure. 1870Burton Hist. Scot. VI. lxx. 496 It was suggested, as a sort of retort against the new demand, that it would be more suitable for the king himself to sign the Covenant.
b. retort courteous: in allusion to quot. 1600 in sense 2 a. Also retort discourteous.
1908[see oar n. 5 a]. 1928A. Huxley Point Counter Point iv. 64 The question..fairly invited the retort discourteous. 1977H. L. McGuffie in Bond & McLeod Newslett. to Newspapers iii. 197 The quarrel in print..ranged all the way from the Retort Courteous to the Lie Direct.
3. The act or practice of replying in a sharp or incisive manner (see prec.). Also transf.
1791Boswell Johnson an. 1783, Johnson's dexterity in retort..was very remarkable. 1808Med. Jrnl. XIX. 518 Dr. Kentish..has laid himself very open to animadversion and retort from me. 1845Stocqueler Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 99 It is cowardly to raise a hand to one who is incapable of physical retort. 1848Dickens Dombey xxiii, Mrs. MacStinger in retort, looked at her all over.
b. Const. of something.
1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 111 Nothing is so easy and inviting as the retort of abuse and sarcasm. 1847R. W. Hamilton Rewards & Punishm. viii. (1853) 357 The retort of an objection is no positive argument. 1877Jacox Script. Prov. xi. 115 Experiencing a retort of the ill-usage they had formerly inflicted.
†4. = retortion 1. Obs. rare—1.
1755J. Clubbe Misc. Tracts (1770) 100, I found two pateræ not cemented, but skrewed together... Having opened it by retort of the skrew, I discovered an incrustated surface.
▪ II. retort, n.2|rɪˈtɔːt|
[a. F. retorte (= It., Sp., Pg. retorta), ad. med.L. retorta, fem. of L. retortus, pa. pple. of retorquēre: see retort v.1]
1. A vessel generally made of glass, but occasionally of metal or earthenware, and provided with a long neck, bent downwards, in which liquids, etc., subjected to distillation are heated.[1558Warde tr. Alexis' Secr. (1568) 9 b, A crooke necked violle..which the french cal Retorte. a1608Dee Relat. Spir. ii. (1659) 12 The Still where he had the Spirit of Wine distilling over out of a Retorto.] 1605Timme Quersit. i. v. 21 Those saltes, being put into a retort,..stilleth forth a volatile salt. 1651French Distill. i. 35 Let it be put into a Retort, and distilled in sand. 1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 164 The black Oil of Tartar by the Retort is admirable for the Cure of Scabs. 1796E. Hamilton Lett. Hindoo Rajah (1811) II. 107 My friend had forgotten the necessary management of a retort, which, for want of his attention, burst in pieces. 1812Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 227 The bottom of the retort is then gently heated by means of a lamp, and the extremity of its neck introduced under an inverted cylinder filled with water. 1871B. Stewart Heat (ed. 2) §140 The vapour is condensed as fast as it is formed, and trickles back into the retort.
fig.1874Sayce Compar. Philol. vi. 217 We must throw our words into the retort of the comparative method.
2. A vessel in which mercury is separated from amalgam or impurity by volatilization.
Several forms are now employed for this purpose. In early use perh. not distinct from sense 1.
1683Pettus Fleta Min. i. 314 Put it [quicksilver ore] into a Retort or other..Instrument. 1727–38Chambers Cycl. s.v. Mercury, Compounded of crude mercury driven over from sea-salt in a retort. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 805 Large retorts, styled cucurbits, of cast iron, in which the ore of mercury is subjected to distillation. 1873Spon Workshop Rec. Ser. i. 222/1 The amalgams.. are then distilled in cast-iron retorts of a peculiar shape. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 191/1 The soft cake of amalgam is transferred to a retort, to have the mercury distilled out of it.
3. A clay or iron receptacle, forming a cylinder or segment of one, in which coal is heated for the production of gas.
1808Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 127 About one-third of the above quantity..is required for fuel to heat the retorts. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 548 As soon as gas begins to be disengaged from the ignited retort. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. II. 95/2 The first portion of the process..is to submit coal to the action of heat in an air-tight vessel, commonly called a ‘retort’.
4. A furnace in which iron is heated with carbon, in order to produce steel.
1868Joynson Metals 76 By introducing bars of wrought-iron along with carbon into retorts. 1884W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron 227 For the purpose of cooling the reduced metal, the retorts were made slightly larger at the lower than at the upper end.
5. attrib., as retort bench, retort cap, retort-end, retort-flask, retort furnace, retort glass, retort-house, retort-neck, etc.; retort carbon, carbon which remains as a residue in the retort when the gas has been extracted from coal.
