| 释义 |
C|siː|
the third letter of the Roman alphabet, was originally identical with the Greek Gamma, Γ, and Semitic Gimel, whence it derived its form through the successive types {eggamma1}, {eggamma2}, {elatc1}. The Greek Kappa, κ, being from the first little used by the Romans, {elatc2} functioned in earlier Latin both as |g| and |k|; the latter sound being the more frequent came to be viewed as the more appropriate to C, and about 300–230 b.c., a modified character, {elatg1} or {elatg2}, was introduced for the |g| sound, and {elatc2} itself retained for the |k| sound. Hence, in the classical period and after, G was treated as the phonetic representative of Gamma, and {elatc2} as the equivalent of Kappa, in the transliteration of Greek words into Roman spelling, as in καΔΜοσ, κυροσ, ϕΩκΙσ, in Roman letters CADMVS, CYRVS, PHOCIS.
When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, C had only the sound |k|; and this value of the letter has been retained by all the insular Celts: in Welsh, Irish, Gaelic, C, c, is still only = |k|. The Old English or ‘Anglo-Saxon’ writing was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence C, c, in Old English, was also originally = |k|: the words kin, break, broken, thick, seek, were in OE. written cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc, séoc. But during the course of the OE. period, the k-sound before e and i became palatalized, and had by the 10th c. advanced nearly or quite to the sound of |tʃ|, though still written c, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change had also been going on. Original Latin C (= k) before e, i, had by palatalization advanced in Italy to the sound of |tʃ|, and in France still further to that of |ts|. Yet for these new sounds the old character C, c, was still retained before e and i, the letter thus acquiring two distinct values. Moreover the sound |k| also occurred in French before e and i (chiefly as a representative of Latin qu); this was now expressed in Northern French by the Greek letter κ, k; so that the sound |k| had two symbols, k and c, while the symbol c had two sounds |k and ts|. These French inconsistencies as to C and K were, after the Norman Conquest, applied to the writing of English, which caused a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while OE. candel, clif, corn, crop, cú, remained unchanged, Cent, cǽᵹ (céᵹ), cyng, brece, séoce, were now (without any change of sound) spelt Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke, seoke; even cniht was subsequently spelt kniht, knight, and þic, þicc, became thik, thikk, thick. The OE. cw- was also at length (very unnecessarily) displaced by the Fr. qw, qu, so that the OE. cwén, cwic, became ME. qwen, quen, qwik, quik, now queen, quick. The sound |tʃ| to which OE. palatalized c had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly (in Central French) from Latin c before a. In French it was represented by ch, as in champ, cher:—L. camp-um, cār-um; and this spelling was now introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written about 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel, for the cild, rice, mycel, of the OE. version whence they were copied: this was, phonetically, an improvement. In these cases, the OE. c gave place to k, qu, ch; but, on the other hand, c in its new value of |ts| came in largely in Fr. words like processiun, emperice, grace, and was also substituted for ts in a few OE. words, as miltse, bletsien, in early ME. milce, blecien. By the end of the 13th c. both in France and England, this sound |ts| was reduced to simple |s|; and from that date c before e, i, y, has been, phonetically, a duplicate or subsidiary letter to s; used either for ‘etymological’ reasons, as in lance, cent, or (in defiance of etymology) to avoid the ambiguity due to the ‘etymological’ use of s for |z|, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.
Thus, on the plea of showing the etymology, we write advise, devise, instead of advize, devize, which obliges us to write advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., in defiance of the etymology; bad example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no plea whatever for c. Former generations also wrote sence for sense.
Hence, in modern English, C has (1) the ‘hard’ sound |k| before a, o, u, before a consonant (except h), and when final, as in cab, cot, cut, claw, crow, acme, cycle, sac, tic, epic; (2) before e, i, y, it has the ‘soft’ sound |s|. In all words from Old English or Old French, final c is avoided: the |k| sound being written k or ck, as in beak, meek, oak, book, bark, balk, bank, pack, peck, pick, rock. This is probably due to the claims of derivatives like meeker, oaken, barking, rocky, where c could not be used. Final c however is written in modern words from Latin, Greek, or other languages, and (of late) in the ending -ic, as in sac, tic, epic, critic, music, picnic. In the rare cases in which this c is followed in inflexion by e or i, it is necessary to change it to ck, as in physicking, mimicking, frolicking, trafficker, picnicker. When the |s| sound is final, it must be written -ce, as in trace, ice, thrice, and this final e must be retained in composition before a, o, u, as in trace-able, peace-able. (3) Ci (rarely ce) preceding another vowel has frequently the sound of |ʃ|, esp. in the endings -cious, -cial, -cion, as atrocious, glacial, coercion (ocean). This sound (which is also taken by t in the same position) has been developed in comparatively modern times by palatalization of |s|.
In a few words from foreign languages, c retains the foreign pronunciation, as in It. cicerone |tʃitʃeˈrone|.
The combination CH virtually constitutes a distinct letter, having a history and sound of its own, and as such it receives a separate place in the alphabet of some languages, e.g. Spanish, Welsh. In English it is not so treated, and the ch- words are placed in Dictionaries and alphabetical lists between ce- and ci-. This inclusion of ch in the middle of C is one reason why the latter occupies so large a space in the Dictionary: C is virtually two letters in one, since beside the series ca-, ce-, ci-, cl-, etc., there is the parallel series cha-, che-, chi-, chl-, etc. For the history and sounds of ch, see before the beginning of the ch- words.
c1000ælfric Gram. iii. (Z.) 6 B, c, d, g, p, t, ᵹeendjað on e. 1588J. Mellis Briefe Instr. D vij, Goe to your Calender to the letter C. and there enter Chyst. a1682Sir T. Browne Tracts 126 The long poem of Hugbaldus the Monk, wherein every word beginneth with a C. 1885Goschen in Pall Mall G. 5 Nov. 6/1 The ‘Three C's’ of Foreign Policy..cleanhandedness, continuity, and courage. 1887Spectator 19 Mar. 395/1 [He] writes Corinthians now with a ‘C’, as Professor Jowett writes it.
2. C springs: see cee (springs). C-scroll: a decorative scroll shaped like the letter C.
1904P. Macquoid Hist. Eng. Furniture iii. 63 A strap-work of C scrolls and cocksheaded arabesques.
II.
1. a. Used like the other letters of the alphabet (see A, B) to denote serial order, with the value of third, as quire C, the third ‘quire’ or sheet of a book, ‘Horse Artillery, B Brigade, B and C Batteries, Woolwich’. So with the subdivisions of the longer articles in this Dictionary.
b. C 3: the lowest grade in the scale of physical fitness for military service employed in the classification of recruits conscripted under the Military Service Act, 1916; hence fig. of the lowest grade, of grossly inferior status or quality.
1918D. Lloyd George in Times 13 Sept. 8/2 You cannot maintain an A1 Empire with a C3 population. 1923Daily Mail 1 Mar. 7 He would agree prisoner's left arm would be a C3 left arm. Ibid. 11 July 13 Sunshine all the way, no C3 affair but a magnificent blaze of light. 1924Galsworthy White Monkey i. viii, Eight years her senior and C3 during the war!
