| 释义 |
▪ I. article, n.|ˈɑːtɪk(ə)l|
Also 4–7 articul(e, 5 artycul, artykele, -kle, artikil, 5–6 artycle.
[a. F. article, ad. L. articul-us (which lives on in F. as orteil), dim. of artus joint, f. ar- to join; cf. arm, art.]
I. Literally.
†1. A joint connecting two parts of the body. Obs.
1541R. Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 G ij, Woundes of the artycles are Cacoethes and wycked. 1607Topsell Foure-f. Beasts 745 Their legges are without Articles. 1643J. Steer tr. Exp. Chyr. iv. 11 The Nerves and Articuls. 1693W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. 139 An Article, or joynt, of the body or bones thereof.
II. Of time.
2. a. A nick of time which joins two successive periods, a juncture, a moment; the very moment, the critical point or moment.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ii. xx. (1495) 47 They ben not suffysaunt to the artycle of temptacyon. 1502Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W.) i. ii. (1506) 9 Conferme the holy baptem in the artycle of necessyte. 1634Habington Castara 44 And each article of time Her pure thoughts to heaven flie. 1665–6Phil. Trans. I. 348 Very thick Exhalations..in the Article of the Setting of the Sun. 1709Let. in W. Peek Axholme (1815) 207 Pulled him out, just in the article of time that the roof fill in. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. v. 99 An infirm building, just in the article of falling.
b. esp. in article of death.
a1475Craft of Deyng 37 (1870) Thai that are in the artykle of ded has vþer temptations. 1483Caxton Cato F vj b, Euery man ought to haue good hope whan he is in the article of deth. 1512MS. Reg. Test. Ebor. VIII. 101 b, Seyng the articlys of deth comyng apon me. 1635Evelyn Diary (1827) I. 11 To the very article of her departure. 1782Bp. Newton Wks. II. 706 In the article of death he commended his soul to God. 1861Maine Anc. Law vi. (1876) 207 Roman citizens originally made their Wills only in the article of death.
III. The separate members or portions of anything written. [Articulus in L. was extended from the joint, to the parts jointed on, limbs, members, ‘joints’ of a finger, etc.; whence transf. to the component parts of discourses, writings, actions.]
3. The separate clauses or statements of the Apostles' Creed; the separate items of any summary of faith; the thirty-nine statements to which those who take orders in the Church of England subscribe.
c1230Ancr. R. 262 Þe articles, þet beoð, ase þauh me seide, þe liðes of ure bileaue. 1340Ayenb. 11 Þe tuelf Articles of þe Cristene Byleve. a1400Relig. Pieces fr. Thornt. MS. (1867) 27 Þe twelue artycles of þe trouthe. a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 384 In alle the articles of the feithe I beleeve as holy writte seithe. 1599Broughton's Lett. xi. 38 This article He descended into Hell, is but an explication of the former He dyed and was buried. a1654Selden Table-T. (R.) A minister should preach according to the articles of religion established in the church where he is. 1692Locke Toleration i, Articles of Faith (as they are called)..cannot be imposed on any Church by the Law of the Land. 1719Swift To Yng. Clergym. Wks. 1755 II. ii. 17 That you are any where directed in the canons or articles to attempt explaining the mysteries. 1855Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) II. iv. i. 172 The six great articles in the faith of Islam. 1862Brougham Brit. Const. xvii. 272 note, The Church is not even synonymous with the clergy..according to the definition in the Thirty-nine Articles. 1865Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. Introd. (1868) 31 Will some one undertake to give us Othello by dogmatic article?
4. a. A separate clause or provision of a statute; an enactment, or act. [Common in med. (English) L., as in the Articuli Cleri, Articuli Coronæ.]
[1315Act 9 Edw. II, Articuli Cleri, made at Lincolne.] 1523Fitzherb. Surv. j, This statute..wherin is contayned many and dyuers chapiters and artycles. 1547Act 1 Edw. VI, xii, The statute made for the abolishment of diuersity of opinions, in certaine articles concerning Christiane Religion commonly called the vi articles. 1637Decree Star Chamb. viii. in Milton's Areop. (Arb.) 13 Books, Ballads..printed contrary to this Article. 1711C. M. Let. to Curat 5 The Famous act of the six articles in the Year, 1539.
b. Sc. Hist. Lords of the Articles: a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament, who drafted and prepared the measures submitted to the House.
1483Act 13 Jas. III (1597) §95 The Lordes of the Articles thinkis expedient, etc. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xvii. 308 From the reign of James IV the lords of articles are regularly named in the records of every parliament. a1862Buckle Civilis. (1869) III. ii. 71 The Lords of the Articles whose business it was to digest the measures to be brought before Parliament.
c. the Articles of War: regulations made for the government of the military and naval forces of Great Britain and the United States.
