| 释义 |
▪ I. rider, n.|ˈraɪdə(r)|
Forms: 2–4 ridere (3 ridære, -are, -eare), 4–5 rydere, 5 rydare; 3– rider (4 ridir, 5 ridar, 7 ? ridder), 4–9 ryder; 5–6 Sc. ridar, rydar.
[Late OE. rídere, = Fris. rider, † rijder, MDu. rider(e, Du. rijder), MLG. rîder, ryder, OHG. rîtari (MHG. rîtære, rîter, G. reiter), ON. ríðeri, ríðari: see ride v. and -er1. It is uncertain how far the forms were independently developed in these languages.]
I.
†1.
a. A knight; a mounted warrior. Obs.
c1085O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1085, Se cyng..dubbade his sunu Henric to ridere þær. c1090Ibid. an. 1090, He beᵹeat ma castelas..& þær inne his rideras ᵹeloᵹode. c1205Lay. 5495 Heo ȝærkeden..twa þusend rideres [c 1275 ridares]. Ibid. 9288 Hamun þe ridere smat his aȝene ifere. 1382Wyclif Exod. xiv. 23 Al the horsyng of Pharao, his chares, and his ryders [1388 knyȝtis; L. equites]. a1400–50Alexander 1054 He fande..Na ridars [v.r. ryders] in þa regions, ne rebell bot littill. 14..Sir Beues (E) 1746 He took hys scheeld & hys spere, As it semyd a good rydere. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vi. 312 Thay namet him..a noble rydar, frome this stock is the Erle of Rothose.
b. A mounted reaver or raider, a moss-trooper. Cf. rank rider, s.v. rank a. 3 b. Now arch.
1549Compl. Scot. viii. 74 Sum of ȝou ar be cum neutral men, lyik to the ridars that dueillis on the debatabil landis. a1639Earl of Monmouth Mem. (1759) 92, I had intelligence that there was a great match made at foote-ball, and the chiefe ryders were to be there. a1649Drummond of Hawthornden Hist. Jas. V, Wks. (1711) 99 In Ewsdale eight and forty notorious Riders are hung on growing Trees, the most famous of which was John Armstrong. 1806Scott Fam. Lett. 23 Nov., Executions..thinned..the Border riders who had subsisted by depredation.
2. a. One who rides a horse or other animal (also in mod. use, a cycle); a mounted person. See also rough-rider.
a1300Cursor M. 22015 Neder in strete, waitand hors to stang in fete, to do þe rider fall bi þe wai. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. xi. 208 Now is Religioun a ridere and a rennere aboute. c1440Promp. Parv. 433/1 Rydare, horsman, equester. c1470Henry Wallace v. 287 Or he was horst, ridaris about him kest. 1583[see horseman 1]. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. iii. 39 Two grim lyons..Now made forget their former cruell mood, T' obey their riders hest, as seemed good. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 152 Yet euery one is not to be accounted a horse of seruice, no more than euery horseman a rider. 1671Milton P.R. iii. 314 In Mail thir horses clad, yet fleet and strong, Prauncing their riders bore. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. x. 381 They ran with all their might to see the rider and the horse. 1783W. Thomson Watson's Philip III (1839) 293 Two hundred and twenty horses, with their riders, miserably perished in one sudden conflagration. 1841Borrow Zincali i. v, I am a bad rider, and to save myself expense, I always walk. 1881Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. ii. i. 170 In his younger days he had been a hard rider across country.
transf. or fig.a1586Montgomerie Misc. Poems xlviii. 184 Neptunus ryders begouth also to ryis. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. ii. i. 121 Ber. Your wit..will tire. Rosa. Not till it leaue the Rider in the mire. 1658Rowland tr. Moufet's Theat. Ins. 929 They [sc. bees] carry a most cruel rider on their backs. 1887Morris Odyss. i. 8 They ate up the beasts of the Sun, the Rider of the Air.
†b. (See quot.) Obs.
1796Grose's Dict. Vulgar T., Rider, a person who receives part of the salary of a place or appointment from the ostensible occupier, by virtue of an agreement with the donor, or great man appointing.
c. Sc. Law. A creditor having a ‘riding interest’.