1688Holme Armoury iii. xi. 424/1 He beareth Sable, a Stillers Retort, or a Retort Glass, Argent. 1827Faraday Chem. Manip. xv. 359 Retort caps are cylinders of thin brass plate. 1839Mechanic's Mag. XXXI. 7/2 The pipes leading from the retort-house to the reservoirs. 1841Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. IV. 100/2 Each retort-house contains one stack and four sections of retort benches. 1863Tyndall Heat viii. §297 (1870) 229 Attach to each end..a piece of retort carbon. 1879Encycl. Brit. X. 91/2 Retort furnaces are commonly fired or heated with a portion of the coke which forms one of the bye-products of the gas manufacture. 1881Tyndall Ess. on Floating Matter of Air 143 Experiments with pipette-bulbs and retort-flasks. 1958A. D. Merriman Dict. Metallurgy 287/1 Retort furnace, a metallurgical furnace consisting of a fire-chamber, and frequently regenerative chambers, in which the retorts are placed for containing the materials for treatment. Ibid., Cast-iron retorts are sometimes used in the retort furnace for treatment of mercury ores.
Sense 5 in Dict. becomes 6. Add: 5. A vessel in which canned or packaged foodstuff is sterilized by heating directly or under pressure. Cf. autoclave n. 2, digester n. 4 a.
1897Prescott & Underwood in Technol. Q. X. 185 The introduction of digesters or ‘retorts’, about 1870, was the next..step in the development of sterilizing apparatus. 1912A. W. Bitting Canning of Foods 23 The cans are collected in large iron baskets, which usually hold 270 No. 2 or 180 No. 3 cans, and three baskets fill a retort. 1937O. & T. W. Jones Canning Pract. & Control iii. 41 When the contents of the can at the centre have been heated to the same degree as the retort, then the whole of the contents will be at that temperature. 1951M. B. Jacobs Chem. & Technol. Food III. 1874 The position of the can in the retort during a still cook has been found to be significant. 1969J. G. Brennan et al. Food Engin. Operations x. 208 Non-agitating batch retorts are used extensively. 1988Vegetarian Mar.–Apr. 29/1 The cans are..automatically filled, the remaining end sealed into place and then they are heated in a huge pressure cooker, called a retort, at up to 250°F for a half to one hour.
6. retort pouch, a type of flexible packaging in which food is sterilized by heating in a retort (sense 5).
1972Food Technol. Aug. 65/1 There has been a need for a commercially sterile, flexible package in which undesirable microorganisms can be eliminated or deactivated. This has been accomplished with Continental Can Company's flexible *retort pouch. 1984Financial Times 10 Feb. 12/7 The use of polyester film is expected to more than double between 1982 and 1995 because of its expanded application in frozen food packaging and retort pouches.
▪ III. retort, v.1|rɪˈtɔːt|
[f. L. retort-, ppl. stem of retorquēre, f. re- re- + torquēre to twist, turn: cf. contort, distort, etc.]
I.
1. a. trans. To make return of (something done to one, esp. an injury); to repay or pay back; to requite by retaliation.
c1557Abp. Parker Ps. xxviii. 65 As is theyr deede so let them speede; retort their craftes. 1598–9B. Jonson Case Altered i. ii, We shall retort these kind favours with all alacrity of spirit. c1620Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) 154, I will retort..that..wrong. 1645Milton Tetrach. Wks. 1851 IV. 206 So Christ to retort these arrogant inquisitors their own, tooke the course to lay their hautinesse under a severity which they deserv'd. 1726Pope Odyss. xxi. 142 How shall this arm, unequal to the bow, Retort an insult, or repel a foe? 1777Sheridan Sch. Scand. v. ii, Let them laugh, and retort their malice only by showing them you are happy in spite of it. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. iii. 395 It was now his time to retort the humiliation. 1856Merivale Rom. Emp. xlvi. (1865) V. 412 They never dared to retort in concert the invasions under which they had suffered.
b. To cast back, to cause to return, upon or against the offending party.
c1559Abp. Parker in Burnet Hist. Ref. II. Rec. ii. iii. 359 And then both the Devil and Man..shall have their Malices retorted upon themselves again. a1618Sylvester Panaretus 873 Heav'ns Right-hand..retorting all upon your Foes..Sends Terrors. 1718Free-thinker No. 90 ⁋5 They..retort upon the Aggressour the Injury, which they parry from themselves. 1760C. Johnston Chrysal (1822) II. 152 Not only escape the ruin meditated against him, but also retort it on the machinators. 1781Cowper Truth 502 Hear, then, how mercy, slighted and defied, Retorts th' affront against the crown of pride. 1810Lamb Good Clerk, Retorting upon the grave citizens of London their own arts. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 373 The aggression against God is retorted upon the aggressor.