1716Lond. Gaz. mmmmmccccxlvi/10 All having had the Articles of War read to them. 1748in Beatson Nav. & Mil. Mem. (1790) I. 385 The Court unanimously agree, that Rear-Admiral Knowles falls under part of the fourteenth article of war. 1844Regul. & Ord. Army 141 The Articles of War are to be read once in every Three Months to the Officers and Men. 1863Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. ii. ii. 322 The Mutiny Act proceeds to authorize the Crown to make articles of war.
5. Each of the distinct charges, or counts, of an accusation or indictment; in pl. an indictment drawn up in articles.
1413Lydg. Pylgr. Sowle i. xiv. 11, I shold..answere to these artycles of myn accusement. 1553–87Foxe A. & M. III. 140 And charge him with what articles they lusted. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, iv. i. 243 My Lord dispatch, reade o're these Articles. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. ii. §1 Anytus..laid it as an article of charge..against him, that, etc. 1649Selden Laws of Eng. ii. iii. (1739) 20 A trick of a new kind of Trial..by suggestions upon Articles exhibited against any man before the Council-Table. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) VIII. xix. §9. 254 To have any articles to lay to his charge. 1864Burton Scot Abr. I. i. 17 Certain articles presented against this archbishop.
6. Each of the distinct heads or points of an agreement or treaty; hence
a. in pl. a formal agreement. articles of apprenticeship: terms of agreement between an apprentice and his employer. articles of association: rules, conditions, etc., upon which a commercial agreement is founded.
1399Rich. Redeless iv. 43 To reherse þe articlis and graunte all her askynge. 1475Bk. Noblesse 14 The articulis of the pease finalle made between both kingis. 1494Fabyan vi. clxxxix. 192 Amonges other artycles that he bounde theym vnto. 1614B. Jonson Barth. Fair Introd., I am sent out to you here, with a scrivener, and certain articles drawn out in haste between our author and you. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. x. 479 To settle the articles of marriage with him. 1735Pope Donne Sat. ii. 94 Indentures, Cov'nants, Articles they draw. 1749Fielding Tom Jones (1775) III. 200 Articles of separation were soon drawn up, and signed between the parties. 1813Wellington in Gurwood Disp. XI. 94, I have just received the articles of capitulation of the Castle of San Sebastian. 1837Macready in Rem. II. 80 Construction of the actors' articles of agreement.
b. sing. (in same sense). arch.
1741–3Wesley Jrnl. (1749) 79 On Monday an Article was drawn, wherein he agreed to put me in possession on Thursday. 1786T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 18 To prepare an article defining the extent of the powers over commerce.
c. pl. Terms, conditions. arch. Cf. article v. 5.
1650T. B. Worcester's Apoph. 101 You are all offered large Articles for your selves. 1659D'Oyly in Burton Diary (1828) IV. 420 He may sue his articles. 1685Lond. Gaz. mmlxxv/2 Caschaw has surrendred upon Articles. 1727Arbuthnot John Bull (1755) 51 The matter was concluded, and Peg taken into the house upon certain articles. 1761Smollett Gil Blas v. i. (1802) II. 123 An actress enters into articles with a rich gallant.
†d. in horse-racing. Clerk of the Articles = clerk of the course. Obs.
1697Lond. Gaz. mmmcccxxiii/4 Any Person may enter his Horse with the Clerk of the Articles till the 29th Instant. 1706Ibid. mmmmccxix/4 To be governed by the Articles of the Race.
†7. A clause in a will; a legacy. Obs.
1480Bury Wills (1850) 57 Wyllyng the seid will in eueri article to take pleyn effecte. Ibid. 60 Contrarie to the entent of this myn articule and laste will. 1761Smollett Gil Blas ii. ii, Besides her residue under the will, she had some snug little articles.
8. gen. A paragraph, section, or distinct item of any document.
c1430Freemasonry 87 The furste artycul of thys gemetry. 1505Instruc. Hen. VII to Ambassadors in Facsim. Nat. MSS. I. 66 Item, to note welle hir ies, &c.—As to thys articule, the ies of the saide Quyne be of colore browne. 1555Fardle Facions App. 349 The ten articles of the lawe, whiche we commenly calle the .x. commandementes. 1675Baxter Cath. Theol. ii. i. 124 This belongeth to the next Article though here you anticipate it. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 261 All the Substances mentioned in the foregoing Article. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. xx. (1827) IX. 1 This 20th book contains 3 articles. Mod. Every Main word in this Dictionary is treated in a separate article.
