| 释义 |
▪ I. † skew, n.1 Obs.
Also 4 skewe, skwe, skiu, scue.
[prob. of Scand. origin and related to sky n.1]
1. The sky or heaven.
a1300E.E. Psalter xvii. 13 Mirke watres þat ware ofe hewe In þe kloudes of þe skewe. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 483 Ho [sc. the dove] skyrmez vnder skwe & skowtez aboute. c1375Cursor M. 1341 (Fairf.), Þis tree was of sa mykil in siȝt, þat to þe skew raȝt þe top. c1400Destr. Troy 10182 The skew [MS. skrew], for þe skrykyng & skremyng of folke, Redoundet with dyn.
2. pl. The skies, heavens, or clouds.
c1320Cast. Love 1494 Þ e wey he made vs to lede Þorw þe skewes [F. nuwes], þer he eode. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 1206 Hiȝe skelt was þe askry þe skewes an-vnder. c1400Destr. Troy 9637 That day was full derke..With a Ropand Rayne rut fro the skewes.
▪ II. skew, n.2|skjuː|
Forms: 3 sc(u)we, 5 scue; 3 scyue, skyue, 4 skewe, 7– skew (9 Sc. skeu).
[ad. OF. escu (mod.F. écu):—L. scūtum shield.
Both the OF. escu and L. scutum occur in this sense in early accounts (1253) of Westminster Abbey: see G. Scott Westm. Abbey (1863) 239. The OF. word may also be the source of scu, a screen or partition, given in Promp. Parv. 450/2 and 468/2.]
1.
†a. A stone specially intended or adapted for being placed with other similar ones to form the sloping head or coping of a gable, rising slightly above the level of the roof. Obs.
1278Bursar's Rolls, Merton Coll. in Archæol. Jrnl. II. 143 Item eidem iij.s. iij.d. per xx pedibus in longitudine de quibusdam lapidibus qui vocantur scuwes et ponuntur in opere in tecto parve domus retro coquinam. 1288Ibid., Item in xviij ped' de skyues empt' xviij.d, precium pedis j.d. 1359–60Ely Sacr. Rolls II. 193 In iiijxx iiij ped. de skewes empt., prec. pedis j.d. [1445–6in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 392, 45½ feet of ‘Scuez’..are bought for the construction of the walls.] 1635in Paterson Hist. Musselburgh (1857) 146, vijc double and single treis, and about jm, skewis.
collect.1428in Heath Grocers' Comp. (1869) 6 Ashler, coyne, skew, ragge, chalke, flint, tyles, and estriche boarde. 1533in Bayley Tower of London (1821) I. App. p. xxix, In skew and crests to the same spacys on the west side. Ibid., At the Juell Hows doore, iij. spacys covered wt skew and crest.
b. The line of coping on a gable. Chiefly Sc.
1789D. Davidson Seasons 43 High on the sklentin skew, or thatched eave, The sparrow..Seeks out a dwelling-place. 1823Galt Entail xlix, I paid..the Glasgow mason.. for the count o' his sklater that pointed the skews o' the house. 1861Stephens & Burn Farm-Buildings §279 There are no skews [in this gable], the slating projecting over the walls.
c. A skew-corbel (see 2).
The genuineness of this sense is somewhat doubtful.
1845Parker Gloss. Archit. (ed. 4) I. 340 The term skew is still used in the north for a stone built into the bottom of a gable or other similar situation to support the coping above.
2. attrib., as skew-corbel, skew-put, skew-stone, skew-table.
Parker appears to have formed skew-table out of scutable, which is given by J. T. Smith Antiq. Westm. (1807) 207 in a translated document of 1330; on the same page occurs sencrestes, which may be a misreading of scu-crestes.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §947 The gables are to be slated over, and the skew-stones (the coping-stones of the gables, called barge-stones in England) are to be laid over the slates, but to project 3 inches over..the walls. 1845Parker Gloss. Archit. (ed. 4) 340 Skew-table was probably the course of stone weathered, or sloped, on the top, placed over a continuous set-off in a wall. 1850Ogilvie, Skew-corbel, Skew-put, a stone built into the bottom of a gable to support the coping above. 1851Turner Dom. Archit. II. ii. 31 The spring stones or skew-tables of the gables.