1826Beveridge Forms of Process I. 384 As much of the sum..as will pay the debt and claim of the rider. Ibid., A competition may..ensue among these riders.
d. rider's bone, a form of ossification (see quot.).
1891Moullin Surg. iii. v. 331 The best known example is what is called rider's-bone, developing in the tendon of the adductor longus in those who are accustomed to rough riding.
e. A passenger, esp. one using public transport. Now chiefly U.S.
1886H. Baumann Londinismen 156/1 Rider.., Droschkenkutscher-Slang: Passagier, Fahrgast. 1930[see Job n.2 4 f]. 1966Economist 26 Feb. 798/1 The bankrupt suburban railway services in the East..want to get out of the money⁓losing passenger business entirely, letting their hundreds of thousands of daily riders fend for themselves as best they can. 1972J. Gores Dead Skip (1973) xiii. 89 Kearny opened the rider's door for her: the tall blonde slid in. 1977New Yorker 1 Aug. 28/1 Over the decade 1965 to 1975, the city's transit system, according to the Temporary Commission, lost twenty per cent of its riders.
f. easy rider: see easy a. 14 c.
g. spec. in Surfing.
1963Observer 13 Oct. 15/4 The wave traps and dumps the rider, burying him for half a minute or longer. 1968W. Warwick Surfriding in N.Z. 13/1 Quite often a rider can be so locked in on a fast breaking wave that an ordinary pullout is impossible. 1975Oxf. Compan. Sports & Games 1005/1 The belly-board rider slots in by paddling ahead of the oncoming wave.
3. A gold coin, having the figure of a horseman on its obverse, formerly current in Flanders and Holland; also, a gold coin first struck by James II of Scotland and current in Scotland during the 15–16th centuries. (After Du. and Flem. rijder.)
1479in Cely Papers (1900) 20 An gylden rydar, iijs vjd. 1482Ibid. 126 Item vj Rydars vjs iiijd, xxxviijs. 1488Inv. R. Wardr. (1815) 1 Item, in ridaris nyne score & aucht ridaris... Item, fyftene Flemis ridaris. 1540in Pitcairn Crim. Trials I. *301 Deliverit to þe said Johnne, in Ridaris, Angel-nobillis and Rois-nobillis. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 289 Also they coyne gold Lyons, called Riders, whereof each is worth four Flemmish Guldens and a halfe. 1660in J. Simon Irish Coins (1749) 126 The several species, sorts and kinds of coins following, viz. The Golden Rider, the Half golden Rider. 1688Holme Armoury iii. 30/1 The Scotch Gold Coin,..a Scotch Rider, or Horseman..; they call it also a Ten Mark Peece. 1727W. Mather Yng. Man's Comp. 236 Holland Rider, 6s. 10d. 1783Ann. Reg. 193 The states general of Holland..offered a reward of 1000 golden ryders. 1875Jevons Money 189 In former days many large gold coins, such as..the double ryder, were current.
4.
†a. A riding-master; a horse-trainer. Obs.
a1568R. Ascham Scholem. i. (Arb.) 43 Wise riders, by ientle allurementes, do breed vp in them, the loue of riding. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. i. i. 14 They are taught their mannage, and to that end Riders deerely hir'd. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 259 The Riders of Ferdinand the first, told him there was a Horse in their Masters stable of seventy year old. 1678J. Williams Hist. Gunpowder Treason 21 A Gentleman in those parts..broke open the Stables of one Benock, a Rider of great Horses.
b. A jockey or riding lad.
1795S. Chifney Genius Genuine 143, I had offered myself as rider to..the Duke of Bedford..from Epsom race till the day before this race, at two hundred guineas a year for life. 1805― Patent Specification 16 Feb. no. 2809 (Bridle Bits) (1856) 1 To all to whom these presents shall come, I, Samuel Chifney, of Newmarket, in the County of Suffolk, Rider, send greeting. 1810Sporting Mag. XXXVI. 239 William Wilkinson, rider and training groom to Sir Sitwell Sitwell, Bart.
†5. A ranger of a forest. Obs.
