| 释义 |
▪ I. scapegoat, n.|ˈskeɪpgəʊt|
[f. scape n.1 or v.1 + goat.
App. invented by Tindale (1530) to express what he believed to be the literal meaning of Heb. ﻋăzāzel, occurring only in Lev. xvi. 8, 10, 26. (In verse 10 he renders: ‘The goote on which the lotte fell to scape’.) The same interpretation is expressed by the Vulgate caper emissarius (whence the Fr. bouc émissaire), and by Coverdale's (1535) rendering ‘the fre goate’, but is now regarded as untenable. The word does not appear in the Revised Version of 1884, which has ‘Azazel’ (as a proper name) in the text, and ‘dismissal’ in the margin as an alternative rendering.]
1. In the Mosaic ritual of the Day of Atonement (Lev. xvi), that one of two goats that was chosen by lot to be sent alive into the wilderness, the sins of the people having been symbolically laid upon it, while the other was appointed to be sacrificed.
1530Tindale Lev. xvi. 8 And Aaron cast lottes ouer the .ii. gootes: one lotte for the Lorde, and another for a scape⁓goote. [So 1537, 1539, 1560 (Geneva), 1568, 1611.] 1651Hobbes Leviathan xli, Our Saviour Christs sufferings seem to be here [sc. in Lev. xvi] figured..: He was both the sacrificed Goat and the Scape Goat.
2. One who is blamed or punished for the sins of others. (So F. bouc émissaire.)
1824Miss Mitford Village Ser. i. 204 Country-boys..are patient, too, and bear their fate as scape-goats, (for all sins whatsoever are laid as matters of course to their door,..), with amazing resignation. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. I. vi. 416 He has been made the scape-goat for many of the sins both of other individuals and of the whole nation. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. v. lxxxviii. III. 193 The leaders of Tammany undertook to make a scapegoat of Conolly—the least respected and most unpopular of their number.
attrib.1877Tennyson Harold i. ii, A scape goat marriage—all the sins of both The houses on mine head. 1895J. Morley in Daily News 3 Dec. 3/2, I for one am not going to launch scapegoat Bills. I am not going to say this Bill or that Bill was wrong, and that, therefore, we deservedly lost the elections.
¶ The formation of the word has been imitated in nonce-combinations (chiefly jocular) in which the name of some other animal is substituted for ‘goat’ (cf. the quots.).
1765H. Walpole Let. to Earl of Hertford 12 May, That scape-goose, Lord Halifax. 1783Justamond tr. Raynal's Hist. Indies I. 86 They have a scape-horse, analogous to the scape-goat of the Jews. 1831Southey in Q. Rev. XLIV. 286 To place himself in so prominent a position that he was noted for a scape-rat.
Add: Hence ˈscapegoatism n. = scapegoating n.
1961in Webster. 1969Worship XLIII. 630 The dedicated anti-Communist [is]..an apostle of scapegoatism. 1983Times 7 July 1/7 The American action, he said, was ‘a prime example of scapegoatism’.
▪ II. scapegoat, v.|ˈskeɪpgəʊt|
[f. the n. or back-formation from scapegoating.]
trans. To make a scapegoat of (someone); to subject to scapegoating. Hence ˈscapegoated ppl. a.; ˈscapegoater.
1943Jrnl. Abnormal & Social Psychol. Clin. Suppl. XXXVIII. 143 Persons who had been inclined to scapegoat him originally. Ibid. 151 The immediate and desired objective of the scapegoaters was to relieve their feelings of frustration, of fear [etc.]. 1972Guardian 27 Dec. 12/3 We either scapegoat the individual..or we scapegoat society. 1974S. G. Shoham Society & Absurd iv. iv. 162 The child becomes a receptacle for the ressentiment of the scape⁓goater. 1976Child's Guardian Winter 13/3 Oliver's problems illustrate one of the great difficulties in trying to help a scapegoated child. Often the parent/child relationships are so complicated that they seem to need each other in order to continue hurting each other. 1977R. L. Duncan Temple Dogs (1978) i. ii. 55 A company is really too large to scapegoat. |