| 释义 |
roughing, vbl. n.|ˈrʌfɪŋ|
[f. rough v.]
1. a. The action of making rough. Also fig.
1755Mem. Capt. P. Drake II. i. 6 She would not even receive some Presents I offered her, but stood Proof against my Ruffing and Smoothing. 1876Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Dict. 353/1 The term roughing is applied to the action of a rasp on a fuze, to make it bite in the fuze-hole.
b. The process of treating horse-shoes in such a manner as to prevent slipping.
1865City Press 25 Mar., In consequence of the late severe weather, and the evil results of roughing. 1889Gretton Memory's Harkback 153 His horse..being badly pricked in the roughing.
2. a. The action or operation of preparing roughly or treating in a preliminary manner. In various technical uses (see quots.).
1839Ure Dict. Arts 635 The body is now put into a coarse hair cloth, then dipped and rolled in the hot liquor, until the root ends of the beaver are thoroughly worked in. This is technically called rolling off, or roughing. 1850Holtzapffel Turning III. 1314 For large stones, the roughing is generally commenced with grinding emery. 1854Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XV. ii. 378 The first separation of the chaff and pulse (usually called roughing). 1882Encycl. Brit. XIV. 665/1 The flax is, after roughing, broken or cut into three lengths.
b. With advs., as down, in, off, out, up. (cf. rough v.1 6 b; also attrib.).
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 617 The stucco..is rubbed over the wall with a flat brush of hogs' bristles. When this process, called roughing in, has been performed [etc.]. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 591 The apartment in which the roughing-down..is performed, is furnished with a considerable number of stone tables. 1846Holtzapffel Turning II. 519 The gouge or roughing out tool for brass-work. 1873Spon Workshop Rec. Ser. i. 122/2 Bastard stucco is of three coats, the first is roughing in or rendering. 1881Mechanic §567. 263 It is used for ‘roughing down’ or taking off the bulk of the superfluous wood. 1883Proc. Inst. Mech. Engineers 226 They are used in different machine tools principally for ‘roughing out’, or..rapidly reducing castings, forgings, &c., from their rough state to nearly their finished forms. 1884Pall Mall G. 4 Mar. 9/1 The ‘roughing-up’ of the dog was finished, and he then went back to the studio. 1901Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers XXXI. 312 Two drills should in all cases be provided, one a roughing-out drill, and the other a finishing drill. 1947J. C. Rich Materials & Methods of Sculpture ix. 252 The bushhammer is a very useful and fairly rapid tool, which may be employed from the coarse, initial roughing-out stages almost to the very delicate or final stages of the carving. 1947Dylan Thomas Let. Jan. (1966) 292 And I also worked upon the preliminary roughing-out of the script with Taylor. 1948Rev. Sci. Instruments XIX. 15/1 The holding pump serves as a fore-pump for the diffusion pump during the roughing-down portion of the cycle. 1969E. H. Pinto Treen 388/1 A mid-19th-century roughing off plane. 1970R. J. Small Study of Landforms iv. 128 Many of these joints are evidently post-denudational, having appeared since the ‘roughing-out’ of the main elements in the landscape by Tertiary erosion.
c. concr. (See quots.)
1834–6Barlow in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VIII. 760/2 The nap, or, to use the technical word, the roughing, consists chiefly of beaver down [etc.]. Ibid 762/1. 1875 Knight Dict. Mech. 1993/2 The first coat..on masonry [is termed] rendering or roughing.
3. The fact of undergoing hardships, or living under hard conditions.
c1823Byron Juan xii. lxiii. variant line 6 in Hagelman & Barnes Concordance to Byron's Don Juan (1967) 682 But those who have been a little used to roughing. 1836T. Power Impressions Amer. II. 211 This little city [sc. Mobile] was to me one of the most attractive spots I visited south of the Potomac. I came upon it..after a severe roughing, and found a fine climate and old friends. 1841B. Hall Patchwork I. 45 Abundant opportunities..to gratify the taste of the greatest lover of roughing. 1854J. L. Stephens Centr. Amer. 376 Pawling with the experience of seven years ‘roughing’ had expedients. 1893A. H. S. Landor Hairy Ainu 2 A man who could stand any amount of hardships and roughing.