1450–[implied in ridership]. 1647Haward Crown Rev. 50 Rider of the Forrest. c1710C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 40 There is also a Rider of ye Forest who is to see yt all things are secure and well done, and ye timber kept and deer.
†6.
a. A commercial traveller, a bagman. Obs.
1752[see rideout]. 1754J. Shebbeare Matrimony (1766) II. 216 Jack Goodfellow, a Rider to Mr. Buckram, a very eminent Haberdasher..in the City. 1791‘G. Gambado’ Ann. Horsem. (1809) 87 That very numerous and brilliant fraternity, called London Riders, or Bagsters; who..make so smart a figure in a country town. 1800H. Wells Constantia Neville (ed. 2) III. 125 The last comer was a rider to a wholesale warehouse in the city. 1837T. Hook Jack Brag ii, Either a rider to some respectable house in the button line, or a small dealer.
b. Short for circuit-rider s.v. circuit n. 10.
1884‘C. E. Craddock’ In Tennessee Mts. i. 15 The rider says ther's some holp in prayer. Ibid. iii. 143 All them Peels, the whole lay-out, war gone down ter the Settlemint ter hear the rider preach.
7. A horse (of a specified kind) for riding on; dial. a saddle-horse.
1856Olmsted Slave States 59, I have some horses—none on 'em very good ones, though—rather hard riders. 1887Kentish Gloss. s.v., He kips several riders.
8. Curling. A stone driven so as to dislodge other stones blocking the tee.
1891H. Johnston Kilmallie II. 112 This shot,..in curling phrase, was a ‘rider’, for it cannoned on two of the enemy's stones, and drew in softly to the tee.
II.
9. Naut. a. pl. An additional set of timbers or iron plates used to strengthen the frame of a ship internally or externally (see quots.).
1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ii. 5 Great ships haue a tier of beames vnder the Orlop..and great posts and binders called Riders from them to the keele. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. xv. (Roxb.) 37/1 The Riders are great tymbers..which are not properly in the building of the ship but put in to make it the more stronger. 1711W. Sutherland Shipbuilder's Assist. 163 Riders; Pieces fixed on the Inside of the Ship on the In-board Plank, something imitating the Ships Timbers or Ribs. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780), Riders, a sort of interior ribs, fixed occasionally in a ship's hold.., and reaching from the kelson to the beams of the lower-deck, and sometimes higher, in order to strengthen her frame. 1810Naval Chron. XXIII. 112 Standards, top and breadth riders. 1840Civil. Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. III. 277/2 Wherever there is an athwartship bulk-head, there is a system of riders worked on the inner surface of this diagonal frame. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 67 The frames are bound together diagonally, by a series of iron plates called ‘riders’, which are let into the timbers and bolted to them. 1874Thearle Naval Archit. 34 By Lloyd's rules, riders, termed diagonal iron plates, are fitted on the outside of the frames of fir built ships of more than 600 tons.
attrib.1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 47 The heads of the Ryder-bolts.
b. pl. A second or upper tier of casks in a hold.
1846Young Naut. Dict. 251 The term Riders is applied also to any tiers of casks stowed above the ground-tier or above any other tier in a vessel's hold. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 61 How will you proceed? By stowing the lower or ground tier of tanks, then riders or upper tier.
c. A rope, or turn of one, overlying another.
1841R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 42 Pass five, seven, or nine turns..directly over these, as riders. The riders are not hove so taut. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1939/1.
10. Mining.
a. = horse n. 11. Also attrib.
1653E. Manlove Lead Mines 258 Soletrees, Roach, and Ryder. 1747Hooson Miner's Dict. K iv, Rider-joynt runs along as the Vein, and varies according as the Rider grows thicker or thinner. 1813Bakewell Introd. Geol. (1815) 279 There is generally what is called a rider or mass of mineral matter between the ore of very strong rake veins. 1867Smythe Coal 25 When they here and there meet a ‘rider’ inclined the other way, they form a loose mass of coal, very dangerous to unwary colliers.
b. A thin seam of coal or deposit of ore overlying a principal seam or lode.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1939/1. 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining 203.
c. (See quot.)
1883Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining 203 Rider, a guide⁓frame for steadying a bowk in a sinking pit.
