| 释义 |
-ship suffix
Forms: 1 -skiepe, -scipe, -scype, Anglian -scip, -sciop, 2 -scep, 3 -sip(e, 3–4 -scip(e, 3–5 -schipe, 4 -schupe, 4–5 -schippe, -shipe, -schyp, -schepe, -shep(e, -chipe, -chepe, 4–6 -schip, -shyp, -shippe, 5 -schuppe, -schepe, -chyp, -chep, 5–6 -shyppe, 5–7 -shipp, 4– -ship.
[In OE. *-sciepe, -skiepe (rare), -scipe, -scype, Anglian -scip, (occas. -sciop) str. masc. = OFris. -skipi, -skip, -schip (WFris. -skip, -schip, NFris. -skep, -skap), OS. -scepi, -scipi, MLG., MDu. -sc(h)ip, -sc(h)êpe, -sc(h)eep, -sc(h)êp, WFlem. -schip, -schepe:—OTeut. *skapi-z, f. skap- to create, ordain, appoint (see shape v.). The ĭ of the stem-syllable of OE. scipe and the corresponding continental forms is apparently due to secondary influence of the umlaut, the change being probably favoured by the lack of stress. The related *skapo-z masc., *skapō fem., and *skapti-z shaft n.1, meaning ‘creation, creature, constitution, condition’, were used in Germanic as the second element of compounds and as such assumed the function and meaning of a suffix equivalent to *skapi-z; these forms are represented by OS. -skap (MDu., Du. -schap), OHG. -scaf fem., later -scaft (MHG., G. -schaft), ON. -skapr (Da. -skab, Sw. -skap); the alleged OE. landsceap is an error due to misreading.
The abnormal forms of the suffix in Sc. hussyskap, -skep, -skip (see housewifeship) may have a LG. or Du. origin.]
In certain uses the suffix lends itself more or less freely to the formation of nonce-words; selected instances of these are given below under the divisons to which they belong.
1. Added to adjs. and pa. pples. to denote the state or condition of being so-and-so. Such compounds were numerous in OE., and many survived (or were re-coined) in ME., but few have a history extending beyond the 15th century; e.g. OE. árodscipe briskness, dolscipe folly, druncenscipe drunkenship, drunkship (ME.), glædscipe gladship, gódscipe goodship, láþscipe hardship, prútscipe pride, shendship (ME.), snelscipe boldness, wildship (ME.), wódscipe madness. The only survivals of this formation now in common use are hardship (first in Ancren Riwle), and worship (OE. weorþscipe).
2. Added to ns. to denote the state or condition of being what is expressed by the n., e.g. OE. féondscipe hostility, fiendship, fréondscipe friendship, þeᵹnscipe thegnship (cf. thaneship); authorship, fellowship, † knightship, partnership, sonship, suretyship.
1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 89 Supposing that by Almighty power their Sunship and Moonship might be kept by them, without worldship. a1828Bentham's Fragm. Govt. Hist. Pref., Wks. 1843 I. 241 To assume and keep up the tone of junvenility and tyro-ship.
b. By extension, compounds of this kind, when the n. is the designation of a class of human being, assume the sense of the qualities or character associated with, or the skill or power of accomplishment of, the person denoted by the n.; e.g. OE. eorlscipe manliness, hláfordscipe domination, supremacy, lordship, mannscipe humanity; craftsmanship, horsemanship, housewifeship, kingship, soldiership, workmanship.
1858Carlyle Fredk. Gt. iii. x. (1872) I. 198 His wars against the Turks, and his other Hectorships, I will forget. 1879Morley Burke vii. 142 The ideas of adventurership.
3. Added to ns. designating an official or person of rank to denote the office, position, dignity, or rank of the person designated, as OE. ᵹeréfscipe reeveship; ambassadorship, captainship, chaplainship, clerkship, headship, laureateship, professorship, sheriffship, stewardship. In the case of fellowship, scholarship, postmastership and the like, the compound has come to connote not only the office or position itself but the emoluments, etc., pertaining to it.
1485Rolls of Parlt. VI. 368/2 The Offices of Walstatship of Wydygada. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 350 John Fortham Bishop of Durham was discharged of the Treasorer-ship. 1625in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 262 By virtue of his Cust[os] Rotulorum-ship. 1885Pall Mall Gaz. 9 Apr. 5 There are now four A.R.A. ships vacant. 1895Harper's Mag. Apr. 718/2 The positions they fill are the ‘judgeship’, the ‘searchership’, the ‘spankership’, and general ‘juryship’.
b. With poss. pron. prefixed, the compounds ladyship, lordship, worship, have passed into honorific designations of the persons who are entitled to the style of ‘Lady’, ‘Lord’, ‘the Worshipful’. Hence the suffix has been freely employed to form mock titles or humourous styles of address, in which -ship is added to the ordinary designation of the person (or animal) or to a word expressing a quality which it is desired to emphasize for the nonce; this use has been extended even to adjs. (e.g. his uglyship) and adj. phr. (e.g. his beyond-sea-ship).
1573–80G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 94 Wich I knowe not howe your soveraineioyeservantshipp would take. 1611Beaum. & Fl. Philaster iv, I never lov'd his beyond-sea-ship. 1615W. Hull Mirr. Maj. Ep. Ded., One of their Holiships. 1682Shadwell Lanc. Witches i. 2, I will..teach your Master of Artship. 1747W. Horsley Fool (1748) II. 165 Thus his Grandship open'd. 1767Woman of Fashion I. 143 What a Chace has her Goddessship led me! 1807Moore Mem. (1853) I. 229, I am beginning to talk too sentimentally for your wag-ship. 1827Fonblanque Eng. under 7 Administr. (1837) I. 89 Non constat, as the lawyers say, that the voyagers venerated his monkeyship. 1829T. C. Croker Leg. Lakes I. 230 Down he and the marchioness walk to the kitchen, and her marchionesship sets herself by the fire⁓side. 1834M. Scott Cruise Midge xxi, ‘Take that, your owlship’, and I made a blow at him with the but-end. 1865Public Opinion 21 Jan. 77/1, I have seen Dyticus rush upon a full-grown smooth newt, and no twistings and writhings of his eftship was of any avail. 1873Forest & Stream I. 148/2 His Uglyship [viz. an alligator], all mouth and squirming tail. 1880Miss Mulock Poems, Dead Czar 42 You..may parade Your maggotship throughout the wondering world.
4. Added to ns. to denote a state of life, occupation, or behaviour, relating to or connected with what is denoted by the n., e.g. OE. béorscipe feast (lit. ‘beer-ship’), byrdscipe child-bearing, werscipe married state. Compounds of this kind are rare in the later periods; courtship (first in Shakes.) is the chief instance; countryship, if it is not merely a shortening of countrymanship, may belong here.
5. Added to ns. forming compounds having a collective sense. These were numerous in OE., e.g. burᵹscipe municipality, folcscipe nation, ᵹieldscipe guild, þeᵹnscipe body of retainers, þéodscipe people, wæterscipe piece of water. township (OE. túnscipe the inhabitants of a tún) is the one survival from the OE. period; the sense ‘domain of {ddd}’ which appears in lordship 2 is not of frequent occurrence.
The following is a nonce-formation after township:—
1768Phil. Trans. LX. 445, I took a jaunt to the Hottentots crawl-ships [= kraal-ships]. |