3. A slate used in forming the gutter of a roof.
1899Evesham Jrnl. 1 Apr. (E.D.D.), The centre one is the ‘bottomer’, on either side are two ‘tie-lyes’, and above and below in the next course two ‘skews’.
▪ III. skew, n.3|skjuː|
Also 7 scew.
[f. skew a. or v.2]
†1. A side-glance. Obs. rare.
1622S. Ward Christ All in All (1627) 29 Whateuer good workes we doe with an eye from his, and a skew vnto our owne names,..the more penaltie of pride belongs vnto vs. 1884G. Forbes in W. Thomson Molecular Dynamics 289 So the coefficients sighed and gave a last tangential skew And a shook hands with b & c and S and T and U, And with a tear they parted.
2. a. A slant; a deviation from the straight line; an angle, esp. that at which a bridge spans a road or river; a sideward movement.
1688Holme Armoury iii. 261/2 Scew or Campher, is the cutting off of a corner of a Wall. 1840Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. III. 232/2 The projections of all the lines of pressure are equal to..each other,..whatever may be the angle of the skew. 1885Scientific American 1 Aug. 64 In the completed structure there are..no two skews alike. 1903Daily Chron. 18 Feb. 3/3 The skew in the chancel he attributes..to an alteration having been carried out by rule of thumb.
b. transf. A slip, an error.
1869Furnivall in Bk. Precedence Pref. p. xvii, Thus one of the many skews in the Harleian Catalogue was set straight.
c. on the (or a) skew, on the slant, slantwise.
1881Young Every Man his own Mechanic §399. 175 All these bits are secured in the main stock on a skew. 1891C. T. C. James Rom. Rigmarole 174 Birds that flew dead straight, birds that seemed to work on the skew. 1894Times 22 Sept. 13/4 Over the Lune, which is crossed on the skew, the span is 350 ft.
3. Mining. (See quots.)
1789T. Williams Min. Kingd. I. 27 Skews and backs are only local joints of an irregular curved figure, which often resemble hitches. Ibid. 330 A skew is an irregular discontinuous mineral fissure,..which generally lies in a very slanting irregular position. 1883Gresley Gloss. Coal-m. 224 Skews,..irregularities in the roof indicating danger from falls.
4. Statistics. Skewness.
1974Listener 7 Nov. 595/2 The skew in the graph is at both ends. 1978Nature 2 Mar. 39/1 The distribution is not symmetrical but displays positive skew, a feature held in common with observations at lower frequencies.
▪ IV. † skew, n.4 Cant. Obs.
[Of obscure origin.]
A cup; a wooden dish.
1561J. Awdelay Frat. Vacab. (1869) 83 A skew, a cuppe. 1641Brome Joviall Crew ii. F iv b, This is Bien Bowse, this is Bien Bowse, Too little is my Skew. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Skew, a Begger's Wooden Dish. 1754Song in Farmer & Henley Slang s.v., To thy Bugher [= dog] and thy Skew, Fitch and Jybes, I bid adieu.
▪ V. skew, n.5 Cornish dial.|skjuː|
[? Cornish.]
A drizzling rain; a driving mist. Also fig.
1839W. E. Forster in Reid Life (1888) I. v. 128, I am in a regular Cornish skew as to the future,..can't see an inch before me. 1880–in Cornish glossaries.
▪ VI. skew, n.6 Harrow slang.|skjuː|
[Cf. skew v.5]
a. A difficult passage for translation or explanation.
b. An entrance examination held at the end of a term. Also attrib.
1866Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 757 One examination paper..was popularly known as ‘Skew-paper’. 1890Daily News 14 Aug. 4/8 To explain hard passages, or ‘skews’, as they are technically styled.
▪ VII. † skew, n.7 Sc. Obs.—1
(Meaning doubtful.)
