| 释义 |
battery|ˈbætərɪ|
Forms: 6 batterye, battrie, -tre(e, batery, 6–7 battry(e, -erie, 6– battery.
[a. F. batterie (13th c.) ‘beating, battering, a group of cannon’, etc. (= Pr. bataria, Sp. batería, It. battería), f. battre to beat: see -ery.]
I.
1. The action of beating or battering. a. An assailing with blows: spec. in Law, an unlawful attack upon another by beating or wounding, including technically the slightest touching of another's person or clothes in a menacing manner.
1531Elyot Gov. iii. i. (1557) 142 Intermedlynge sometyme is vyolent as batrye, open murder. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. iv. i. 36 Ile haue an action of Battery against him. 1752Fielding Amelia i. ii. Wks. 1784 VIII. 160 Charged with a battery by a much stouter man than himself. 1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 127 Murder, to say nothing of assault and battery, has been..an everyday matter.
†b. A mark of beating; a wound or bruise. Obs.
1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 426 For where a heart is hard they make no battery. 1639City-Match i. iv. in Hazl. Dodsl. XIII. 218 Lets feel: No batteries in thy head, to signify Th' art a constable.
†2. The beating of drums; sometimes a particular kind of drum-beat, perhaps that giving the signal for an assault. Obs.
1591Garrard Art Warre 118 The most fit and apt time..ought to be shewed by..stroke or batterie of drums to the footemen. 1625Markham Souldiers Accid., The Drum doth beat..a call, a march, a troope, a battalia, a charge, a retrait, a batterie, a reliefe.
†3.
a. A succession of heavy blows inflicted upon the walls of a city or fortress by means of artillery; bombardment. to plant battery: to prepare for such an attack. to lay battery to: to carry it into execution. to change one's battery: to change the direction of attack. Obs. exc. fig.
1548Hall Chron. Hen. VIII an. 13 (R.) The battery of the walles discorages vs not. 1587Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 47 Planting battrie to my fort. 1603Knolles Hist. Turkes (1638) 304 He laid battery to the wal four daies. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 656 By Batterie, Scale, and Mine, Assaulting. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. ix. 275 The most violent battery would have weaken'd their walls.
b. transf. or fig.
1562Veron (title) A Strong Battery against the Idolatrous Inuocation of the Dead Saintes. 1640Ld. Digby Parl. Sp. 9 Nov. 4 Mischiefs which have..layed battery either to our Estates or Consciences. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. i. §6 The scaling of the swelling Surges, and constant Battery of the Tide. 1865Grote Plato I. xix. 559 Plato..changes his battery, and says something against these enemies.
†c. battery piece or piece of battery: a siege gun.
1570Sir R. Constable in Lodge Illustr. Brit. Hist. (1838) I. 509 With three battery pieces..went to the siege of Hume. 1648Petit. Eastern Ass. 18 Was it ill done to fill the Tower with..great pieces of battery?
II. The apparatus used in battering or beating.
4. a. A number of pieces of artillery placed in juxtaposition for combined action; in Military use, the smallest division of artillery for tactical purposes (corresponding to a company of infantry).
Technically, including also the artillerymen who work the guns, the drivers, and horses. In horse batteries, the gunners are carried partly on the carriages and partly on horses, in field batteries wholly on the carriages; garrison batteries are bodies of artillerymen serving heavy guns in forts or coast batteries.
1555Fardle Facions ii. xi. 246 To plante bateries, make Ladders, and suche other thinges necessarie for the siege. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. viii. 163 He will begin to work his batteries. 1803Wellington in Gurwood Disp. II. 286 You will have a breaching battery of two 18 pounders and one 12 pounder. 1861Man. Artill. Exerc. 102 The centre battery halts when the rear battery wheels to the left.
b. fig., esp. in phr. to turn any one's battery against himself.
