| 释义 |
punish, v.|ˈpʌnɪʃ|
Forms: see below.
[a. F. puniss-, extended stem (in punisse, punissant, etc.: see -ish2) of F. punir:—L. pūnīre to punish, in earlier L. pœnīre, f. pœna = Gr. ποινή fine, penalty, requital, punishment, pain n.1]
A. Illustration of Forms.
(α) 4 puniss-en, -yss-en, punyes, punich, punyzsh, 4–5 punysch(e, punnishe, 4–6 punys(e, -yssh(e; 5 punice, -yce, -ych, -es(c)h, pugnysshe, Sc. pwnys, 5–6 punysh, 6 punnysch, punis, Sc. punise, -isse, -eise, -eish, -eis(s, -ische, -yss, pwnis, 6– punish (7 punnich).
1340Ayenb. 148 Hou he ssel his broþer chasti..oþer his seriont..punissi. 1340Ypunyssed [see B. 1 b]. a1340Hampole Psalter iv. 6 A sorowful gast, punyschand þe self for synne. Ibid. xxvi. 14 Suffire me noght forto fall swa that thou punyes me in hell. c1350Will. Palerne 4068 Puniched at þe hardest. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. iii. 69 To punisschen [1377 punyschen] on pillories..Brewesters, Bakers. c1375Punyst [see B. 1]. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 425 [Thei] moten be punyȝshid. 1380Punysshe [see B. 1 b]. 1380Punnishe [see B. 1 c]. c1400Rom. Rose 7235 Therfore god shal him punyce; But me ne rekketh of no vyce. 1460Paston Lett. I. 525 My lord of York hath dyvers straunge commissions fro the Kyng..to punych them by the fawtes to the Kyngs lawys. c1470Henry Wallace vii. 1264 Wallace with force pwnyst [thaim] rygorusly. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. i. xv. 40 That suche men be pugnysshed. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lix. 22 Puness him for his deid culpabile. 1530Palsgr. 670/2 That God punissheth them for their great vyce. a1533Ld. Berners Huon lxxxiii. 257 For the whiche synnes he hath ben by me sore punyshyd. 1533Gau Richt Vay 51 To punis al his inimis. 1538Starkey England i. iii. 90 And when hyt plesyth hym other wyse to punnysch vs, then we must lake. 1544Punish [see B. 1]. 1562Punisses [see B. 1 c]. 1563–7Buchanan Reform. St. Andros Wks. (1892) 9 He sal punyss..the writar. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 191 Without God puneis thair cruell vice. 1582J. Hamilton Cath. Traict. Epist., in Cath. Tractates (S.T.S.) 78 The leuing God puneishit thame. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 127 To punise offenderis. 1612Pr. Chas. in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 104, I deserve to be punniched for my ill fortune.
(β) 4 ponis, -esche, 4–5 -ysch(e, 5 -ysse, -ysshe, 5–6 ponysh, 6 poynysse.
c1375XI Pains of Hell 220 in O.E. Misc. 217 Vche cursid dede ponyschid truly. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 39, I schal al biþinke to ponesche hem wiþ eendelees peyne. c1400tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 57 To ponysse mysdoers and trespasours. a1533Ld. Berners Huon l. 166 Therfore he hath ben ponyshyd. 1538in W. A. J. Archbold Somerset Relig. Ho. (1892) 80 He lovethe vertew and wyll poynysse vyse.
(γ) 4–5 punch, -e, punsch(e.
1340–70Alex. & Dind. 747 Ȝe schulle be punched & put in paine for euere. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 221 Punschynge of evel doers. Ibid. VIII. 315 For he schulde nouȝt be i-punsched by þe lawe. c1440Promp. Parv. 416/2 Punchyn, or chastysyn',..punio, castigo. c1450Cov. Myst. viii. (Shaks. Soc.), Joachim. Punchyth me, Lorde, and spare my blyssyd wyff Anne. 1460Punchid [see B. 1].
B. Signification.
1. a. trans. As an act of a superior or of public authority: To cause (an offender) to suffer for an offence; to subject to judicial chastisement as retribution or requital, or as a caution against further transgression; to inflict a penalty on.
1340, etc. [see A. α]. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints vi. (Thomas) 86 Bettir is þat þu For þis trespace be punyst nov, Þan þar-fore þu be punyste sare, Quhare pardone sal be neuir mare. 1460J. Capgrave Chron. (Rolls) 162 Alle thoo malefactores were punchid with iii. maner peynis; for thei were first drawe, than hange, and last brent. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 19 b, Crucifye and punysshe thy body with werkes of penaunce. 1544tr. Littleton's Tenures (1574) 8 Tenant in taile after possibylity of yssue extinct shall never bee punished of wast. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvi. 144 'Tis against the Law of Nature, To punish the Innocent. 1754Richardson Grandison II. xxxi. 306 The violators of the social duties are frequently punished by the success of their own wishes. 1884S. R. Gardiner Hist. Eng. IX. lxxxviii. 12 The King was not without hope that some legal means of punishing them might be found.
b. To requite or visit (an offence, etc.) with a penalty inflicted on the offender; to inflict a penalty for (something).