2. spec.
a. in Music: The name of the first note, or key-note, of the ‘natural’ major scale; called also C in Germany, in France Ut, in Italy Do. Also, the scale or key which has that note for its tonic. Applied to a tenor saxophone in C; also ellipt.
1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iii. i. 76 C fa vt, that loues with all affection. 1782Burney Hist. Music II. 13 The sounds belonging to the key of C. natural. 1864Browning Abt Vogler xii, For my resting-place is found, The C Major of this life. 1879Grove Dict. Mus. I. 205 The famous Quartet in C, dedicated to Haydn. 1932B. Davis Saxophone xxx. 154 Because it is not necessary to change the key when reading for the C Melody, this instrument has come to be regarded as non-transposing, in order to differentiate it from those for which it is necessary to change key. 1955L. Feather Encycl. Jazz i. 20 Frank Trumbauer with his C-Melody saxophone.
b. In abstract reasoning, hypothetical argumentation, law, etc. C is put for a third person or thing. (Cf. A II. 4.)
1864Bowen Logic (1870) 243 If B is A and B is C, the two conclusions A is C, or C is A are equally competent.
3. In Algebra: (see A II. 5). In the higher mathematics, c is especially used to denote a constant, as distinguished from a variable quantity.
4. Designating a range of international standard paper sizes (as C1, C2, etc.), used mainly for envelopes and folders: see A 9.
1937[see B 2 (iv)]. 1962F. T. Day Introd. Paper vii. 77 The C sizes are not now looked upon as paper sizes but as sizes for envelopes or folders suitable for enclosing the A series of stationery. 1986Neat Ideas Catal. Apr. 15 Business envelopes..pocket C5 9{pp} × 6 3/8{pp}.
III. Abbreviations.
1. a. C, now rarely c., = L. centum a hundred; the common sign for 100 in Roman numerals, as in dates, numbering of books or chapters; so CC = 200, CCCC or CD = 400; formerly written ii.c., etc. Also formerly = hundredweight, now cwt.
1420E.E. Wills (1882) 46 Also iij.c of ledyn wyȝtis. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xix. xxii, The shyp was great fyve c. tonne to charge. 1535Coverdale 2 Sam. xxi. 16 Thre C. weight of brasse. ― Judg. xvi. 5 So wyll we geue the euery man a M. and an C. syluerlinges. 1709Lond. Gaz. No. 4509/3 About 2s. per C. Mod. The year of our Lord mcmlxxxviii.
b. c = centi-, as in cg, centigram(s); cl, centilitre(s); cm, centimetre(s).
1892G. Collar Notes on Metric System 7, 10 milligrammes (mg.) make 1 centigramme (cg.). 1983J. V. Drazil Quantities & Units of Measurement 43 cg, centigram.
1892Cl. [see M 5 d]. 1983J. V. Drazil Quantities & Units of Measurement 45 cl, cL, centilitre.
1874J. P. Putnam Metric System Weights & Measures 39, 1 cu. cm. of water weighs 1g. 1923[see ultrasonic a. 1 b]. 1982cm [see tweeter].
2. Music. ‘As a sign of time 𝄴 stands for common time, 4 crotchets in a bar; and 𝄵 for allabreve time, with 2 or 4 minims in a bar’ (Grove Dict. Music). C = Counter-tenor, or Contralto; C.F. = canto fermo.
3. (Abbreviations cited here with full stops are frequently used without them.) C. = various proper names, as Charles, Caius; C (Chem.), Carbon; C., Cardinal (obs.); C., Celsius, Centigrade (temperature); C, cocaine; C (Electricity), current; C (U.S.), $100; c. (Cricket), caught; also c. and b., caught and bowled; c., chapter; c., century; c., cubic, as in c.c., cubic centimetre; c. (in a dental formula in Zoology), canine teeth; c. (before a date) = Lat. circa about; {cprt}, copyright (followed by the name or other indication of the owner of the copyright); C.A. Chartered Accountant (Scotland); CAMRA |ˈkæmrə|, Campaign for Real Ale [orig. Campaign for the Revitalization of Ale]; C. & W., c. & w., country-and-western (music); C.A.P., Common Agricultural Policy (of the European Economic Community); C.A.T., College of Advanced Technology; C.B. Companion of the Bath; C.B., confined to barracks, as a punishment in the army; C.B.E., Commander of the Order of the British Empire; C.B.I., Confederation of British Industry; formerly, F.B.I.: see F III. 3; C.B.S., Columbia Broadcasting System; C.B.(W.), chemical and biological (warfare); C.C., County Council(lor); C.C., Cricket Club; c.c., carbon copy or copies (followed by a list of others to whom correspondence is to be copied); C.D., compact disc; C.D., corps diplomatique; CD ROM |ˌsiːdiːˈrɒm|, a compact disc on which text or data is stored and which is used as a read-only memory; C.E., Civil Engineer; C.E., C.æ., Common Era; occas., Christian Era; C.E.G.B., Central Electricity Generating Board; C.E.M.A., Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts; C.E.R.N., Cern |sɜːn| [F. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire], European Council for Nuclear Research; C.F., Chaplain to the Forces; cf., L. confer ‘compare’ (cf. confer v. 4); C.G.M., Conspicuous Gallantry Medal; C.G.S., centimetre-gramme-second; C.G.S., Chief of the General Staff (cf. C.I.G.S. below); C.H., Companion of Honour; C.I.A. (U.S.), Central Intelligence Agency; C.I.D., Committee of Imperial Defence; C.I.D., Criminal Investigation Department; C.I.E., Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire; C.I.F., c.i.f., Cost, Insurance, plus Freight; † C.I.G.S., Chief of the Imperial General Staff (now C.G.S.); C. in C., Commander in Chief; C.K.D., completely knocked down; C.Litt., Companion of Literature; C.M. Master of Surgery; C.M., (in Hymns) common metre; C.M.G., Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George; C.N.A.A., Council for National Academic Awards; C.N.D., Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; C.N.S., central nervous system; C.O., Commanding Officer; C.O., conscientious objector; c/o, care of (care n.1 4 a); C.O.D., see separate entry; C. of A., Certificate of Airworthiness; C. of E., Church of England; C.O.R.E. U.S., Congress of Racial Equality; C.O.S., Charity Organization Society (Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909); C.P., Communist Party; C.P., ‘convicted poacher’; cp. = L. compara ‘compare’; Cpl., Corporal; C.P.O., Chief Petty Officer; c.p.s., cycles per second; (Computing) characters per second; C.P.R., Canadian Pacific Railway; CPU (Computing), central processing unit; C.Q.D., in wireless telegraphy, the signal formerly used by ships in distress, consisting of C.Q., the international sign for ‘all stations’, followed by D indicating ‘urgent’; after 1908 superseded by S.O.S.; C.R.T., c.r.t., cathode-ray tube; C.S., Civil Service; CS [the initials of B. B. Corson (b. 1896) and R. W. Stoughton (1906–57), American chemists who discovered its properties in 1928], a designation of o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, CIC6H4CH:C(CN)2, a substance that causes irritation of the skin, lachrymation, coughing, etc., and is used in the form of a finely divided solid as a quick-acting irritant for riot control and other purposes; so CS gas, etc.; c/s, cycles per second; C.S.E., Certificate of Secondary Education; C.S.I.R.O., Commonwealth [of Australia] Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (replacing the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research); CT (Med.), computed (or computerized) tomography; freq. attrib. as CT scan, etc. (= CAT scan: see CAT n.5); ct., carat, cent; c.v. = curriculum vitæ s.v. curriculum; C.V.O., Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. See also as separate entry.
