| 释义 |
shaman, n. (and a.)|ˈʃɑːmən, ˈʃæmən|
Also 8 schamane, 8–9 schaman, 9 shuman. Formerly usu. with capital initial.
[a. G. schamane, Russian shaˈman, a. Tungusian samân (Castren Tung. Sprachl.). Cf. F. chaman.
The Persian shemen, idol, idol temple, sometimes cited as the source, is unconnected. Evidence seems to be wanting for the plausible suggestion that the Mongolian word is an adoption of Chinese sha mên, an ordained member of a Buddhist fraternity, a. Skr. çramaṇa, Pali samana Buddhist monk or mendicant.]
A. n. A priest or priest-doctor among various northern peoples of Asia. Hence applied by extension to similar personages in other parts, esp. a medicine-man of some of the north-western American Indians. Occas. in wider sense: an adherent of shamanism. Also more recently, with recognition of the widespread similarity of primitive beliefs, the term denotes esp. a man or woman who is regarded as having direct access to, and influence in, the spirit world which is usu. manifested during a trance and empowers them to guide souls, cure illnesses, etc. Also fig.
1698A. Brand Emb. Muscovy into China 50 If five or six of these Tonguese Families happen to live near one another..they maintain betwixt them a Shaman, which signifies as much as Sorcerer or Priest. 1706tr. Evert Ides' Trav. vii. 29 Several Tunguzians, amongst which is also their famed Schaman or diabolical artist. 1780Tooke Russia III. 245 Among all the Schamanes, women are looked upon as beings vastly inferior to men. 1848S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom II. xviii. 258 The ritual of the Shamans..has been translated by Neumann, a German sinologue. 1868F. Whymper Trav. Alaska 255 The Schaman, pronounced exactly like our word showman. 1900T. Adney in Harper's Mag. Mar. 495 A former chief and medicine-doctor, or shuman. 1907C. Hill-Tout Brit. N. Amer., Far West x. 199 If the corpse was that of a woman it was prepared for interment by a female shaman. 1910Haddon Races of Man 62 After a death they [the Veddas of Ceylon] perform certain dances and rites through a shaman to the recently departed spirit. 1921R. H. Lowie Primitive Society xii. 328 It was indeed through the shaman, who revealed the will of the spirits, that the chief was chosen. 1925G. Róheim Austral. Totemism vii. 350 This rite..is based on the scheme of death and rebirth and..the vocation of a shaman is often chosen at puberty. 1938in F. Boas Gen. Anthropol. ix. 469 Because the North Californian woman happens to be a shaman does not mean that she treats her family and friends differently. 1952Koestler Arrow in Blue xiii. 106 Vladimir Jabotinsky..became the first political shaman in my life. 1964W. R. Trask tr. Eliade's Shamanism i. 4 The shaman is also a magician and medicine man... But beyond this, he is a psycho⁓pomp, and he may also be priest, mystic, and poet. Ibid., Through this whole region in which the ecstatic experience is considered the religious experience par excellence, the shaman, and he alone, is the great master of ecstasy. 1971I. M. Lewis Ecstatic Relig. ii. 56 We are perfectly justified in applying the term shaman to mean..a ‘master of spirits’. 1971Times Lit. Suppl. 19 Nov. 1453/3 The Maori shaman clasps in his arms the tree on which his people rely for food, clothing, shelter and transport. 1972P. M. Bartz South Korea 42/1 Primitive spirit worship (shamanism) was followed by Buddhism... Today, there are said to be 27,000 shamans, 10,000 of them women. 1979London Rev. Bks. 25 Oct. 1/1 America lacks this type of magician—the shamans there are grander, more worldly, more pretentious.
B. adj. (or attrib.) Of or pertaining to a shaman or to shamanism.
1780Tooke Russia III. 243 The Schamane religion is undoubtedly one of the most antient that exists. 1882H. Lansdell Through Siberia xxx. (1883) 374 The Russian missionaries..find the conversion of the Shaman Buriats tolerably easy. 1901Contemp. Rev. Jan. 95 The necessary spiritual gifts entitling to the Shaman-office often are bestowed.
Hence † shaˈmanian n., a shamanist; shaˈmanic a., akin to shamanism; also, of or connected with a shaman. Also ˈshamanka, ˈshamaness, ˈshamanin, terms sometimes applied to a female shaman.
1802Pinkerton Mod. Geog., Russ. Emp. in Asia ii. II. 47 The Schamanians even believe that the Burchans, or gods themselves, arose from the general mass of matter and spirit. 1899Athenæum 11 Mar. 303/2 The mental attitude of the composers is shamanic and archaic. 1936Jrnl. R. Anthropol. Inst. LXVI. 80 The term shamanka is used by travellers and anthropologists for all female shamans. This usage is unscientific and misleading... For the sake of convenience, however, I shall follow current usage. 1955H. V. Elwin Relig. Indian Tribe v. 146 A shamanin who has done the wrong things is regarded rather as a nun who has broken her vows. 1964W. R. Trask tr. Eliade's Shamanism vii. 241 A shamaness..resolves to bring back his soul and goes down to the ‘world of the dead’. 1964Listener 29 Oct. 677/2 The initiation dreams, the general schema of shamanic flight..are not a shaman monopoly. 1968N. K. Sandars Prehist. Art of Europe i. 26 In Siberia there were also women who were shamankas. 1977D. R. McCann Black Crane p. i, These oracles to Chesŏk..were recited by a mudang, or shamaness. |