| 释义 |
attachment|əˈtætʃmənt|
Also 5 aphet. tachement.
[a. F. attachement: see attach v. and -ment.]
The action of attaching, the condition of being attached.
I. Apprehension, seizure.
1. a. The action of apprehending (a person) and placing him under the control of a court of law; now, especially used of arrest for contempt of court. (With subjective or objective genitive: cf. apprehension 2.)
1447–8J. Shillingford Lett. (1871) 77 Have had, used, and enjoyed..attacheaments, arestes. 1521Wolsey in Ellis Orig. Lett. i. 64 I. 178 The attachement of the late Duke of Bukingham. 1720Shadwell Humourist iv, I'll follow and apprehend him, and his attachment will secure me 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) I. v. 269 The house had the same power of attachment for contempt. 1876Digby Real Prop. vi. 286 To enforce the decrees of the Chancellor by attachment, that is, by arrest and imprisonment for contempt of court.
b. The writ or precept commanding such apprehension.
1468Paston Lett. 567 II. 296, I am sore troblyd with Bedston..be the wey of tachements owte of the Chauncer. 1586J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinsh. II. 128/2 If anie one of the parlement house be serued, sued, arrested, or attached by anie writ, attachment, or minister of the Kings bench. 1691Blount Law Dict. s.v., An Attachment sometimes issues out of a Court Baron. 1784De Lolme Const. Eng. i. xi. 109 If he does not appear, an attachment is issued against him. 1883Marquis of Salisbury Sp. in Parl. 17 July, The captain was brought up under an attachment, and, refusing to relieve the men, was committed.
2. The taking of property into the actual or constructive possession of the judicial power. foreign attachment: ‘legal seizure of the goods of foreigners, found in some liberty (e.g. the City of London) to satisfy their creditors within such liberty.’
1592J. Manwood Coll. Lawes Forest 99 The first maner of Attachement is, to Attache a man by his goodes and Cattels. 1622Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 424 The Common Law of England doth not vse the course of Attachments, as is vsed by the Custome of the Citie of London. 1809Tomlinson Law Dict. s.v., A foreign attachment cannot be had when a suit is depending in any of the courts at Westminster. 1842Whittock Compl. Bk. Trades 220 In cases of insolvency, the Factor ought immediately to lay ‘attachments’ and advise his employers of it. 1875Maine Hist. Inst. ix. 276 It seems probable that Distress was gradually lost in and absorbed by Attachment and Distringas.
3. In Forest Laws (see quot.).
1592J. Manwood Coll. Lawes Forest 90 In the said court of Attachments the officers there do nothing but receiue the Attachments of the Foresters. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 71 The court of attachments, or wood-mote..is to be held before the verderors of the forest..and is instituted to enquire into all offenders against vert and venison. 1809Tomlins Law Dict. s.v., The lower court is called the attachment, the middle one the swainmote; the highest, the justice in Eyre's seat.
†4. fig. Arrest, confinement. Obs.
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. iv. ii. 5 To bed, to bed: sleepe kill those pritty eyes, And giue as soft attachment to thy sences, As Infants empty of all thought.
II. Fastening, connexion, tie.
5. The action of fastening or tacking on.
1859Owen Classif. Mamm. 65 The rest of the cranium is modified..for the attachment of muscles to work the jaw. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. §18. 131 His mode of attachment was new to me. 1867A. Barry Sir C. Barry ix. 315 Ingenious provisions for attachment of girders.
6. The fact or condition of being fastened on or to; connexion.
1817R. Jameson Min. 130 Werner understands by attachment, the connection of single crystals with massive minerals, and the aggregation of crystals together.
7. The fact or condition of being attached by sympathy; affection, devotion, fidelity.
a1704T. Brown Sat. Antients Wks. 1730 I. 21 We discover nothing of him..that deserves our attachment. 1791Burke App. Whigs Wks. 1842 I. 511 He governed by party attachments. 1814Scott Wav. (1817) II. xx. 302 The lover's eye discovered the object of his attachment. 1855Prescott Philip II, i. i. 2 His early attachments..were with the people of the Netherlands.
8. That whereby a thing is attached; a fastening, tie, or bond.
1801Phil. Trans. XCI. 15 The attachments between the nerve and pericardium were completely divided. 1859Tennent Ceylon I. i. iii. 105 The falling timber..dragging those behind to which it is harnessed by its living attachments. 1874Lyell Elem. Geol. xix. 330 A continuous pavement formed by the stony roots or ‘attachments’ of the Cruroidea.
9. Something attached to any object, an adjunct.
a1797H. Walpole Geo. II (1847) III. vi. 157 The whole body of Whigs were cantoned out in attachments to the Dukes of Newcastle and Bedford. 1876Catal. Sci. App. S. Kens. §3405 Compass attachment to the Theodolite. Mod. The Eolian attachment to the pianoforte.