1855Owen Skel. & Teeth 304 The homologies of the typical formula may be signified by i 1, i 2; *c; p 3, p 4; m 1, m 2, m 3.
1744in J. Nyren Young Cricketer's Tutor (1833) 111 Smith o *C by Bartrum. 1810in Alverstone & Alcock Surrey Cricket (1902) ii. 54 Lord F. Beauclerck..c. & b. Lambert 21. 1882Daily News 30 May 3/7 G. B. Studd was missed twice—first by Palmer from an easy chance of ‘c and b.’ 1884Lillywhite's Cricket Ann. 76 C. R. Seymour c Chester b Barratt 34.
1842E. Turner Elem. Chem. ii. ii. 179 Carbon *C...it is much to be wished that these symbols, being now generally known, should be rigorously adhered to. Berzelius has properly selected them from Latin names, as being known to all civilized nations.
1549Latimer Serm. bef. Edw. VI, v. (Arb.) 133 M. Latimer lamentes the defection of *C. Pole.
a1888Mod. Water boils at 100° *C.
1922E. F. Murphy Black Candle ii. xi. 212, I cried and made a fuss when I could not get enough ‘M’ or ‘*C’, so we moved to a house where no one would hear me. 1959W. Burroughs Naked Lunch 29 The craving for C lasts only a few hours, as long as the C channels are stimulated.
1881Thompson Electr. & Magn. vi. 307 The number of webers per second of current flowing through a circuit is equal to the number of volts of electromotive-force divided by the number of ohms of resistance in the entire circuit. *C = E / R .
1839Spirit of Times 13 Apr. 66/3, I had no idea of betting more than an ‘L’, or a ‘*C’. 1930Liberty 11 Oct. 30/3 We gave him five C notes and two tens, or 10 per cent [of $5,200] to make the payoff. 1946Science Digest Aug. 23/2 A goodly supply of crisp C-notes. 1955‘H. Robbins’ Stone for Danny Fisher ii. xiii. 159 My biggest worry was somebody's clipping the five C's from my trousers back there in the dressing room.
1947U.S. Congress, Statutes c. 391 §19 The notice of copyright..shall consist either of the word ‘Copyright’ or the abbreviation ‘Copr.’, accompanied by the name of the copyright proprietor... In the case..of copies of works specified in subsections (f) to (k)..the notice may consist of the letter C enclosed within a circle, thus *{cprt}, accompanied by the initials, monogram, mark, or symbol of the copyright proprietor. 1957Encycl. Brit. VI. 429/1 The form of notice, which is required for literary, musical and dramatic works and may be used on any other works, consists of the word ‘Copyright’ or the abbreviation ‘Copr.’ or the symbol {cprt}, accompanied by the name of the copyright owner and the year in which the copyright was secured; e.g. ‘{cprt} 19— by John Doe’.
1972Brewers' Guardian Aug. 23/3 Yet another organisation has been formed to ‘protect the British drinker against the adulteration of his pint’..Campaign for the Revitalisation of Ale (*CAMRA!!). 1973[see real a.2 4 b]. 1984Financial Times 16 July 18/1 Mr Christopher Hutt, managing director of the small chain of free houses, insists that ‘We have not moved away from the camra ideals’.
1953Downbeat 6 May 29/1 Today many of the biggest selling records and most popular hit tunes come from the *c & w side of the tracks. Ibid. 29 July 19/5 Mexican Joe started slow, but after a few weeks it skyrocketed to the top position in the C & W field. 1981Variety 15 July 67/1 (heading) Gilley's Picnic, Rose Bowl C & W Event fall below break-even.
1965Acronyms & Initialisms Dict. (Gale Research Co.) 155 *CAP, Common Agricultural Policy (Common Market). 1979H. Wilson Final Term v. 95 The CAP issues would have to be settled by those ‘fighting-cocks’, the Ministers of Agriculture.
1957Technology July 167/2 (caption) *CAT for North. 1964Economist 27 June 1485/1 Universities, CATs and the professional social work institutions.
1888Kipling Soldiers Three 11 Now, I put ut to you, Sorr, is ten days' *C.B. a fit an' a proper tratement for a man who has behaved as me? 1892― Barrack-room Ballads 20 O it's pack-drill for me and a fortnight's C.B. For ‘drunk and resisting the Guard’! 1919War Slang in Athenæum 8 Aug. 787/2 When doing C.B...he [sc. the soldier] was doing ‘jankers’ or ‘Paddy Doyle’. 1928W. Empson in Granta 2 Nov. 74/2 We would have put the cooks in C.B...if they'd served up this cat's food.
1917Illustr. London News 30 June 759/1 The five classes of the Order [of the British Empire] are..3. Commanders (*C.B.E.) 1985Church Times 4 Jan. 1/4 Also made CBEs are the Rev. Professor C. F. D. Moule..(for services to theology); the Rev. John Brian Smethurst..(for political and public services), [etc.].
1965Guardian 2 Aug. 2/8 (heading) Royal charter turns FBI into *CBI. 1985Daily Tel. 24 Jan. 21/7 The CBI is on well trodden ground in arguing that the increase in allowances will improve the incentive to work.
1930What's on Air Mar. 12/2 He will call his agency and say, ‘Go up to NBC or *CBS and insist they change our hour.’ 1985Daily Tel. 19 Feb. 17/3 The settlement of General Westmoreland's {pstlg}10 million libel suit against CBS has ended a long and expensive legal battle for the American media giant.
[1949T. Rosebury Peace or Pestilence ix. 99 In its modern form BW has never been used in a military operation. 1960M. Stubbs in Advances in Chem. XXVI. 36 A growing awareness of the potential threat of a CW-BW attack.] 1964Bull. Atomic Sci. XX. Oct. 35/1 More attention to *CB weapons is required. Ibid., In 1961, the budget for Army expenditures for CBW research, development, and procurement was somewhat over 100 million dollars per year. 1966New Scientist 29 Sept. 717/1 The employment of any one CB weapon weakens the barriers to the use of others. 1967Times 29 May 4/4 John H. Hoskins..denied all charges that Yale was in any way engaged in classified research on C.B.W.
1936L. I. Hutchinson Stand. Handbk. Secretaries 287 The carbon copy notation, ‘*c.c.’, should be the last notation. 1969M. Pugh Last Place Left iv. 22 Have you seen the letter?.. It says c.c. to you. Carbon copy. 1982Computerworld 23 Aug. 33/3 You may sometimes want to keep others informed of what you are asking a person or group to do. In that case, indicate it as a ‘carbon copy’ (CC) on the bottom of the memo.
1902Manch. Faces & Places XIII. 10 (heading) Mr. W. J. Crossley, J.P., *C.C. 1906E. Collyns Typists' Man. (ed. 6) 218 C.C., County Council. 1985Westmorland Gaz. 28 June 15/2 It was agreed that the clerk contact Cumbria CC about this matter.