4. Boxing. ? Rough or foul handling; also N. Amer., in Football, Ice Hockey, and Lacrosse: foul tackling, punching, or pushing. Also, roughing-the-kicker attrib.
1866in Encycl. Brit. (1888) XXIV. 691/1 Boxing. .. That no wrestling, roughing, or hugging on the ropes be allowed. 1938Sun (Baltimore) 27 Oct. 12/6 Brooks, of Yale, broke through and rushed the kicker... Being unable to stop himself in midair, he naturally crashed into the kicker, and Michigan was given the ball for roughing the punter. 1958F. C. Avis Boxing Reference Dict. 96 Roughing, questionable tactics in a boxing contest, and likely to involve disqualification of the offender. 1958Herald-Tribune (Grande Prairie, Alberta) 28 Feb. 5/6 Bryan McCurdy..and Bill Oakford..went off together for roughing and slashing at the 18:55 mark. 1961J. S. Salak Dict. Amer. Sports 371 Roughing the kicker (football), making unnecessary bodily contact with the punter, which is illegal. Roughing the passer (football), unnecessary roughness to a player who has thrown a forward pass. A penalty is involved for this infraction. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 15 Jan. 20/2 The skirmish provoked a pushing duel that netted every player on the ice, with the exception of the goalkeepers, minors for roughing. 1973Houston (Texas) Chron. (Suppl.) 14 Oct. 5/1, I was unaware of just how specialized pro football had become until..discovering that one team's kicker had not punted the entire evening. He had, however, drawn eight roughing-the-kicker penalties... It's 15 yards and an automatic first (five yards and an automatic first for the less flagrant ‘running into the kicker’). 1976Webster's Sports Dict. 357/1 Roughing the kicker (football), a personal foul that results when a defensive player runs into or knocks down the kicker on a scrimmage kick without first touching or deflecting the ball... When it is called, the penalty is 15 yards from the previous spot. Roughing the passer (football), a personal foul in professional play that results when a defensive player runs into or tackles a passer after a forward pass has been thrown... When it is called, the penalty is 15 yards from the previous spot.
b. With up: see rough v.1 6 g.
1960Sunday Express 23 Oct. 17/4 His roughing-up of George Bernard Shaw can't compare for butchery with what Mr. Mankowitz did last week to Robert Louis Stevenson. 1973J. Pattinson Search Warrant iv. 67 He could already feel the stiffness in his limbs that was the result of the roughing-up. 1977R. Barnard Blood Brotherhood xvi. 181 Their gang knifings and roughings-up.
5. attrib. (in sense 2), as roughing-cylinder, roughing filter, roughing-gouge, roughing-lathe, roughing-machine, roughing-mill, roughing plane, roughing-roll, roughing-roller, roughing shop, roughing-tool. roughing pump, a pump for evacuating a system from atmospheric pressure to a lower pressure at which a second pump can operate.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 705 These roughing cylinders are generally 7 feet long. Ibid. 706 The shingling mill..consists of two sets of grooved cylinders, the first being called puddling rolls or roughing rolls. 1850Holtzapffel Turning III. 1034 The alabaster is roughed, or roughly ground on what the lapidary terms a roughing or lead mill. 1851Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XII. ii. 412 He..‘chaffs’ or ‘roughs’ the corn once over with a roughing-machine. 1873J. Richards Operator's Hdbk. 163 A roughing gouge, to reduce the piece so that it will fit the rest. 1889G. Findlay Eng. Railway 112 An interesting feature of this shop is the ‘roughing lathe’. 1904Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1903 761 The other two original tanks were converted into six roughing filters containing 3 feet in depth of fine gravel, to intercept particles which have escaped the precipitation process. 1910Daily Chron. 15 Jan. 7/2 The cause of the fire was the fusing of an electric motor in the ‘roughing’ shop [of an opticians' factory]. 1960McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 543/1 The scrub or roughing plane..has heavy, rounded blades making it suitable for cleaning up rough boards. 1958Rev. Sci. Instruments XXIX. 368/1 With the roughing pump pinched off..and the system then thoroughly baked out while pumping with the electronic pump, very low pressures can be achieved. 1971,1976Roughing pump [see rough v.1 7 d]. |