9. A literary composition forming materially part of a journal, magazine, encyclopædia, or other collection, but treating a specific topic distinctly and independently. (Here the idea of a section or part of the book, is quite subordinated to that of the independent character of the ‘article.’ It is one of the articles in the paper, as distinguished from the articles of this Dictionary.)
1712Addison Spect. No. 452 ⁋5 They read the Advertisements with the same curiosity as the Articles of publick News. 1749Fielding Tom Jones viii. i, The home articles of a newspaper. 1822Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life II. vii. 151 Charles Lamb's articles, signed ‘Elia.’ 1850Thackeray Pendennis xxx. (1863) 257 Warrington..pointed to one of the leading articles in that Journal. c1870Kinglake Crimea I. (ed. 4) Advt. 13 The book..became the subject—not merely of reviews, but also—of what they call ‘articles.’
IV. A separate thing (immaterial or material).
†10.
a. A particular piece of business, a matter, business, or concern; a subject. of great article: of great moment, of importance. Obs.
1430Paston Lett. 14. I. 30 Ye are Vicar general in Inggelond of the worthy Prelate..and have hys power in many grete articles. 1602Shakes. Ham. v. ii. 122, I take him to be a soul of great article. 1712Steele Spect. No. 428 ⁋1 In his Way to Wealth, which is the great Article of Life. 1748Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. xxxix. 288 To say, there was no article so proper for parents to govern in, as this of marriage. 1767Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wom. I. vi. 252 Permit me, before I dismiss this article, to offer a hint. 1786T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) I. 549 Gardening..is the article in which it surpasses all the earth. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. Introd. 2 In this article Josephus might be mistaken.
b. followed by of: The matter of, the particular item of, that which comes under the head of. (Said also of things material.) in the article of: under the head of, so far as concerns, in regard to.
1598Shakes. Merry W. ii. i. 53 Thou shouldst not alter the article of thy Gentry. 1711Addison Spect. No. 119 ⁋2 A very great Revolution that has happen'd in this Article of Good-breeding. 1788Priestley Lect. Hist. v. li. 389 The very article of making and managing the ships themselves employs a great number of hands. 1805S. Bourne in Rose Diaries (1860) II. 206 He thinks himself..better, particularly in the article of sleep. 1874F. Hall in N. Amer. Rev. CXIX. 321 As he views matters, we have been steadily going down hill, in the article of our mother-tongue.
†11. An item in an account, list, etc. Obs.
1722De Foe Hist. Plague (1754) 8 The Bills rise high, the Articles of the Fever, Spotted-Fever, and Teeth, began to swell. Ibid. (1756) 112 This was really a dismal Article. 1774Mrs. Chapone Improv. Mind II. 63 A considerable article in expence is saved by it.
12. One of the distinct parts or portions of any subject, action, or proceeding (although the latter is not formally divided into items); a piece, a distinct detail, a particular.
1741Middleton Cicero II. xi. 569 An uniformity of character in every article of his conduct. 1760Sterne Tr. Shandy 209, I have an article of news to tell you. 1785Cowper Tirocin. 241 If he there be tamed, Or in one article of vice reclaimed. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. ii. 374 An important article of the duty of the Supreme Council. 1875Grindon Life xviii. 227 To encourage love of work is the first article of sensible education.
13. an article of: a material thing forming part of, or coming under the head of, any class.
1823Rutter Fonthill 50 That superb article of modern luxury. 1827De Quincey Lessing Wks. XIII. 292 The dress..is brought before us article by article. 1840Macready Remin. II. 160 Called at several shops and priced various articles of furniture. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xi. (1878) 215 By the time books..come to be loved as articles of furniture.
14. a. elliptically (= article of trade, commerce, food, clothing, use, property): A commodity; a piece of goods or property, a chattel, a thing material.
1796Grose Dict. Vulg. Tongue (ed. 3), Articles, breeches: coat, waistcoat, and articles. 1804J. Grahame Sabbath (1839) 17/2 The immediate consequence would be (to speak in mercantile phrase) a fall in the price of the article. 1819Byron Juan i. cxliii, Stockings, slippers, brushes, combs..With other articles of ladies fair. 1824Dibdin Libr. Comp. 421 His folio..is yet a ‘crack-article’ with the knowing. 1829Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 269 A superior demand for the article of dramas. 1833H. Martineau Fr. Wines & Pol. v. 81 If this happened with every article..there would be an end of the cheapness. 1852McCulloch Taxation ii. ix. 332 A taxed article, such as soap. 1856F. Paget Owlet of Owlst. 97 Lady Selina was just the article he wished for. 1859Lewes Phys. Com. Life I. ii. 102 If..the purpose of food be to sustain the organism, that article which sustains it longest..must be most nutritive of all. 1883Law Rep., Q. Bench XI. 590 The prosecutor's house was feloniously broken into..and several articles were stolen. Mod. Shopkeeper: ‘The next article, Ma'am?’
b. Applied to a person: often derog. Formerly, in the U.S., used of a slave considered as an ‘article’ of merchandise. slang.