1862*C.C. [see M.C.C. s.v. M III. 6]. 1895Badminton Mag. I. 211 (heading) The Best Eleven by the Secretaries of M.C.C. and Surrey C.C. 1980Guinness Bk. Records (ed. 26) 261/1 Playing for Gentlemen of Leicestershire C.C. v. Free Foresters, at Oakham, Rutland, on 19 Aug. 1963, Ian H. S. Balfour batted for 100 min without adding to his score of five runs.
[1866J. J. Griffin Chem. Handicraft 298 Graduated for Centimetre Cubes..1 *cc. 6d.] 1899Edser Heat for Adv. Students iv. 64, 1 c.c. will possess a mass of m/v grams. 1955Times 18 July 12/6 The meeting opened with a 17–lap race for 500 c.c. cars.
1979New Scientist 22 Mar. 948/1 Although the Compact Disc (*CD) system indubitably works as claimed and could offer an attractive alternative to today's grooved records..CD is sure to receive far hotter competition from Japan than the compact cassette. 1984What Video? Aug. 24/1 My musical examples came from what is still one of the best examples of CD recording around.
1942Partridge Dict. Abbrev. 23/1 *CD, Corps Diplomatique..On, e.g., motor-cars and letters. 1955G. Greene Quiet American ii. ii. 104 Along the route to Tanyin flowed a fast stream of staff and C.D. cars. 1961Guardian 4 May 2/5 Lord Lansdowne..said in the Lords..that the ‘CD’ plate did not..afford the occupant of a car any privilege or immunity.
1983Electronics 20 Oct. 102/2 The *CD ROM, which is expected to hit the market next year, can hold 525 megabytes of formatted data. 1984Byte Dec. 10 NAPC's Philips Subsystems and Peripherals Inc...will offer its CM 100 Compact Disc Read-Only-Memory (CD ROM) unit to other manufacturers. 1986S. P. Harter Online Information Retrieval ix. 226 Databases are now being offered on CD-ROM and videodisk, for use on personal information retrieval systems. 1986Bookseller 10 Oct. 1501/2 There was an increase in the prominence of CD-ROM technology at this year's Frankfurt Book Fair.
1838E. H. Lindo Jewish Calendar (title-p.), Tables for continuing the calendar to A.M. 6000–2240 *C.æ. Ibid. 111 (heading) 3760 C.æ. Commencement of the Christian æra. 1886K. Magnus (title) Outlines of Jewish History from B.C. 586 to C.E. 1885.
1957Economist 21 Dec. 1076/2 The *CEGB estimate..might mean that about 53 million tons of coal a year would be used for electricity by 1965. 1960Times Rev. Industry May 49/1 C.E.G.B., Central Electricity Generating Board. 1985Financial Times 16 Mar. 28/5 The indications of possible new PWR sites..underlines the CEGB's hope that the PWR proposal will be authorised.
1940Times 15 June 7/4 The *C.E.M.A. has one expert representative of each art on its Council. 1958Ibid. 4 June 11/3 In 1946 C.E.M.A. was incorporated by royal charter and given the name Arts Council.
1955Ibid. 13 June 6/7 The juridical agreement between the Swiss Government and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (known as *C.E.R.N.). 1967Economist 29 Apr. 492/2 It [sc. a Russian particle accelerator] is rather more than twice the power of the biggest now operating, at the international Cern centre in Geneva. 1985Christian Sci. Monitor 23 Jan. 16/2 In the international ball game of physics, recent innings have gone to CERN.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *C.F. Chaplain to the Forces.
1850N. & Q. 2 Nov. 373/1 Shakspeare and George Herbert... *Cf. Hamlet, III. 4. 1982K. J. Leyser Medieval Germany ii. 30 Ekivrid's shield..lacked the ‘umbo’, the metal-boss of Waltharius's. (Cf. lines 772 and 776.)
1916Admiralty Weekly Orders 30 June 5 (heading) *C.G.M. 1983Navy News June 7/1 Do soldiers holding the MM, DCM, CGM, QGM etc feel they have been discriminated against?
1873*C.G.S. [see absolute unit]. 1875J. D. Everett (title) Illustrations of the Centimetre-Gramme-Second (C.G.S.) System of Units. 1962Corson & Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields ii. 29 In the c.g.s. system of units, K is made unity by choosing appropriate units for these quantities.
1904Min. Proc. Army Council 12 Aug. (Publ. Rec. Office, Kew WO 163/9, 1905) 46 The *C.G.S. was requested to report upon the necessity for the retention of the Fortress Company, R.E., in Egypt. 1982S. Raven Shadows on Grass xi. 223 Lieutenant-Colonel John Mogg (later C.G.S.).
1918Whitaker's Almanack 143 (heading) Order of the Companions of Honour (1917)—*C.H. 1984Ann. Reg. 1983 499/1 Boult, Sir Adrian, CH (b. 1889), British conductor.
1951Sat. Even. Post 17 Mar. 71 The *CIA, or Central Intelligence Agency, which deals with the war capabilities of an enemy.
1910E. H. Richardson War, Police & Watch Dogs iii. 56 Detective F. H. Carr of the *C.I.D. 1914W. S. Churchill World Crisis (1923) xii. 267 The situation..is entirely different from those which have been discussed in the Invasion Committee of the C.I.D. 1960Times 3 Oct. 13/6 Every C.I.D. man must start as a uniform constable.
1886Kipling Departm. Ditties (ed. 2) 8 Then the Birthday Honours came... Stood against the Rajah's name nothing more than *C.I.E. 1937Discovery Jan. 6/1 Dr. J. H. Hutton, C.I.E.
1902Times 7 July 3/3, 90 per cent. f.o.b. invoice on the basis of 52s. 6d. *c.i.f. sawn pitch pine 35 cubic feet average Blaenavon. 1907Westm. Gaz. 7 May 2/2 The United Kingdom figures are c.i.f. at the ports of arrival. 1958Times Rev. Industry June 63/1 Redwood deals and battens have dropped from {pstlg}88 to {pstlg}84 c.i.f.
1909War Office Memo. 601 (Publ. Rec. Office wo32/6469) 26 Nov. 7 By an Order in Council of the 22nd November, 1909, the title of the Chief of the General Staff has been changed to that of Chief of the Imperial General Staff. In future minutes will be addressed, and papers transited, to *C.I.G.S. 1917Ld. Derby Let. 15 Aug. in M. Gilbert Winston S. Churchill (1977) IV. Compan. i. 132 Dear CIGS. 1942G. Cunningham Diary 23 Aug. in N. Mitchell Sir G. Cunningham (1968) v. 99 Claude thinks it is largely the P.M.'s own brain wave, and that Brooke (C.I.G.S.) has weakly acquiesced. 1981Dict. Nat. Biogr. 1961–1970 148/1 Junior officers were always struck by the considerable awe in which their seniors held the CIGS—the man [sc. Brooke], not just the office.
1889Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang I. 3/2 *C. in C., Commander-in-Chief. 1951L. MacNeice tr. Goethe's Faust ii. iv. 256 No, you shall win it, believe you me. It's you to-day are C.-in-C.
1937Times 13 Apr. iv/1 The successful working at Wellington, New Zealand, of a *C.K.D.—‘Completely Knocked Down’—plant for the manufacture of the same make of car.