†c. To bring as a return to one. Obs. rare—1.
1632Lithgow Trav. viii. 349 Wars..the issue whereof, but retorted to the Duke a redoubling disaduantage.
†d. To do (something) in retaliation. Obs.—1
1637R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose i. 12 Yet did hee not retort ought savouring of revenge.
e. intr. To reply by retaliation. rare—1.
1883C. Reade Tit for Tat vi, He threatened violence. They prepared to retort to it.
2. To cast or hurl back (a charge, accusation, epithet, etc.). Freq. const. on.
1596Harington Metam. Ajax (1814) 128, I shall straight retort all the blame..upon yourself. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, ii. i. 54, I do retort the solus in thy bowels. 1650Fuller Pisgah iv. v. 86 The Egyptian Authors slanderously retorted these loathsome diseases on the Israelites. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. ii, He asserted that I was heterodox; I retorted the charge. 1781Cowper Conversat. 767 Retort the charge, and let the world be told She boasts a confidence she does not hold. 1804Med. Jrnl. XII. 189 The accusation of sinister motives is easily made, and as easily retorted. 1816J. Wilson City of Plague ii. v. 81 Fool! villian! liar! thus do I retort Thy insupportable words. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §6. 522 He was still resolute to retort the charge of treason on his foes.
absol.1737Gentl. Mag. 553/1 May not we, with equal Justice, retort upon them, when, laying aside their natural Characters, they assume those which are appropriated to us?
3. a. To reply in kind to (a jest, sarcasm, etc.); to answer with the like. Also const. on.
1602Marston Antonio's Rev. i. iii, I scorne to retort the obtuse jeast of a foole. 1665Glanvill Def. Van. Dogm. p. xiv, Nor shall I retort with animosity those less obliging passages. 1734tr. Rollin's Rom. Hist. (1827) III. 85 Hipponax retorted their pleasantry with such keen strokes of satire that they hanged themselves. 1754Chatham Lett. Nephew iv. 24 Retort their raillery with raillery, always tempered with good breeding. 1814D'Israeli Quarrels Auth. (1867) 306 With what good-humour he retorts a piece of sly malice of Pope's. 1848H. Rogers Ess. (1874) I. vi. 311 If it were worth while to retort the sarcasm on the multitude, it were easy to do so. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) II. 408, I retort your reproach of me.
b. To say or utter by way of (sharp or aggressive) reply; † to return (an answer of this kind); † to allege in return.
1625Burges Pers. Tithes 13 If we vrge them with conscience, they retort a captious answere. 1625–8tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. iii. (1688) 358 She owneth her allowing a Pension to Morgan, and retorteth Pensions granted to the Scots. 1649Milton Eikon. xii. 119 He thinks to evade that by retorting, that some in England fight against him. 1735–6Sheridan Let. to Swift 23 Feb., I cannot help retorting, that I never knew any person so unadviseable as you are. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. xiii, ‘What do you mean by that?’ retorted Squeers in great perturbation. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. i. (1878) 14, I will retort that it is just as true of the sun as of man. 1891H. Herman His Angel 211 ‘You need have no fear of that, my dear,’ retorted her husband.
c. intr. To make a retort or retorts.
1811Jane Austen Sense & Sens. III. i. 26 Marianne was going to retort, but she..forbore. 1838Prescott Ferd. & Is. ii. i. II. 380 Charles, who could not dissemble his indignation during this discourse, retorted with great acrimony when it was concluded on the conduct of Ferdinand. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola i. xvi, He must smile and retort, and look perfectly at his ease.
4. To meet or answer (an argument, etc.) by a similar argument to the contrary; to turn or direct (his own statement) against an opponent.
1610Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 32 This kinde of Argument either by overthrowing one of the parts, or by retorting it, called..a conversion. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxxiii. 255 Our Experiments may..enable us to retort their Arguments against themselves. a1713T. Ellwood Autobiog. (1714) 349 So apt is the Comparison in most Respects..that my Adversary in vain Labours to Retort it. 1785Reid Intell. Powers ii. vii. 267 They are capable of being retorted against his own system. 1788― Aristotle's Logic iv. §7. 102 A remarkable property of the Dilemma is that it may sometimes be happily retorted. 1852Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. 518 Not a single voice was raised in either House..to retort the argument. 1894Westm. Gaz. 30 March 1/2 The answer they make to us may very easily be retorted.
II.
†5.
a. To throw or hurl back (a weapon); to turn back (a blow) upon the striker. Obs.