1811Lexicon Balatronicum. Article, a wench. A prime article. A handsome girl. She's a prime article (Whip slang), she's a devilish good piece, a hell of a goer. 1837H. Martineau Society II. 325 The creditors..answered that these young ladies [his ‘quadroon’ nieces] were ‘a first-rate article’. 1844Dickens Mart. Chuz. xxvi. 320 You're a nice article, to turn sulky on first coming home! 1852Stowe Uncle Tom i, There's an article now! You might make your fortune on that ar gal in Orleans, any day. 1857Trollope Three Clerks III. ii. 41 She's the very article for such a man as Peppermint. 1863L. M. Alcott Hospital Sketches v. 80 Here was a genuine article—no, not the genuine article at all, we must go to Africa for that—but the sort of creatures generations of slavery have made them. 1928E. Sutton tr. A. Londres's Road to Buenos Ayres iii. 20 Some ‘articles’ are..women from seventeen to twenty years old. 1957M. K. Joseph I'll Soldier No More (1958) 15 Listen, you sloppy article, who was on guard from twelve to two last night?
c. Colloq. euphemism for chamber-pot.
1922Joyce Ulysses 715 Pitcher and night article (on the floor, separate). 1932Statesman (Calcutta) 24 July, A madman..crowned his amusement this morning by bringing an article which he..sat on. 1958J. Cannan And be a Villain iii. 62 How could he be so rude, she asked, when he said ‘pot’ instead of ‘bedroom article’.
d. With defining word: applied to something judged to be authentic of its kind, not an imitation or counterfeit, esp. (the) genuine article. Cf. the real thing (real a.2 4 c).
1863[see sense b]. 1864C. M. Yonge Trial II. iv. 82, I should think so! Genuine article—no mistake. 1913A. Bennett Regent i. vi. 161 Mr. Rollo Wrissell belonged to one of the seven great families which once governed..England... Edward Henry breathed to himself, ‘This is the genuine article.’ 1919D. Ashford Young Visiters (1951) v. 34 His mother was a decent family called Hyssops of the Glen so you see he is not so bad and desireus of being the correct article. 1922Joyce Ulysses 643 Education (the genuine article).
V. In Arithmetic.
†15. The number 10; each of the tens, or round numbers between units (or digits) and hundreds.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. cxxiii. 923 (1495) Eche symple nombre byneth ten is Digitus and ten is the fyrst Articulus, and the nexte is twenty. 1543Recorde Gr. Arts (1640) 219 This is true both of Digits and Articles. 1594Blundevil Exerc. i. i. 2 Article is any number ending in a Cypher, as 10 is one Article, 20 is two Articles. 1751Chambers Cycl., Article, in arithmetic, signifies the number 10, or any number justly divisible into ten parts.
VI. In Grammar.
16. A name for the adjectives the (Definite Article) and a, an (Indefinite Article), and their equivalents in other languages, sometimes considered to form a distinct Part of Speech.
In this sense representing the L. articulus, a term used in Latin as early as the time of Quintilian as a transl. of the Gr. ἄρθρον, to denote the Gr. ὁ, ἡ, τό = the. The inclusion of a and its equivalents belongs to the grammar of the modern languages. Palsgrave (1530) makes two articles in Fr., ung and le, but he does not seem to know the terms Definite and Indefinite—which were possibly taken (in a new sense) from the language of the ancient Stoic grammarians who (using ἄρθρα to denote the pronouns) distinguished between ἄρθρα ὡρισµένα or Definite articles, and ἄρθρα ἀοριστώδη or Indefinite articles; the former being with them our personal pronouns, the latter the other pronouns and demonstratives including the art. ὁ, ἡ, τό = the. The exact sense in which ἄρθρον was first used in grammar is uncertain. (I. Bywater.)