1961Times 19 Apr. 13/3 The new ‘literary honour’..is to be distributed by the Royal Society of Literature to not more than ten holders at any one time and the first batch of five living British writers..become ‘Companions of Literature’ and free to put ‘*C.Litt.’ after their names from May 10.
1903Encycl. Brit. XXXV. 1060/1 Aston, William George, *C.M.G., M.A., D.Litt. 1985Library Assoc. Rec. Feb. 63/2 The term Companion... Its use is..confined to awards of honours in the various degrees of chivalry, eg CB, CMG, etc.
1964Internat. Assoc. of Universities Bull. XII. 296/2 The *CNAA will have the power to approve appropriate colleges in which these subjects can be studied to degree level. 1985Daily Tel. 22 Apr. 11/3 The CNAA is also responsible for maintaining poly standards.
1958C. Judd in C. Driver Disarmers (1964) ii. 47 There are major points in the policy of the *CND which UNA cannot support. 1961Times 8 May 17/3 The C.N.D. has ceased to be a movement of moral protest..and has become a political organization.
1932J. S. Huxley Probl. Relative Growth vi. 186 In organs where, to use Hammett's phrase, the work-growth ratio is high, as in glands, heart, etc.,..the growth-function will be more seriously impaired than in organs such as *C.N.S. or skeleton, where the work-growth ratio is low. 1974D. & M. Webster Compar. Vertebr. Morphol. ix. 191 Knowledge of which central nervous structures are involved in particular reflexes is a valuable diagnostic tool in delineating damage to the CNS.
1889Cent. Dict. I. 1065/3 *c.o., an abbreviation of care of, common in addressing letters, etc. Often written c/o. 1910Dalton's Weekly Advertiser 24 Dec. 6/2 F., c/o ‘Housekeeper’, 5 Fenchurch Street, London. 1985Church Times 1 Feb. 15/4 Application forms..can be obtained from: The Headmaster, c/o School House, 201, Park Road.
1889Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang I. 3/2 *C.-O., Commanding-Officer. 1890Kipling Many Invent. (1893) 29 ‘Who was your C.O.?’ said Boileau. 1915F. H. Lawrence in Home Lett. T. E. Lawrence (1954) 701 One officer was C.O., and the other four company commanders.
1916Tribunal 23 Mar. 4/1 (heading) Treatment of *C.O.'s. 1919J. Buchan Mr. Standfast i. 30 ‘Launcelot's a C.O., you know,’ said Miss Doria... I remembered that the letters stood..for ‘Conscientious Objector’. 1968War Resistance II. xxiv. 27 Nazarene leaders have made petitions to Marshal Tito for the release of the COs.
1932Flight 15 Apr. 318/1 This is in excess of the normal *C. of A. gross weight of 5,400 lb.
1913W. T. Rogers Dict. Abbrev. 41/2 *C. of E., Church of England. 1954J. Betjeman Poems in Porch, Still it gives the chance to me To praise our dear old C. of E.
1962in Amer. Speech (1963) XXXVIII. 229 An official of the Congress of Racial Equality (*CORE). 1968Chicago Tribune 9 July i. 21/1 (heading) Chapters in 3 cities drop out of C.O.R.E.
1910Chesterton What's Wrong with World iv. xiii. 248, I do not expect the schoolmaster to hate hospitals and *C.O.S. centres so much as the schoolboy's father.
1936J. Curtis Gilt Kid iii. 29, ‘I want to talk to you about joining.’ ‘About joining the *C.P.?’ 1969Listener 9 Jan. 54/2 One of the few commendable features of the CP is that, at that time, its outlook on many issues was seldom more than a year behind enlightened opinion.
a1848Marryat R. Reefer xxxii, The fellow was put on board with ‘*C.P.’ before his name.
1889R. L. Ottley in C. Gore Lux Mundi xii. 482 (note) See Bengel in loc. and *cp. S. Luke xvii. 10. 1950Classica & Mediævalia XI. 228 Extensive use of Latin abbreviations is a regular feature of English printing, other examples..being..cf. (confer), cp. (compara), id. (idem), ib. (ibidem), et seqq. (et sequentia).
1901Army & Navy Gaz. 19 Jan. 68/1 Near Heilbron, Jan. 3... Killed:..*Cpl. 22212 Stephan. 1977R.A.F. News 22 June–5 July 10 (caption) Right centre: Cpl Dave Lowe, Cpl Pat Jones, Jnr Tech Ben Timms (on wing).
1907Army & Navy Gaz. 8 June 535/1 Foil v. Foil—*C.P.O. Smeaton, R.N. 1985Navy News Feb. 4/5 Vacancies now exist for Submarine senior ratings to qualify as Escape Instructors (CPOs) and Assistant instructors (POs) in the Submarine Escape Training Tank..in HMS Dolphin.
1892Kipling Lett. of Travel (1920) 80 The traveller is on the *C.P.R. train at Vancouver. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 1/8 A CPR right-of-way in Eastview.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 206/1 *C.P.S., cps.,..abbrevs. for cycles per second, the usual measure of frequency. 1957[see unsmoothed ppl. a.]. 1964Honeywell Gloss. Data Processing 16/2 CPS, abbreviation for both ‘characters per second’ and ‘cycles per second’. 1976New Scientist 4 Nov. 281 (Advt.), Our new 30 and 60 cps terminal printers. 1982Which Computer? June 95/2 Capable of coping with 80-column paper, the MT 100 prints at 160 cps.
1962IBM Systems Jrnl. Sept. 65 It was calculated..that.. increasing the *cpu speed by a factor of fifty would increase the throughput by a factor of only two. 1970Daily Tel. 24 Apr. 25 (Advt.), Have you..the experience of large files accessed by several programs and/or CPU's? 1983Mini-Micro Systems Feb. 84/1 Plexus manufactures a sister computer system..that uses a Zilog z8000 as the CPU.
1909Daily Chron. 17 Feb. 3/5 Among the ships responding to the ‘*C.Q.D.’ message were the Lucania, [etc.]. 1928Manchester Guardian Weekly 7 Dec. 450/3 That..when his ship took a list..[he] should have sent out a peremptory C.Q. call.
1941Rev. Sci. Instruments XII. 298/2 The connection of the lower deflecting plate of the *CRT is incorrect. 1946Electronic Engin. May 149/1 The c.r.t. is an essential part of radar equipment. 1969Computers & Humanities IV. 79 A crt screen with only ten lines of 40 characters each cannot completely replace a printed page.
1960Armed Forces Chem. Jrnl. Nov.–Dec. 27/1 *CS is an Army chemical symbol for an agent that causes burning and watering of the eyes. 1961Techn. Man. (U.S. Dept. of Army) 3–215, change 2, 25 Sept. 4 CS..a white crystalline solid..has a pungent, pepperlike odor. 1969Listener 4 Sept. 297/1 The effects of the CS chemical contained in this gas are now the subject of an inquiry. 1970Daily Tel. 7 Apr. 2/7 CS gas has been used by British troops during peace-keeping operations in Ulster, and by American forces in Vietnam.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 206/1 *C/s., cycles per second. 1943C. L. Boltz Basic Radio ix. 147 The range of frequencies making audible sound is approximately from 20c/s to 20000c/s. 1968Radio Communication Handbk. (ed. 4) v. 32/1 The oscillator..may be..frequency modulated by 50 c/s if the bottom end of the grid leak is connected to the live 6·3 volt heater supply.
