| 释义 |
psychro-|saɪkrəʊ|
comb. form of Gr. ψῡχρός cold (cf. psychrometer, etc.).
psychroˈphilic a. Biol. [-philic], (of an organism, esp. a bacterium) capable of growing at temperatures close to freezing, or having an optimum temperature that is low; so ˈpsychrophil, -phile n., a psychrophilic organism; also as adj., = prec.; ˈpsychrosphere, the colder, deeper part of the oceans; hence psychroˈspheric a.; psychroˈtolerance Biol. [ad. G. psychrotoleranz (Horowitz-Wlassowa & Grinberg 1933, in Zentralbl. f. Bakteriol., Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten (Abt. 2) LXXXIX. 58)], the property of being able to grow at temperatures close to freezing; (introduced, like psychrotropic, because of the ambiguity of psychrophilic); so psychroˈtolerant a.; psychroˈtrophic a. Biol. [-trophic] = psychrotolerant adj. above; so ˈpsychrotroph, a psychrotrophic organism.
1928P. H. Foster in C. M. Hilliard Textbk. Bacteriol. viii. 95 Psychrophiles are organisms which develop at or very near the freezing point. 1956Nature 16 June 1106 Such barophilic bacteria..are also psychrophil and very stenothermal. 1959New Scientist 3 Dec. 1111/1 Psychrophils also ferment carbohydrates, decompose proteins,..and generally go about their business like other bacteria, except that their metabolism seems to be somewhat slowed up. 1959Bacteriol. Rev. XXIII. 99/1 The unique property of psychrophilic bacteria is the ability to grow well at 0 C. This was recognized from the very beginning of the study of psychrophiles... The essentially erroneous concept that psychrophiles are distinguished by their ability to grow most rapidly below 20 C did not arise until later. 1969Nature 15 Mar. 1031/1 Obligate psychrophiles—organisms able to grow well at 0°C but incapable of growth at moderate temperatures—provide suitable test organisms in this respect. When the obligate psychrophile Micrococcus cryophilus is grown in optimal conditions at 20°C, and then transferred to 30°C—5°C above the maximum for this organism—growth halts very quickly.
1897Lehmann & Neumann Atlas & Essentials of Bacteriol. 98 Psychrophilic bacteria: minimum at 0°, best at 15°–20°, maximum at about 30°. These varieties usually live in water. 1958W. C. Frazier Food Microbiol. xxiv. 304 At refrigerator temperatures, proteolysis by psychrophilic bacteria like Pseudomonas is most likely, and molds may follow. 1963J. L. Stokes in N. E. Gibbons Rec. Progress Microbiol. 190 The maximum growth temperatures of many psychrophilic micro⁓organisms can be quite high. 1964[see mesophilic adj. s.v. meso-]. 1975R. R. Gillies Lect. Notes Med. Bacteriol. iii. 15 Psychrophilic bacteria, i.e. those which grow best at temperatures below 20°C, are non-pathogenic for man but exist in soil and water.
1956A. T. Bruun in Nature 16 June 1106 (in figure) Psychrosphere. 1957― in Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. LXVII. 641 The division of the hydrosphere into a warm troposphere and a cold stratosphere, or the Warmwassersphäre and Kaltwassersphäre in the terms of Wüst (1950) is the most pronounced division in the oceanic water masses. In the following the terms thermosphere and psychrosphere are used for these divisions to stress this salient ecological factor. Ibid., The limit of the psychrosphere may be at about 100 meters in the eastern parts of the oceans where there is upwelling, whereas in western regions it may be as deep as 700 meters. 1976Nature 8 Apr. 513/2 Three major elements were involved in the evolution of oceanic circulation during the Cainozoic... The third involves the development of the present-day system of bottom waters of the world ocean, the ‘psychrosphere’.
1977Ibid. 2 June 399/2 Aside from benthic foraminifera, psychrospheric ostracods also occur in some Early and Middle Miocene cores, indicating water-depths in excess of 1000 m.
1977Sci. Amer. June 50/3 The bacteria's only way to adapt to the environmental conditions of the deep sea appears to be the acquisition of barotolerance and psychrotolerance.
1959Bacteriol. Rev. XXIII. 98/2 The recognition that low temperatures are not optimum for organisms that grow at 0 C led to the introduction of several other names as replacement for psychrophile. These included..psychro-tolerant. 1970Sci. Jrnl. May 19 Slime is caused by cold resistant, or psychrotolerant, bacteria which are not a health hazard but which produce an objectionable smell. 1979Nature 21 June p. x (Advt.), An excellent survey is thus provided of the importance of psychrotrophic bacteria and of techniques involving psychrotolerant and psychrotrophic micro-organisms.
1963M. Ingram in N. E. Gibbons Rec. Progress Microbiol. 185 To avoid such misconceptions, the term psychrotroph..has recently been proposed for all organisms able to grow at temperatures near 0 C. 1968New Scientist 18 Apr. 117/2 Farm contamination from..unclean dairy equipment, will allow psychrotrophs to proliferate if milk is stored at 5°–10°C.
1960B. P. Eddy in Jrnl. Appl. Bacteriol. XXIII. 189 The writer considers that the word psychrotrophic..suggested by Dr. D. A. A. Mossel, should be used for bacteria able to grow at + 5° and below, whatever their optimum temperatures. 1975Campbell & Marshall Sci. of providing Milk for Man xxiii. 499 Bulk cooling and storage..have made psychrophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria the primary organisms in raw milk. |