1530Palsgr. Introd. 14 Besydes the viii partes of speche commen betwene them and the latines..they have also a nynth part of reason whiche I call article, borrowyng the name of the Grekes. 1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 450/2 This worde, that, putteth Tyndall for the article, the. a1637B. Jonson Eng. Gram. Wks. 1859. 778 We add a ninth [part of speech], which is the article: and that is two-fold; Finite..the; Infinite..a. 1711J. Greenwood Eng. Gram. 62 There are two articles, a and the. These are really Nouns Adjective, and are used almost after the same Manner as other Adjectives. Therefore I have not made the Article (as some have done) a distinct Part of Speech. 1867N. & Q. Ser. iii. XI. 52/1 Sir William Davenant contrived to write a poem ‘the London Vacation’ almost without the use of Articles.
▪ II. article, v.|ˈɑːtɪk(ə)l|
5–6 articule, artycule, -cle.
[f. prec.]
†1. trans. To formulate in articles, particularize, specify; with clause, To state that. Obs.
c1450Paper Roll in 3rd Rep. R. Com. Hist. MSS. 279/1 The seid duke articled that after that he was come oute of prisone into England..he went to Caleys. 1494Fabyan vii. 567 It shuld haue ben set out and articuled, euery act therof. a1581Campion Hist. Irel. ii. x. (1633) 135 Lay your heads together, and article the points. 1592Warner Alb. Eng. viii. xli, And daerst thou Minion, quoth the Queene, thus article to me That thou wert Non-plus.
2. To set forth (offences) in articles against (a person).
1494Fabyan Rich. II, an. 1388 (R.) These iniuryes and many moo..were artyculed agayne hym in .xxxviii. sundry artycles. 1650Jer. Taylor Holy Living (1727) 92 All his errors and follies were articled against him. a1700Mem. Col. Hutchinson (1848) 211 They would article against him whatever they could accuse him of. 1883Law Rep., Probate VIII. 196 The offences articled against him were committed whilst he was incumbent of St. Alban's, Holborn.
3. absol. To bring charges, make specific accusations against. (Also with compound passive.)
1530Palsgr. 437/1 He hath artycled agaynst you other wyse than you wene of. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xxii. 56 The Lords..began forthwith to enuy and article against the Protector. 1648Prynne Plea for Lords 41 They were..articled against, at the command of the the Lords. 1655W. Gurnall Chr. in Arm. i. §3 (1669) 62/1 He is a bold man sure that dare find fault with God, and article against Heaven. 1697Snake in Grass 254 John Story, Wilkinson, etc. were..Articl'd against for so much as allowing Liberty of Conscience to any Quaker to Pay Tythes.
4. trans. To indict, charge with specific offences.
a1604Hanmer Chron. Irel. 167 Articling, accusing, and disgracing one another. 1868Times 30 Apr. 12/6 The defendant..had been articled for an ecclesiastical offence.
†5. To arrange by treaty, or stipulations.
a. trans. Obs.
1447–8J. Shillingford Lett. (1871) 97 After the manner and fourme that the saide Mayer and Commenalte have articled. 1580North Plutarch (1676) 124 In which parly it was articled, that the Romans should pay a thousand pound weight of gold. 1600Holland Livy 1014 (R.) Antiochus himselfe, with whom Scipio had articled peace and alliance. 1682W. Evats Grotius' War & Peace 93 It was..Articled between the Kings..that the Egyptians should not come into that Sea with any long Ship.
†b. intr. or with subord. clause or inf. Obs.
1526Wolsey in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. v. 65 The King of England articled to make war upon the Emperors. 1627May Lucan iv. 260 Whilest we are articling Basely about thy safety. 1705J. Logan in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. X. 55 The only secure way will be to article positively. 1762H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) I. 51 Another indenture of 1338..articles, that the workman should have six-pence a foot for white glass.
†c. const. with (a person). Obs.
1611Beaum. & Fl. Philaster iv. 33 He Articles with the gods. 1639W. Cartwright Royall Slave v. iii, Must we be articled with by our women? 1645Symonds Diary (1859) 278 The governour for his owne security had articled with the enemy. a1705Howe Self-ded. Wks. 1810 I. 480 God is pleased to article with dust and ashes. 1764Wesley Wks. (1872) XII. 243, I will article with them to do so.
†d. const. for (a thing). Obs.
1656Bramhall Replic. ii. 94 They articled for the free exercise of the Greek Religion. 1770Langhorne Plutarch's Lives (1879) I. 491/1 Pausanias wanted a truce, that he might article for the dead.
6. trans. To bind by articles of apprenticeship.
1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 161 Their brother too, who had been articled to an attorney.
7. To furnish with articles (of faith). rare.
1826E. Irving Babylon II. viii. 265 And the doctrines by which our fathers articled the Church, are become unapproachably high. |