1963Daily Tel. 1 Oct. 1/7 In three or four years' time the *CSE examination may be taken by as many as 300,000 candidates. 1966New Statesman 10 June 859/3 Mathematics on sound traditional lines is taken to CSE, ‘O’ and ‘A’ levels.
19491st Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci. & Industr. Research Organization 1948–49 8 *C.S.I.R.O. is working in conjunction with the State Department of Agriculture and Stock on the agricultural aspects of crops and pasture production in the irrigable areas. 1984Nature 19 Jan. (Advt.), CSIRO Research Scientist... CSIRO conducts scientific and technological research in Laboratories throughout Australia and employs about 7,500 staff.
1865H. Emanuel Diamonds & Precious Stones 92–93 (in figure) 1*cṯ. 1985Exchange & Mart 25 Apr. 34/1 (Advt.), Wholesale 9 ct gold jewellery.
a1875in M. Johnson Amer. Advertising (1960), Its marvelously low price Only 25*cts. a year! 1878W. Whitman Daybks. & Notebks. (1978) I. 80 N Y Sun—Dec. 23—at 5 cts a copy.
1974Radiology CX. 109/1 So dramatic is this advance in neuroradiological capability and so important is the developing impact of computerized axial tomography (*CT scanning)..that we believe an early report of our experience to be mandatory. Ibid. 118/2 CT scans were clearly positive. 1975Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 20 Oct. 316/1 The brain, an immobile structure of relatively homogeneous density is ideal for CT. 1983Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. xii. 10/1 Infiltration of liver by fat or iron causes a dramatic change in liver density which can be well shown on CT. 1984S. D. Shoron Epilepsy 18/2 It could be argued that all patients with epilepsy should have a CT scan, but in over 80% it will be normal.
1971I. D. MacHorton How to get Better Job in Managem. iv. 36 When a prospect has read your *CV he should know all there is to know about you. 1985Economist 2 Feb. (‘Survey Wales’ Suppl.) 18/2 They resent Welsh being regarded as a plus on anybody's cv.
1896London Gaz. 6 Aug. 4498 The Count Moltke, G.C.V.O., Captain Bull, *C.V.O.,..the Gentlemen in Attendance on His Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Denmark. 1972Times 6 May 16/7 His services to the history of the Royal Family were fittingly commemorated on his retirement by the award of the CVO.
Add:[II.] 5. Biochem. Designating a form of double-stranded DNA adopted in the presence of certain solvents, consisting of a right-handed double helix which is more tightly coiled than the more common A and B forms. Cf. *A II. 11, *B II. 2 b (vii).
1958D. A. Marvin et al. in Nature 9 Aug. 387/2 We have observed a reversible transition between the B X-ray diffraction pattern of the lithium salt of deoxyribonucleic acid and a similar but distinct pattern we call C. 1961Jrnl. Molecular Biol. III. 563 For C DNA, screw disorder is likely because the helix is non-integral. 1982T. M. Devlin Textbk. Biochem. xvii. 807 Forms A and C differ from B in the pitch of the base pairs relative to the helix axis as well as in other geometric parameters of the double helix.
[III.] [3.] [a.] c (Particle Physics), charm, a quark flavour (charm n. 6); charmed.
1975*c [see charm n. 6]. 1979Nature 6 Sept. 18/1 Each generation of leptons and quarks (the first being e, νe, u, d, the second µ, νµ, c, s, the third τ, ντ, t and b) can be fitted into the 16-dimensional representation of SU(5/1). 1983Sci. Amer. July 106/2 The recent direct observations of D0 mesons in B-meson decay demonstrates that the b quark does in fact decay to c at least some of the time.
CAD, computer-aided design.
1965Mech. Engin. May 41/2 The Computer-Aided Design (*CAD) project at M.I.T. is based on the absolute necessity of this type of rapport between man and machine. 1968New Scientist 1 Feb. 245/2 For computer aided design (CAD) the input data would be in the form of overall requirements, with no limitations as to the types or manufacturers of components. 1979Arizona Daily Star 5 Aug. (Advt. Section) 3 Establish and apply CAD/CAM in manufacturing engineering. 1984Ann. Rep. Racal Electronics PLC 7/1 Several new products in the CAD/CAE area have been launched including powerful software for use on personal computers.
cd (Physics), candela.
1950*Cd [see candela n.]. 1984D. C. Giancoli Gen. Physics xxxvi. 704 We define the luminous intensity..as the luminous flux per unit solid angle (steradian). Its unit is the candela (cd) where 1 cd = 1 lm/sr.
CFC, chlorofluorocarbon.
1976New Scientist 29 Apr. 213/1 (heading) The official view on *CFCs and the ozone layer. 1985Sci. Amer. Aug. 5/1 The levels of these gases, most notably chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), CFC-12, ozone methane and nitrous oxide, have increased dramatically. 1989Daily Tel. 2 May 17/3 Shoppers are told that meat and eggs are packaged in CFC-free containers.
C.M.G., Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.
1842Royal Kalendar (verso of title-page), Notes of Abbreviation..British Orders of Knighthood..*C.M.G., Companion of St. Michael and St. George. 1861Foreign Office List 132/2 Saunders, Sidney Smith, C.M.G. 1914E. Wallace Bosambo of River i. 21 ‘You'll become a colonial-made gentleman one of these days.’.. C.M.G.'s were not likely to come his way whilst Abdul Hazim was still at large. 1959Chambers's Encycl. III. 513 The Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George was founded 27 Apr. 1818 by the prince regent..to reward the services of the inhabitants of Malta and the Ionian islands..and of other British subjects serving in them... In 1864 the order was extended so as to apply to service in all British colonies and by the statutes of 1868 its numbers were increased. 1986Independent 31 Dec. 4/3 CMG is known by juniors as ‘Call me God’.
CMV, cytomegalovirus.
1969New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 22 May 1145/2 Kääriäinen and his associates first recognized striking changes in the titer of cytomegalovirus (*CMV) antibody in association with these illnesses. 1980Jrnl. Clin. Invest. LXV. 798/2 CMV is a member of the herpes group of viruses. 1987CDC AIDS Weekly 28 Dec. 5 After testing those control proteins from CMV on the AIDS virus, we found that they also activated the promoter of the AIDS virus.
CPM, critical path method.
1962*CPM [see network analysis s.v. network n. 5]. 1973C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. viii. 319 Complete programs that handle jobs, such as CPM, usually allow a very flexible input so that the user can describe his problem in easy-to-understand statements. 1983Chem. Engin. 21 Feb. 53/1 Project information software, dubbed Pathfinder, is a CPM-based (critical path method) computer program for project scheduling.
CP/M [control program/microcomputer], a proprietary name for an operating system designed for single-user computers based on certain microprocessors.
1976Dr. Dobb's Jrnl. Apr. 5/1 We have the first tidbits of information on the floppy-disc operating system to which we have alluded in past issues. The system, called ‘*CP/M’, runs on an 8080. 1978Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 14 Nov. tm77/2 CP/M. For computer programs recorded on cards, tapes, disks, and diskettes. 1985Trade Marks Jrnl. 29 May 1248/2 CP/M. Advertised before acceptance... Computer programmes recorded on cards, tapes and on discs. 1985Practical Computing May 114/3 If you stick to a computer that runs one of the mainstream operating systems like CP/M or MS-DOS you will be on fairly safe ground.