11. a. An additional clause tacked on to a document after its first drafting; esp. a supplementary and amending clause attached to a legislative Bill at its final reading. † In early use rider-roll.
1669Noy Rep. & Cases (ed. 2) 84 That which is certified shall be annexed to the Record, and is called a Rider-roll. 1684Manley Cowell's Interpr. s.v. Roll, A Ridder-roll is a Schedule, or small piece of Parchment, added to some part of a Roll or Record. a1734North Exam. iii. vi. §60 Colonel B―h..carried a Rider as it is called, being a Clause to be added at the last Reading. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. 182 If a new clause be added, it is done by tacking a separate piece of parchment on the bill, which is called a ryder. 1833H. Martineau Manch. Strike 34 If ever Parliament passes a Bill to regulate wages, we must have a rider put to it. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. i. xviii. I. 251 The House..tried to coerce the Senate into submission by adding ‘riders’, as they are called, to appropriation bills.
b. A corollary or addition supplementing, or naturally arising from, something said or written.
1813Brand Pop. Antiq. ii. 237 He only inflamed the rage for the Toast, to which they afterwards tacked the following Rider. 1829Examiner 252/2 Such a ‘rider’ to his work would be inestimable to young students. 1868Helps Realmah xvii, The rider which Sir John Ellesmere was good enough..to add to the title of my essay. 1885Law Times LXXIX. 93/1 This then is the inseparable rider to the rule that the death of the master dissolves the contract of apprenticeship.
c. Math. (See quot. 1851.)
1851F. J. Jameson Solution Of Senate-House ‘Riders’ Introd. v, The Board conceives that these Examples, or Riders, to use the more familiar term, afford a searching test of the merits of the candidates. Ibid. vi, Riders we define to be original questions arising either directly or indirectly out of the propositions to which they are appended. 1887Camb. Local Exam., 29th Rep. 18 A large number of candidates sent up correct solutions of the easier riders.
d. A clause added as a corollary to a verdict.
1884Daily News 2 Sept. 3/2 The jury returned a verdict..with a rider that some restrictions ought to be placed on the indiscriminate sale of revolvers. 1886G. Allen Maimie's Sake xxix, The jury..added a rider condemning the use of paraffin lamps..in the Hospital.
e. transf. of material objects. nonce-use.
1859Sala Gas-light & D. xxx, A curiously-bladed knife with a boat-hook and a corkscrew by way of rider.
12. An object bestriding or surmounting another. In various technical uses:
† a. A leaden pipe opening out of a larger one and running parallel with it above. Obs.—1 b. Agric. A bar of wood for connecting two or more harrows. c. = ride n.2 d. U.S. The top bar of a zigzag fence. e. A small sliding piece of aluminium or other metal placed upon the beam of a precision balance and used to determine minute differences of weight. f. Typog. (see quot.). g. Med. In a tintometer: (see quot.). h. Med. A clot (of blood) obstructing a bifurcated vessel.
a.1726Phil. Trans. XXXIV. 79 From the Middle of the Leaden Pipe..(call'd a Rider, from its being laid along on the Main or Conduct Pipe) there goes another Leaden Pipe.
b.1793–1813Rep. Agric. 69 (E.D.D.), All the harrows being fastened together with a lay over, provincially a rider. 1799J. Robertson Agric. Perth 97 In some places of the Carse of Gowrie and Stormont the harrows have what are called riders... Wherever the double coupling iron is used, there is no need of these riders. 1844Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. V. i. 171 Two or three harrows are kept together by a rider, or overlay, and the horses draw abreast.
c.1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §1805 The door to the coal-place to be 11/4-inch proper ledged; hung with hooks and riders (bands), fixed in the wall.
d.1836Backwoods of Canada 188 Breachy cattle..will even toss down a fence with stakes and riders for protection. a1862Thoreau Cape Cod ix, Birchen riders, highest of rails. 1885Harper's Mag. Apr. 702/2 The ‘riders’ of his fences were always heavy and straight.
e.1875Encycl. Brit. III. 263/1 The rider in this case must, of course, form part and parcel of the beam. 1886Cumming Electricity treated Exp. 44 A rider reading thousandths of an ounce on the beam of a grocer's balance.
f.1890in Cent. Dict. 1892Powell Southward's Pract. Print. lii. 463 Riders, i.e., rollers working on rollers, materially assist distribution and good inking.
g.1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 433 The riders are small squares of tinted glass provided for the reading of the degrees between each standard gradation... For the reading of the units nine riders are required.
h.1899Allubtt's Syst. Med. VI. 234 Cylindrical, elongated, or flat emboli are usually caught as riders at an arterial bifurcation.