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 82 b, Three wordes onely may suffice to overthrow the whole Battrye of these three Invectives. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. (1815) 183 The fellow who accused him has had his own battery turned upon himself. 1823Lamb Elia Ser. i. xxviii. (1865) 231 You think he has exhausted his battery of looks.
c. In baseball, applied to the pitcher and catcher (orig. used of the pitcher alone). Also attrib. U.S.
1867Ball Players' Chron. 6 June 2/2 He soon resumed his position, once more facing the battery of Lovett. 1886Chadwick Art of Pitching 8 The ‘battery’ of a club's team, that is the pitcher and catcher. 1897Daily News 29 July 9/2 So good was the fielding and battery work..that no scoring took place. 1967Boston Sunday Herald 14 May II. 5/1 Pitcher Ed McGrath went the distance and battery mate, Tony Carderelli, drove in four runs in the Boston State victory.
5. a. The platform or fortified work, on or within which artillery is mounted (sometimes including the guns or mortars there mounted).
1590Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. iii. iii, The bringing of our ordnance..into the battery. 1688Lond. Gaz. No. 2378/3 We had finished a Battery of three Mortars. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789) H h 2 b, Those on the lower battery are 32 pounders. 1810Wellington in Gurwood Disp. VI. 346 The batteries and works erecting at Cadiz. 1836Marryat Midsh. Easy xxx, She continued her destructive fire..from the main-deck battery.
b. transf. or fig.
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor., Before you had raysed your Battrye agaynst Luther. 1684T. Burnet Th. Earth 89 These [burning] mountains are as so many batteries, planted by Providence in several parts of the earth. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. iv. 111 The Towers and Batteries that the Atheists have raised against Heaven.
c. An oblong box or boat submerged to the brim, used in wild-fowl shooting; = sink n.1 12 a. Also attrib., as battery-gunner, battery-shooting. U.S.
a1841W. Hawes Sporting Scenes (1842) I. 198 A machine, or battery, is a wooden box of the necessary dimensions to let a man lie down upon his back, just tightly fitting enough to let him rise again. 1859[see sink n.1 12 a]. 1866Game Laws Va. in Fur, Fin & Feather (1872) 144 Any person shooting or using a skiff, box or battery while hunting wild fowl. 1874J. W. Long Wild-Fowl Shooting 71, I shall describe that in reference to battery-shooting. 1875Fur, Fin & Feather 120 But this is nothing to the numbers slain by the battery; and we have known one battery to kill over three hundred fowl in a tide. Ibid. 122 The battery gunner..has a great advantage over the fowler who shoots from the shore.
6. Phrases and locutions. battery-wagon: one in which are carried tools and materials for repair of the battery. cross batteries: two batteries playing upon the same point from different directions. enfilading battery: one which sweeps the whole line attacked. floating battery: a heavily armed and armoured vessel intended for bombarding fortresses. in battery: (a gun) projecting in readiness for firing through an embrasure or over a parapet. masked battery: one screened from the enemy's view by natural or artificial obstacles. out of battery or from battery: (a gun) withdrawn for the purpose of loading.
1813Wellington in Gurwood Disp. X. 487 On what days did you disembark the artillery?.. On what days did you put them in battery? 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. ii. v. I. 57 Wondrous leather-roofed Floating-batteries..give gallant summons; to which..Gibraltar answers Plutonically. 1861Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. III. clxxvii. 214 Do not go probing for ‘masked batteries’ to run your heads against.
7. Mining. The set of stamps, usually five in number, that work in one ‘mortar’ of a stamp-mill.
1853Harper's Mag. VI. 578/2 Openings in this opposite each cover or battery of stamps. 1872‘Mark Twain’ Roughing It in Writings (1900) VII. xxxvi. 278 These [six rods] rose and fell, one after the other,..in an iron box called a ‘battery’... One of us stood by the battery all day long. 1881S. Jennings Vis. Wynaad viii. 69 Eight batteries of five gravitation stamps each. 1884Century Mag. XXVII. 923 Batteries, where the quartz is pounded into white mud.