CW, cw, continuous wave.
1920Wireless World Jan. 598/1 The relative advantages of separate heterodyne versus self-heterodyne for *C.W. reception. 1967Electronics 6 Mar. 54/3 Other c-w gas lasers lose efficiency when operated at a single wavelength. 1982Giant Bk. Electronics Projects iii. 124 The signal generator can be utilized with SSB/CW..receivers.
b. Chem. In the symbols for various elements (see also C in sense 3 a): Ca, calcium.
1830Phil. Mag. VIII. 425 (table) Lime... *Ca 3·5. 1982T. M. Devlin Textbk. Biochem. i. 18 These two membrane systems in muscle actually control the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ by actively sequestering the cellular Ca2+.
Cd, cadmium.
1833E. Turner Elements of Chem. (ed. 4) ii. 519 Cadmium..oxide..is regarded as a compound of one equivalent of each element... Its formula is *Cd + O. 1982Nature 15 July 260/2 Certain benthic foraminifera..show a consistent relationship between the Cd/Ca of the bottom water and of their calcite shells.
Ce, cerium.
1833E. Turner Elements of Chem. (ed. 4) 971 Cerium..*Ce... Chlorine..Cl..Chromium..Cr..Cobalt..Co. 1985Chem. Abstr. 18 Feb. 336/2 S. mitis..aggregated when suspended in salt solns. contg. Zn2+, Al3+, La3+, and Ce3+.
Cf, californium.
1950S. G. Thompson et al. in Physical Rev. LXXVIII. 298/2 It is suggested that element 98 be given the name californium (symbol *Cf) after the university and state where the work was done. 1984IEEE Trans. Nuclear Sci. XXXI. 1207/2 The experimental technique designed to study latch-up produced by fission particles from 252Cf was required to meet three objectives.
Cl, chlorine.
1833*Cl [see Ce above]. 1984A. C. & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans v. 150 Anions..are released during volcanic eruptions as gases (for example, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, and chlorine), which are dissolved in rainwater or river water and are carried to the oceans as Cl- (chloride) and SO2-4 (sulfate).
Co, cobalt.
1814J. Berzelius in Ann. Philos. III. 52 *Co = cobaltum (cobalt). 1968A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 4) xxiii. 534 Mucosal extracts also contain dipeptidases... An example is glycylglycine dipeptidase, which requires Co++ or Mn++ for its action.
Cr, chromium.
1833*Cr [see Ce above]. 1967A. H. Cottrell Princ. Metall. xxv. 516 Medium carbon steels containing sufficient chromium for good stainless qualities (e.g. 15{pcnt} Cr) can..be quench hardened for cutlery use.
Cs, caesium.
1861Chem. News 26 Oct. 219/1 The hydrate of cæsium, *CsO.HO + Aq, is deliquescent. 1982Nature 11 Mar. 169/2 Substitution of K ions by Cs ions.
Cu, copper.
1813J. Berzelius in Ann. Philos. II. 359 In the class of combustibles which I call metalloids, I use only the initial letters. For example..C = carbon, *Cu = copper (cuprum), [etc.]. 1987K. A. Rubinson Chem. Anal. xii. 389 In aqueous solution, the heavy metals such as Cu++, Ni++, and Cd++ plate out whereas the alkali metals do not.
Add:[III.] [3.] [a.] CD-I, CDI, CD-i, compact disc interactive, a system that provides interactive access to sound, data, and visual images stored on compact discs and viewed through a television or similar monitor.
1986Library Jrnl. 15 May 50/3 The *CD-I (compact disc-interactive) will enable compact discs to store a mixture of video, audio, and text. 1987New Scientist 1 Oct. 35/1 Because viewers can interact with the system, Sony expects CDI to spark off a craze in very sophisticated computer games. 1990Mirabito & Morgenstern New Communications Technol. x. 207/1 The CD-I system would be..the ‘ultimate computer’ game that would not be repetitious and could be supported by an extensive database of pictures and sounds. 1991Bookseller 6 Dec. 1672/3 Some 50 CD-I titles will be available in the US by Christmas. 1994Rolling Stone 16 June 85/1 The CD-i library is broad and eclectic—games for adults and kids, music video and, most recently, movies.
CDTV [Commodore dynamic total vision or compact disc television], (U.S. proprietary name for) an interactive multimedia system developed to rival CD-I, until production ceased in 1994.
1990Daily Tel. 13 Aug. 4/1 The *CDTV system involves a unit the same size as a video recorder which plugs into a standard television set. 1993Accountancy Feb. 52/3 Developed by Commodore as a rival to CD-I, CDTV is now aimed at the educational/computer games market.
C-J Path., Creutzfeldt–Jakob.
1972Nature 8 Dec. 351/2 Rhesus monkeys inoculated with *C-J disease virus 42 months ago are still under observation. 1977Harper's Mag. Jan. 29/1 Scrapie, Kuru, and C–J disease will all ‘take’ if inoculated into the brain of a chimpanzee.
CJD Path., Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.
1975Canad. Jrnl. Neurol. Sci. Aug. 203/1 To our knowledge, these profiles have never been observed in *CJD. 1990Independent 3 Apr. 19/3 Whereas the effects of Alzheimer's are primarily mental, with very slow physical degeneration, CJD has both mental and physical effects almost simultaneously. 1993Daily Tel. 9 Mar. 4/3 Brain samples confirmed that he died from CJD. 1996Private Eye 5 Apr. 12/2 The trigger of the current scare was the 10 new cases of CJD in persons under the age of 42, said to resemble the pattern of disease presented by BSE cows.
CoA Biochem., coenzyme A.
1947Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CLXXI. 833 Recently, a participation was reported of the pantothenic acid derivative, coenzyme A (*Co A), in enzymatic acetylation. 1965Canad. Jrnl. Biochem. XLIII. 1605 CoA ligase (ADP)..catalyzes the formation of succinyl CoA. 1974J. B. Finean et al. Membranes & Cellular Functions v. 75 The exit of mitochondrial citrate supplies acetyl-CoA for biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols. 1990Lancet 26 May 1288/2 Children with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency..develop normally until they are deprived of calories during an intercurrent infection.
crc, CRC Printing, camera-ready copy (see camera n. 3 d).
1986J. Peacock et al. Print & Production Man. iv. iii. 81 If the surface of the *CRC is uneven, or is rough cartridge, it is sometimes worthwhile to make up the display lines on to a separate piece of smooth artpaper or board. 1989Bookseller 1 Dec. 1768/3 The paste-up of crc to make it up into page is eliminated, as the end product of dtp comes out as paged crc.
▸ cc v. (also CC; past tense cc'd, cced) trans. to send a copy of (a communication), now esp. via email; (also) to send a copy of a communication to (a recipient) (freq. with on); cf. c.c. n. at Initialisms 3.