13. Gardening. A standard tree used temporarily to cover the upper part of a wall. Sc.
1816in Loudon Encycl. Gard. (ed. 2) 479 Against low walls, currants, gooseberries, and raspberries may be placed instead of riders. 1824Loudon ibid. 478 Dwarfs are under⁓stood to be the permanent trees, and riders merely temporary plants introduced to fill up the upper part of the wall. 1860N. Paterson Manse Garden (ed. 9) 65 Let the whole be interspersed with riders, if your wall be eight feet high.
14. Artillery. (See quot.)
1802James Milit. Dict., Rider, in artillery carriages, a piece of wood somewhat higher than broad, the length equal to that of the body of the axle-tree, upon which the side⁓pieces rest, in a four-wheel carriage.
15. Ophthalm. Each of a set of linear opacities extending radially outward from the main opacity in some kinds of cataract.
1892A. Duane tr. Fuchs's Text-bk. Ophthalm. viii. 371 The riders on the periphery of the lamellar cataract originate from the fact that a second layer, peripherally situated with regard to the first, is beginning to become opaque, doing so first only at isolated spots corresponding to the equator of this first layer... These partial opacities embrace the equator of the inner opacity in front and behind; they ride upon it, as it were, whence the name riders. 1937E. Wolff Dis. Eye vi. 65 When viewed with the ophthalmoscope mirror..the disc and riders appear black or grey, and the clear lens around shows the normal red reflex. 1964S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xix. 266 The opacity is usually sharply demarcated and the area of the lens within and around the opaque zone is clear, although linear opacities like spokes of a wheel (called riders) may run outwards towards the equator.
16. attrib., as † rider millstone, the upper millstone; rider-bolt (see 9 a), rider-joint (see 10 a, quot. 1747), rider-kelson (see kelson 1 b), rider-roll (see 11, quots. 1669–84), rider-stone (see quot. 1686). Also rider-like adv.
1548Thomas Ital. Dict., Macina, the rider milstone. 1686R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffordshire iv. §17. 159 About Dudley where the Iron-stone lyes..of a considerable thickness, it is divided..into divers measures of different denominations... 4. The Rider-stone. 1879Mrs. H. B. Paull tr. Swiss Fam. Robinson xxi, Fritz sat rider-like on the now tamed onager.
▸ A supplementary clause in a performer's contract specifying particular requirements for accommodation, food, drink, etc.; the items specified or provided. Hence: an additional fee paid in kind to a performer, usually in the form of food and drink.
1979Washington Post 3 Apr. b2/2 Few fans know it, but one of the perks of performing is the contractual ‘food rider’ requiring promotors to supply stars with anything from caviar to Don Perignon [sic]. 1985B. Young & M. Moody Lang. Rock 'n' Roll 121 To many acts a rider is a bit of a status symbol and in a way can be a gauge of the size and importance of the performer. 1995Unique June 22/1 We leave them to enjoy their very un rock'n'roll rider (one measly pot of PG Tips) and venture out into the moonlight to get sordid tales of beer-sodden debauchery. 2000Front Oct. 84/1 They've won a couple of celeb six-a-side tournaments and even have a football included on their rider (a list of freebies a band requests turn up in their dressing room, or they won't play).
▪ II. ˈrider, v. U.S.
[f. the n.]
trans. To strengthen (a fence) with riders.
1760G. Washington Diary 15 Apr. (1925) I. 155 Good part of my new fencing that was not Riderd was leveld. 1787Ibid. 27 Apr. III. 208 Women staking and ridering fence of the said field. 1858J. A. Warder Hedges & Evergreens 151 In Delaware..worm-fences, not ridered, were to be five feet high. |