8. Dyeing. (See quots.)
1737Miller Gard. Dict. s.v. Anil, The second [vat] is called the Battery..It is in the second that they agitate and beat this Water impregnated and loaded with the Salts of the plant [Indigo]. 1815Encycl. Brit. X. 287/2 A battery, consisting of a kettle, containing water slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid.
III. (from 4) A combination of simple instruments, usually to produce a compound instrument of increased power; applied originally with a reference to the discharge of electricity from such a combination.
9. Electr. An apparatus consisting of a number of Leyden jars so connected that they may be charged and discharged simultaneously.
1748Franklin Lett. Wks. 1840 V. 202 An electrical battery, consisting of eleven panes of large sash-glass, armed with thin leaden plates. 1822J. Imison Sc. & Art I. 340 When a number of Jars are thus connected it is called a battery.
fig.1831Carlyle Sart. Res. iii. 339 Till your whole vital Electricity..is cut into two isolated portions of Positive and Negative (of Money and of Hunger); and stands there bottled up in two World-Batteries!
10. a. Galvanism. An apparatus consisting of a series of cells, each containing the essentials for producing voltaic electricity, connected together. Also used of any such apparatus for producing voltaic electricity, whether of one cell or more.
1801Sir H. Davy in Phil. Trans. XCI. 400 The third and most powerful class of Galvanic batteries..is formed, when metallic substances, oxidable in acids..are connected, as plates, with oxidating fluids. 1812― Chem. Philos. 162 Zinc, copper, and nitric acid form a powerful battery. c1865J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 190/1 No arrangement equals Grove's platina battery.
b. attrib. and Comb., as battery-receiver, battery-set, battery-unit; battery-operated, battery-powered adjs.
1930Wireless World 11 June 601/1 Few battery-operated portables consume more than the economical limit of 10 mA. 1964T. L. Kinsey Audio-Typing & Electric Typewriters iii. 16 Battery-operated machines are also available.
1957BBC Handbk. 52 Small self-contained battery-powered tape recorders.
1928Wireless World 5 Dec. 754/3 A battery-receiver unit... The H.T. battery can therefore be adapted to serve as the actual receiver, by incorporating in it the necessary coupling unit.
1930Ibid. 16 July 71/3 (heading) An Ambitious Battery Set. 1933Boy's Mag. XLVII. 135/2 The Class ‘B’ valve..is of great importance to users of battery sets.
1939War Illustr. 9 Dec. p. ii/3 This trade, which consists in selling torches that are loaded with worn-out battery-units from wireless sets. 1958M. L. Hall et al. Newnes Compl. Amat. Photogr. x. 112 A flashgun consists of a socket to hold the flashbulb, a case to contain the battery unit and a reflector.
11. Optics. A combined series of lenses or prisms.
1867–77Chambers Astron., An eye-piece..intermediate between the 1st and 2nd of the ‘battery.’ 1879Warren Astron. iii. 49 The best instruments pass the beam of light through a series of prisms called a battery.
12. Apparatus for preparing or serving meals. Also batterie de cuisine (see batterie 2).
1819Rees Cycl. s.v. Battery, Some make battery for the kitchen, batterie de cuisine, comprehend all utensils for the service of the kitchen, whether of iron, brass, copper, or other matters. 1883G. H. Boughton in Harper's Mag. Apr. 695/1 Our tea battery came in. 1884― ibid. Aug. 334/2 The feasting batteries of the..guilds.
13. a. Used gen. for a collection of similar pieces of apparatus grouped together as a set (see quots.).
1885[see tache n.3 1]. 1911D. S. Hulfish Cycl. Motion-Pict. Work II. 137 The remaining proportion of light may be supplied by lighting a partial battery of lamps. 1920Sci. Amer. 2 Oct. 346 (caption) A battery of projectors and a stereopticon machine in the operator's booth of a leading motion-picture theatre. 1931Economist 25 Apr. 888/2 There are batteries of forty looms each. 1958Engineering 18 Apr. 509/1 When the Coal Board took over there were 45 ovens..in two batteries of 15 and 30.
b. A series of psychological or clinical tests.