1990Spy (N.Y.) Jan. 94/2 Eszterhas *cc'd this letter to Holston, Hirsch, Winkler and McElwaine. 2000Business Times (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 2 July 24 Just think of the last time someone CCed, or even worse, BCCed some piece of e-mail to someone else. 2005New Yorker 21 Mar. 53/2 Her boss automatically cc'd her on an e-mail that said, ‘I'm so over Ava today; I'm going to fire her.’
▸ CCD n. Electronics = charge-coupled device n. at charge n.1 Additions.
1971IEEE Spectrum July 21/1 A third class, charge-coupled devices (*CCD), has been reported by the writers. 2001Business Week 11 June 154/2 The highest-quality video cameras use three CCDs to capture the truest color.
▸ CCTV n. closed-circuit television (see closed circuit n. (b) at closed adj. Special uses); (in later use, freq. spec.) a surveillance and security system which provides remote observation of a limited (public) area by means of one or more cameras transmitting video signals to a monitor screen or screens.
1959Jrnl. Soc. Motion Picture & Television Engineers 68 824/2 It was considered probable that either the projector or the closed-circuit-television (*CCTV) method of teaching was significantly superior to the other. 1960Jrnl. Higher Educ. 31 451 CCTV has been used to observe hazardous operations without danger to the viewer. 1976Daily Mail (Hull) 30 Sept. 3/5 (advt.) For less than {pstlg}2 per week you can rent a complete surveillance system comprising C.C.T.V. camera, lens, mount and picture monitor. 1995C. Hollin Contemp. Psychol. xiii. 258 The evaluation of the introduction of CCTV on the London Underground suggested that crime had been shunted up the line to nearby stations without CCTV.
▸ CD burner n. a computer peripheral for transferring data to a recordable compact disc.
1994Computer Weekly 27 Jan. 12/5 With the introduction of write-once *CD burners, which burn a digital imprint into the disk's surface, software pirates can now counterfeit original business CDs and sell them on. 1998Daily Tel. 8 Oct. (Connected section) 10/1, I know many people who compile audio tapes that contain only their specific choice from CD and tape. With the growing availability of CD burners a rising number now does this with CDs, too. 2000Independent 31 Jan. ii. 8/1 Two CD burners and two speaker systems with subwoofers were tucked about as skilfully into the cabinetry as one could want.
▸ CD-R n. Computing CD-recordable; a compact disc that can be recorded on or written to only once.
1988Asahi News Service (Nexis) 27 Sept. It plans to sell the *CD-R to professional users such as small music publishers and recording studios beginning in February 1989. 2003Which? Oct. 39/2 With CD recorders you have a choice between rewritable discs (CD-RWs) costing around {pstlg}1.50, or ‘write once’ CD-R discs, costing around 80p.
▸ CD-RW n. Computing CD-rewritable; an erasable compact disc that can be recorded on or written to repeatedly.
1995Macworld Oct. 36/2 CD-Rewritable (*CD-RW), an erasable CD format, won't be available for about two more years, and even then erasable CDs will experience compatability problems with standard CD-ROM drives. 2002Digital Photogr. made Easy No. 12 18/2 When you choose a blank CD you'll be faced with a choice of either CD-R or CD-RW.
▸ CFS n. Med. = chronic fatigue syndrome n. at chronic adj. Additions.
1987Jrnl. Immunol. 1393307/1 Chronic fatigue syndrome (*CFS), also called ‘chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection’ syndrome.., is characterized by chronic fatigue. 1990Lancet 8 Sept. 619/1 According to the agreed definition, the principal symptom of CFS is severely disabling fatigue of definite onset (ie, not lifelong) and at least 6 months duration. 1997Independent 13 May i. 2/5 CFS, also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis or ME, causes long periods of weakness and lethargy. 2000J. W. Pennebaker in A. A. Stone et al. Sci. of Self-report xvii. 299 Despite their possible physiological basis, the symptoms of both influenza and CFS indicate that both psychological and perceptual factors are related to both the etiology and possible the treatment of their symptoms.
▸ CIS n. = Commonwealth of Independent States n. at commonwealth n. Additions.
1990Financial Post (Toronto) (Nexis) 2 June i. 13 He's as stable as any president in any republic of the *CIS. 1994K. Perry Business & European Community xii. 244 An ongoing programme of practical technical assistance was created..to help the 11 CIS states and Georgia to build stable market economies. 2002New Internationalist May 36/1 It was the first CIS state to establish its own currency and join the WTO.
▸ CSA n. = Child Support Agency n. at child n. Additions.
1990Independent 26 Jan. 17 Stage One [of a new child support scheme in Australia] made no change to the calculation of maintenance orders or agreements between parents, but set up a new branch of the tax office, the Child Support Agency (*CSA) to collect payments. 1990Times (Nexis) 18 Dec. 29/2 The [UK] CSA must settle the doubts of lawyers' groups and single parents. 2001Canberra Times (Nexis) 20 Jan. a9 CSA ruled Mr Edwards's earning capacity was up to $40,000 a year and set his child-support payments based on that figure.
▸ CTC n. Brit. Educ. = city technology college n. at city n. Additions.
1986Guardian 8 Oct. 4/4 The *CTCs, some of which will be sited in ‘disadvantaged’ inner cities, will cater for 11-to-18-year olds and be run as government-funded independent schools by educational trusts. 1992J. E. Chubb & T. M. Moe Lesson in School Reform from Great Brit. 21 The kind of education the CTCs offer is..directly relevant to the economic lives and productivity of British youth and the economic well-being of the nation. 2002Jrnl. (Newcastle) (Electronic ed.) 1 July The chamber argues a CTC is needed to address a shortage of ‘soft’ skills in the workforce—team-working and problem-solving—but it also says the lack of elementary reading, writing and arithmetic skills is holding back the region's economy.
▸ CCU n. cardiac care unit.
1974Jrnl. Psychosomatic Res. 18 426 The study took place in the cardiac care unit (*CCU) of a university medical center. 1991Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 5 Mar. e3 Beeping monitors, rolling carts and other noises in most cardiac care units (CCU) are only part of the problem. 2004Calgary Herald (Nexis) 21 Dec. a1 Add four cardiac care unit (CCU) beds.
▸ CCU n. coronary care unit.
1966Parade in Sunday Gaz.-Mail (Charleston, W. Va.) 14 Aug. 6/3 A third nurse telephones the hospital operator to say a patient in the coronary care unit (*CCU) is having a cardiac arrest. 1967Amer. Jrnl. Cardiol. 20 457-64 A four bed coronary care unit (CCU) was constructed. 1989Washington Times (Nexis) 22 Sept. b7 Back in the CCU afterward, the door to the elderly heart patient's room is shut. 2006Hindustan Times (Nexis) 18 May The intensive care unit (ICU) and coronary care unit (CCU) were also affected.
▸ CCU n. critical care unit.
1979Heart & Lung 8 540 Thirty patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction were studied by means of comparison of randomized groups to determine the effectiveness of two different nursing interventions on reducing the stress associated with *CCU transfer. 1988Aviation Week & Space Technol. (Nexis) 19 Feb. 58 Sikorsky showed its S-76 critical care unit (CCU) interior designed by SFENA. 2004N.Y. Times Mag. 7 Nov. 58/3 (advt.) Joan still marvels at how much the [nursing] profession has been altered by technology—..how there are I.C.U.'s and C.C.U.'s (intensive care units and critical care units). |