10. Mil. and Naval. The fact or condition of being attached to a particular unit.
1904Regs. for Mobilization (Provisional) i. 12 Units which do not exist as such in peace are completed in officers by special appointments, and as regards other ranks by reservists, attachments from other corps, and transfers from existing units. 1914Daily Express 5 Oct. 5/1 Each man wearing an armlet indicating his attachment to these special siege batteries. 1955Times 5 Aug. 7/1 Numbers of Egyptian officers and men have recently been serving on attachment with the British forces in the Zone.
▸ Psychol. A close relationship that provides emotional security and support, spec. the bond formed by an infant toward its mother (or other principal caregiver), esp. viewed as a pre-eminent influence on behaviour in adolescent and adult relationships. Also: the process of or capacity for developing such a relationship.
The spec. sense was developed in the work of the psychologists Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby.
[1916W. A. White Mechanisms of Character Formation vii. 152 In the first place this attachment is a growth which has its beginnings as soon as the child is born, its ground plan is laid down in the first years of development, its driving force comes from the great region of the unconscious.] 1930W. Healy et al. Struct. & Meaning Psychoanal. ii. 106 These attachments are likely in the beginning to be strongly anaclitic in nature; the child will turn first to those who assist it in its helplessness and gratify its self-preservative needs. 1968Merrill-Palmer Q. 14 322 Children 3½- to 5½-years-old were exposed to a fear stimulus, either in the presence of their mothers or in the presence of an adult female stranger, in a test of the hypothesis derived from attachment theory. 1991S. Scrutton Counselling Older People (BNC) 120 When attachments are threatened or removed in any way it can lead to intense forms of attachment behaviour, such as clinging, crying and extreme grief. 2004Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) June 23/1 She..was told that Candace needed attachment therapy (AT), based on the theory that if a normal attachment is not formed during the first two years, attachment can be done later.
▸ Computing. A file that is sent along with an email, so that both are received together, but does not form part of the body of the email.
1984'Registered’ E-mail in fa.human-nets (Usenet newsgroup) 5 Dec. tell/message is somewhat primitive by Internet standards but has three noteworthy features: return receipts, attachments (text, graphics (FR80), or binary (other) files). 1988PC Week 14 Nov. c23/3 Such files formerly had to be added to E-mail messages as attachments. 1999Daily Tel. 28 Jan. (Connected section) 13/1 Alternatively, scan the letter, save it as a jpeg file and send it as an email attachment using the ‘Attach File’ button. 2001Yahoo! Internet Life Oct. 70/1 The virus..turns up in your e-mail in-box as an attachment.
▸ attachment disorder n. Psychol. a psychological disorder attributed to inadequate attachment to the mother (or other principal caregiver) during infancy; (more widely) a failure to develop emotional attachments in the usual or expected manner.
1980Diss. Abstr. Internat. 41 2336- b/2 Abusing mothers were hypothesized to differ significantly from the non-abusing mothers in..pathological indicators of *attachment disorders. 1991Colorodoan (Fort Collins) 3 Nov. a6/1 They're a couple of cartoon characters..with a show, an attitude and an attachment disorder. 2005J. D. Bregman in D. Zager Autism Spectrum Disorders (ed. 3) i. 29 A reliable diagnosis of attachment disorder can be made in the absence of unequivocal evidence of early ‘pathogenic’ care.
▸ attachment figure n. Psychol. the object of a strong emotional attachment; spec. the main person providing care, protection, and support to an infant; an individual's mother or mother-substitute.
1958J. Bowlby in Internat. Jrnl. Psycho-anal. 39 351/1 In the normal course of development, [infants]..become integrated and focused on a single mother figure: as such they form the basis of what I shall call 'attachment behaviour'. 1969Child Devel. 40 1008 Like the principal attachment figure, the substitute object—pacifier, thumb, cuddly toy—is most likely to be sought when the child is tired, ill, or distressed. 2000Fairlady (Cape Town) 21 June 64/1 There are many sources of loss that require acknowledgement: there's the loss of an attachment figure, for example.
▸ attachment parenting n. an approach to parenting based on attachment theory which aims to promote a close relationship between a child and its parents, esp. as initiated in infancy by practices such as feeding on demand, late weaning, and letting the baby sleep in its parents' bed.
1985W. Sears Fussy Baby i. 5 As the months progress, those parents who practice *attachment parenting..begin to see their baby in a different light and use more positive descriptions. 2004Mothering (Nexis) 1 Jan. 24 While the attachment parenting approach is a healthy trend in the right direction, it is possible that, in an effort to counteract the harm caused by the cry-it-out approach, parents may overlook an important function of crying. |