1340Ayenb. 74 Al þet hit vint ine þe zaule of gelte of dede, of speche, of þoȝte.., al uorbernþ and clenzeþ and þer byeþ ypunyssed, and awreke. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 408 God may not forȝete þis trespas but punysshe it in his tyme. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop ii. Pref., The Athenyens..wold haue demaunded a kynge for to punysshe alle the euyll. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. xvii. 56 Throw him was..Piracie puneist. 1769Blackstone Comm. IV. i. 7 It is clear, that the right of punishing crimes against the law of nature..is in a state of mere nature vested in every individual. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. I. 484 The spirit of the law..was that no misdemeanour should be punished more severely than the most atrocious felonies.
c. absol. To inflict punishment.
c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 40 Upon þe ferþe synne God ceessiþ never to punnishe. 1562Winȝet Cert. Tractatis i. (S.T.S.) I. 8 God punissis oftymes in ye samyn thing quhairin man offendis. 1605Shakes. Lear iii. iv. 16 But I will punish home. 1715De Foe Fam. Instruct. i. i. (1841) I. 9 God does not punish that way. a1716South Serm. (1744) X. vi. 180 To punish is properly an act of a superior to an inferior.
†2.
a. To fine (a person).
b. To exact (money due) from a person. Obs.
1572Huloet, To punish, pecunia multare. 1591Horsey Trav. (Hakl. Soc. No. 18) App. 289 A desperate debte owinge by the chauncelere Shalkan..was violentely puneshed from him and payd the Companye. 1700Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 819 He whose Dog..shall be found Unlawed, shall be punished Three Shillings.
3. transf. To handle severely; to inflict heavy damage, injury, or loss on. Also absol.
In various slang, colloquial, or jocular uses: as, To inflict severe blows upon (an opponent in a boxing match); to thrash, belabour, maul; extended to handling severely in other forms of contest (e.g. football, cricket, boat-racing); also, jocularly, to make a heavy ‘inroad’ on (a stock of provisions, wine, etc.), to consume or diminish severely; to urge (a horse) by severe application of whip or spur; to abuse (a musical instrument) by playing it badly; in dial. or colloq. use, to cause pain or suffering to, to hurt; see Eng. Dial. Dict.
1801Sporting Mag. XIX. 62/2 This desperate contest, comprising sixteen rounds, lasted twenty-one minutes, and we never witnessed a man more punished than Burk. 1807R. Southey Lett. from England III. lxxi. 310 When the [boxing] champion..comes off victor, after suffering much in the contest, he is said to be much punished. 1812Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 22 He lost his science after he had been a good deal punished. Ibid. XLVIII. 187 In his prime no one could punish him. 1825C. M. Westmacott Eng. Spy I. 242 We..drank freely—punished his claret. 1839Thackeray Fatal Boots xii, We punished her cellar too. 1844Dickens Mart. Chuz. xxxvi. 425 Tom, taking up his knife and fork again... ‘I shall punish the Boar's Head dreadfully.’ 1848Thackeray Van. Fair liii, He punished my champagne. 1856H. H. Dixon Post & Paddock xii. 209 If a foolish lad punishes his beaten horse unnecessarily. 1863W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting i. 16 They [sc. sjamboks] are very tough and supple..and punish tremendously. 1864Sporting Mag. XLV. 194 When the Eleven come to the wickets, how they punish the ball, and rapidly run-up a long score. 1882Garden 3 June 384/3 Phlox divaricata is very pretty, but how the slugs and snails do punish it! 1883Daily Tel. 15 May 2/7 The Oxonian's [bowling] was..severely punished, both batsmen scoring a 3 hit off one over. 1891W. G. Grace Cricket xi. 312 It was a treat to watch him punish the bowling. 1896Doyle Rodney Stone xix, The smith, although he laughed at his own injuries, had none the less been severely punished. 1930Morning Post 16 July 11/5 Chapman batted remarkably well. He refused to take any risk and yet punished the loose ball. 1934Dylan Thomas in Listener 24 Oct. 691/2 Especially when the October wind With frosty fingers punishes my hair. Ibid., Especially when the October wind..With fist of turnips punishes the land. 1942J. B. Priestley Black-Out in Gretley vii. 149 The bottle of brandy they'd punished was prominent on the little table. 1949‘J. Tey’ Brat Farrar iv. 34 Ungainly women in unseemly clothes punishing the saddles of broken-spirited horses. 1967Observer 17 Dec. 1/1 An old man punishing a mandolin in Bond Street.
Hence punished |ˈpʌnɪʃt| ppl. a.
c1806Sir R. Wilson Cape Gd. Hope in Life (1862) I. App. ix. 375 It is also remarked..that..the backs of punished men require all the care and skill of the surgeon. 1866S. B. James Duty & Doctrine (1871) 32 Evil is personified in a punished Satan. |