| 释义 |
Beghard|ˈbɛgəd|
[ad. med.L. beghardus, begardus, beggardus, begehardus, begihardus (see Du Cange); cf. F. béguard, OF. bégard, -art, Flemish beggaert, MHG. beghart, begehard, either directly from the same word as Beguine (i.e. the surname Bègue), or at a later date from béguine itself, with the masc. ending -ard, -hard, here pejorative; see -ard. OF. had also a masc. béguin, in which the pejorative sense was absent; and a fem. bégarde formed on bégard, with its reproachful force.
This word has been the subject of much etymological conjecture. An extraordinary error, which appears even in Littré, refers it to an alleged Flemish beggen ‘to beg,’ which never existed. (On the contrary, OF. begard may be the source of the English beggar and beg; see these words.) It has been by some referred directly to the adj. bègue ‘stammering’ as if it meant originally ‘stammerer,’ and has been ‘derived’ in various other ways. But its origination in the name of Lambert Bègue is ‘now established beyond all dispute’ (Prof. Cosijn).]
A name given to the members of certain lay brotherhoods which arose in the Low Countries early in the 13th c., subsequent to, and in imitation of, the female Beguin. ‘They took no vow, and were allowed to leave the company when they liked.’ The name is said soon to have been adopted by many who were simply idle mendicants: see beggar. From the 14th c. they were denounced by Popes and Councils, and persecuted by the Inquisition. In the 17th c. such of them as still survived were absorbed in the Tertiarii of the Franciscans. (The name was sometimes thrown abusively at other ‘heretics,’ as the Albigenses and Waldenses.)
1656H. More Enthus. Triumph. 23 That religious sect of the Beguardi. 1764A. Maclaine Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. (1844) I. 333/2 note, The denominations Beghards and Beguines were given to above thirty sects or orders, which differed widely from each other in their opinions, their discipline, and manner of living. 1782Priestly Corrupt. Chr. I. i. 7 The early reformers from popery got the name of Beghards. 1829Southey Sir T. More II. 329 Both Beghards and Beguines, throughout Germany, very generally became Lutherans. 1863J. Ludlow in Gd. Words July 497/2 So complete was the change, that the very name of béghard..surviving in our beggar, has come to designate clamorous pauperism. |