1592Kyd Sp. Trag. ii. iv. 41 Thus I retort the dart thou threwst at me. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. xii. 104 The Heroe caught it, and retorts againe The singing steele. 1667Decay Chr. Piety iii. ⁋1 Satan has not only evaded, but even retorted those blows which were aim'd at him. 1771Wesley Wks. (1872) VI. 33 To observe how we may retort these fiery darts of the Wicked One.
†b. Const. upon the agent. Obs.
1626Jackson Humiliation Son of God x. 94 The Sonne of God..with this scripture..retorts Satan's attempted blow upon himselfe. 1675Traherne Chr. Ethics 390 If wild-fire be thrown, I will..not, by throwing it back, give my enemy the advantage of retorting it upon me. 1712Budgell Spect. No. 389 ⁋22, I think the best way of dealing with them, is to retort their own Weapons upon them.
†6.
a. To reflect (heat or light); to return or re-echo (a sound); to drive back, etc. Obs.
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. iii. iii. 101 As when his vertues shining vpon others, Heate them, and they retort that heate againe To the first giuer. 1611Cotgr., Heliotrope,..a precious stone which, as a burning glasse, receiueth, and retorteth the Sunne-beames. 1655Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 607/2 Crying and howling whil'st the Locrian Stones, And high Eubœan Hills, retort his Groans. 1662J. Chandler Van Helmont's Oriat. 63 Which vapour..is nothing but water made thin,..and therefore being retorted or struck back by an Alembick, it returns into its antient weight of water.
†b. To transmit by reflection. Obs. rare.
1649Sir R. Tempest Solitariness 4 When the body..is distempered, it retorts and shoots backward its indispositions to the minde. 1713Derham Phys.-Theol. vi. vi. 368 When any thing affects, or alters the Heart, those Impressions are..retorted to the Brain.
†7.
a. To reject or refuse (an appeal). Obs.—1
1603Shakes. Meas. for M. v. i. 303 The Duke's vniust, Thus to retort your manifest Appeale.
†b. To cast or throw (one) out. Obs. rare—1.
1641Brome Joviall Crew i. Wks. 1873 III. 361 Dear Sir, retort me naked to the world, Rather then lay those burdens on me.
†8. To turn back or backwards; to bend or twist back. Obs.
1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. iii. (1632) 68 Rabid with anguish, he retorts his looke Vpon the wound. 1648J. Beaumont Psyche xvi. ccxviii, Retort thine eyes into thy Self, my Dear. 1688Holme Armoury ii. xix. 470/1 Two Serpents bowed at the heads to the joyning in the middle, from thence to the ends of the Tails Retorted. 1718Prior Solomon iii. 516 For Dread and Pain And Grief will find their Shafts elanc'd in vain, And their Points broke, retorted from the Head.
†9. To give in return. Obs. rare—1.
1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1638) 260 Gifts also and reciprocall presents are retorted up and down.
†10. To multiply again. Obs. rare—1.
1655Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 427/1 Two multiplied in itself produceth four; retorted into itself (by saying twice two twice) makes the first Cube.
†11. intr. To spring or fly back; to rebound, recoil; to twist. Obs.
1631J. Taylor Turn Fortune's Wheel Pref., Doth time retort or fortune play the Jade, Or doth the course of fate run retrograde. 1673Penn Spir. Alex. the Coppersmith Rebuked 7 It all retorts from our Impenetrable Armour upon himself. 1710Congreve An Impossible Thing, This line..Render..so direct, that in no sort It ever may in rings retort.
▪ IV. retort, v.2|rɪˈtɔːt|
[f. retort n.2]
trans. To heat in a retort in order to separate or purify substances.
1850N. Kingsley Diary 26 May (1914) 123 A warm [day;] the boys retorted the last weeks work. 1879Encycl. Brit. X. 748/2 In California the amalgam is retorted in cast-iron pans. 1890Pall Mall G. 21 May 2/1 The quicksilver is at intervals scraped off the copper plates and retorted. 1924Jrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technol. X. 537 That refinery is supplied..with the crude oil and ammoniacal liquor derived from the shale retorted there. 1948Rep. Progr. Appl. Chem. XXXIII. 40 The raw shale is retorted at four crude oil works and the crude products are refined at Pumpherston. 1964J. E. Ransom Range Guide to Mines & Minerals iv. 58 There is a 200-ounce limit on the possession of retort sponge gold obtained by retorting the gold–mercury amalgam.
▪ V. † reˈtort, pa. pple. Obs.—1
[ad. L. retort-us, pa. pple. of retorquēre: see prec.]
Turned back.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 55 Then the see Elesponte retorte with grete passage turnethe to the northe. |