1921Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. XV. ii. ii. 316 If a test correlated almost perfectly with some other test in the battery, it could be omitted without loss. 1928K. J. Holzinger Statist. Methods in Educ. xv. 310 The writers..eliminate certain tests..and thus obtain a shorter and possibly as good a test with unweighted items as with the whole battery. 1930― Statist. Resumé Spearman Two-Factor Theory 42 Two arithmetic tests or two opposite tests should not be used in a given battery. 1940Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Apr. 358 This is the estimated reliability of the battery formed by the straight sum of its constituent tests. 1961Lancet 26 Aug. 487/1, I also heartily endorse his call for a refinement in the constituent subtests of psychological batteries.
c. A series of hutches, cages, or nesting-boxes in which laying hens are confined for intensive laying or poultry reared and fattened. Later extended to denote accommodation for fattening cattle; freq. attrib., as battery hen, battery system.
1931G. W. Wrentmore Battery System of Poultry Keeping 27 The system is best carried out with birds that have been in Batteries from the start. Ibid., The battery is commenced at a temperature of 90–94 degrees and gradually lowered to a temperature of about 65 degrees as the size of the chicks increases. 1938Reader's Digest Mar. 93/1 The smallest complete battery..fills a 14-by-20-foot space. 1940N. Mitford Pigeon Pie ix. 138 Those raising hens on the battery system. 1953A. Watkyn For Better, For Worse ii. i, It ain't right to ask 'uman beings to live like Battery Hens. 1958Observer 19 Oct. 17/4 They [sc. geese] defy horrible human plans to mass-produce in battery and deep scratch 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 16 Feb. 78/1 We are going to hear more of battery beef. 1960News Chron. 8 June 4/4 The broiler battery..may be good business, but is..revolting. 1961Guardian 17 May 3/5 It was doubtful if..battery eggs were less nutritious than other eggs.
IV.
14. Metal, or articles of metal, especially of brass or copper, wrought by hammering.
1502Arnold Chron. (1811) 74 Batery for the bale, xijd. 1577Wills & Inv. N.C. (1860) 414, ij panes of battrye weyinge xvlb. 1742H. Hines Specif. Patent No. 462 Raising copper battery cold in common battery mills. 1812J. Smyth Pract. Customs 107 Black Latten..and Battery..This last is known by the dint of the mill-hammers upon the kettles.
attrib.1592Wills & Inv. N.C. (1860) 252 Kettell of battre mettell. 1802Rees Cycl. s.v., Battery-works include pots, saucepans, kettles..which though cast at first, are to be afterwards hammered or beaten into form. 1885Birmhm. Directory, The Birmingham Battery and Metal Company.
V. [Cf. OF. baterie ‘sorte de rempart’ (Godefroy); ? an extension of 5; or can it be related to batter v.2?]
15. An embankment.
1799J. Robertson Agric. Perth. 276 A battery of stone, to join another island to the main land. 1862Smiles Engineers III. 156 The expense of cuts and batteries (since called cuttings and embankments) on the different..lines.
16. Mining.
a. A bulkhead of timber.
b. The plank closing the bottom of a coal-chute. Raymond Mining Gloss. 1881.
17. [F. batterie; cf. batterie 3.] The percussion section of an orchestra.
1926Whiteman & McBride Jazz ix. 197 The battery of an orchestra includes so many instruments... Perhaps the most important instruments of the battery are the timpani or kettle drums. 1955R. Blesh Shining Trumpets (ed. 3) ii. 30 A part of the rhythm is kept separate in drum battery. 1960Times 23 June 17/3 A percussion player..proceeded to exploit a battery including cowbells and finger-cymbals. |