| 释义 |
retraction|rɪˈtrækʃən|
[ad. late L. retractiōn-em, n. of action f. retract-, retrahĕre: see retract v.1 So F. rétraction, Sp. retraccion, It. re-, ritrazione. In senses 1–3 used for retractation.]
1. a. = retractation 2 a.
c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋1085 Crist haue mercy on me and foryeue me my giltes, and namely of myn translacions and enditynges of worldly vanitees, the whiche I reuoke in my retracciouns. a1586Sidney Arcadia ii. (1605) 113 Certaine verses, which..she would haue adioyned as a retraction to the other. 1678Sir G. Mackenzie Crim. Laws Scot. (1699) 151 Nor did her Retraction proceed from Repentance, but Confrontation. 1693R. Fleming Fulfilling Script. (1801) App. i. 452 Hath not the greatest reproacher sometimes been forced to give in his retraction? 1750Johnson Rambler No. 31 ⁋16 Such as have adopted his errors should know his retraction. 1775C. Johnston Pilgrim 4 Nor would I to save the imaginary shame of retraction erase a charge, which I thought just when I made it. 1859Thackeray Virgin. xlii, I, of course, will make no retraction or apology. a1871De Morgan Budget Parad. (1872) 344 The authorship should be denied or a proper retraction made.
b. = retractation 2 b.
1642Ordin. & Declar. Lord's Day 7 This doubtfull retraction in the Captaine animated one Iohn Keeve a Cooke to be forward in this designe. 1666Spurstowe Spir. Chym. (1668) 104 A Covenant of Marriage..requires Performances, not retractions. 1818Colebrooke Obligations 43 So long as matters remain entire, there is room for after thought and retraction. 1847Aytoun Tales fr. Blackw. IV. 38 He would even go the length of treating his victim..until the fatal mandate was given, and retraction utterly impossible.
†2. pl. = retractation 1. Obs.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 270 Saynt Austyn, spekynge of the mortificacion of the senses in his boke of Retraccyons. 1617R. Fenton Serm. in Treat. Ch. Rome 97 S. Augustine..doth retract that point in his booke of Retractions. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. Pref. (1827) I. 15 St. Austin, in his Retractions, repents his having lavished so many encomiums on Plato.
3. Withdrawal, recall or revocation, of something decreed, determined, advanced, etc.
1583Foxe A. & M. (1596) 74/1 The imperial proclamations..conteining the retraction or countermand of those things which against the Christians were before decreed. 1641in Urwick Nonconf. Worcester 35 His consent obtained to a retraction of the petition. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. Pref., We have no more to adde, but onely the Retractation or Retraction of one Passage. 1756World No. 161 V. 188 He thought the retraction of an error a deviation from honour. 1828Southey in Q. Rev. XXXVIII. 574 There is even a canon forbidding the retraction of anything that has once been decreed against any heresy whatsoever. 1838Whewell in Todhunter Acc. Writ. (1876) II. 271, I have seen no retraction of these purposes.
4. The action of drawing or pulling back or in; the fact or condition of being drawn in or contracted; retractile power.
c1550H. Lloyd Treas. Health O j, The weaknesse of the retraction and great strengthe of attractyon in the reynes. 1578Lyte tr. Dodoens 451 The sayde herbes..bring to the sicke..intolerable Crampes and retractions of sinewes. 1615Crooke Body of Man 40 Sleep is nothing else but a retraction or calling backe of the heate to the heart from the other partes. 1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 408 The impulsion into the nerves and retraction again of animal spirits. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict., Strabism..consists in the Retraction of the Eye towards one side. 1818–20E. Thompson tr. Cullen's Nosologia (ed. 3) 224 Colica spasmodica; with retraction of the navel. 1862Fuller Dis. Lungs 11 Retraction or falling in of the chest may be either general or local. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 126 Retraction has been noticed on the side opposite to that on which a lung was the seat of morbid growths.
b. spec. of retractile parts or organs.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 155 To assist the protrusion, and retraction of their hornes. 1821W. P. C. Barton Flora N. Amer. I. 23 They open in the evening, just after sunset, by a..retraction of the calix leaves. 1881Nature XXIV. 338/2 The most peculiar..of all the chamæleon's actions—the emission and retraction of its tongue.
c. fig. of mental influences or operations.
a1661Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 324 There is a spirit of retraction of one to his native country. 1694Motteux Rabelais iv. lxvi. (1737) 272 I feel a..Retraction in my Soul, which..admonishes me not to land. 1831T. Hope Ess. Orig. Man II. 354 The same cause producing voluntary impulses outward, or voluntary retraction from without.
†d. Withdrawal, retreat. Obs. rare—1.
1684T. Burnet The. Earth I. 20 They make him do and undo, go forward and backwards by such countermarches and retractions.
e. Phonetics. The drawing back of the tongue in the articulation of speech sounds; articulation thus effected.
1890H. Sweet Primer of Spoken Eng. 4 Each of the vowels formed by the different combinations of retraction and height is either narrow or wide. 1895R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence (ed. 2) ii. 18 We distinguish three horizontal positions, or degrees of retraction of the tongue. 1927Year's Work Eng. Stud. 1925 40 The third point deals chiefly with the phenomena of secondary retraction. 1977Archivum Linguisticum VIII. 76 The only major objection to it must be that there are no other cases in Old English of non-velarized l preventing fronting or causing retraction.
†5. The action or fact of taking away; detraction. Obs. rare.
a1635Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 20 Without retraction from the Honour of so great a Princesse. a1636Lynde Case for Spectacles (1638) 128 As you have purged many places, so likewise you have forged and falsified others by addition or retraction. |