Perhaps a back-formation from reskew, but cf. skew v.2
c1470Henry Wallace v. 835 Hardy and hat contenyt the fell melle, Skew and reskew off Scottis and Inglis als.
▪ VIII. † skew, n.8 Obs.—1
[Cf. scow n.2 2.]
A coracle.
1577Harrison Descr. Brit. iv. in Holinshed I. 5/2 These Scots..vsed..to steale ouer into Britaine in leather skewes.
▪ IX. skew, a. and adv.|skjuː|
Also 7 skue, scue.
[Cf. skew v.2 and askew adv.]
A. adj.
1. a. Having an oblique direction or position; turned to one side, slanting, squint.
1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xxx. xi. 397 He had with his gray eyes a skew cast at all times, and looked sterne. 1639Crabtree Lect. 106 Thy skew legges are so distant one from another, that it is unpossible that thou shouldest ever gall thine Ankles. 1651H. More Enthus. Tri. (1712) 44 It is far easier for her to..fetch in some odd skue conceit from a remote obscure corner, than to think of what is nearer. 1684Burnet Theory Earth I. 195 Its right and parallel situation..was chang'd into an oblique; in which skew posture it hath stood ever since. 1850Parker Gloss. Archit. I. 429 The common coping of a wall, which consists of a sloped or skew surface surmounted by a roll moulding. 1860Wraxall Life in Sea v. 130 The skew mouth running vertically, make[s] their appearance something frightfully odious. 1881E. B. Tylor Anthropology 63 The Tatar and Japanese faces show the skew eyelids of the Mongolian race.
†b. Distorted, perverted; macaronic. Obs.
1607Brewer Lingua iii. v, I remember about the yeare 1602. many vsed this skew kind of language.
c. Statistics. Of a statistical distribution: not symmetrical about its mean. Cf. skewed a.2 2.
A distribution is said to be skew (or skewed) positively or to the right if its third moment about its mean is positive, so that its larger tail lies to the right; and conversely.
1894Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CLXXXV. 107, I have succeeded in resolving this mortality-curve into components which are not..all of the normal type, but become, as we approach infinite mortality, of the skew form. 1905Drapers' Co. Res. Mem. (Biometric Ser.) II. 22 The theory of skew variation will give regression curves..containing product terms in x and y. 1929Jrnl. du Conseil IV. 219 The area of the curve has been reduced to about half its original dimensions, but it has not been rendered very skew. 1936Bot. Rev. II. 229 The distributions of the less common grasses are markedly skew. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 210/2 The first is fairly symmetrical but discloses one outlying value; the second is notably skew to the right.
2. a. In special collocations, denoting that the thing in question deviates from a straight line, or has some part not at right angles with the rest, as skew arch, skew bridge, skew girder, etc., or skew bevel, skew chisel, skew facet, skew former, skew iron, etc.; skew gearing, gearing consisting of two cog-wheels having non-parallel, non-intersecting axes; so skew gear; skew nail, skew nailing (cf. skew-nail vb., sense 3).
1845Ford Hdbk. Spain i. 257 First observe a singular Moorish *skew arch. 1857Whewell Hist. Induct. Sci. (ed. 3) II. 447, I speak of what are called Skew Arches, in which the courses of stone or brick of which the bridge is built run obliquely to the walls of the bridge.
1846Holtzapffel Turning II. 668 They fulfil the office of bevil wheels, or rather of *skew-bevil wheels. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. I. 349/2 The teeth have then a peculiar form, and the wheels are called skew-bevels.
1838Southey Lett. (1856) IV. 546, I have found a good story of a *skew bridge at Caen. 1872Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 245 The art of building oblique or skew bridges appears to have been known on the Continent as early as 1530.
1872Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 354/1 One *skew, or corner chisel. 1881Young Every Man his own Mechanic §644. 296 The tools used in carving are the chisel, the gouge, the skew-chisel, the parting tool.
1751Jeffries Treat. Diamonds & Pearls (ed. 2) Gloss., In Brilliants, there are two sorts, *skew or skill facets and star facets.
1678Moxon Mech. Exerc. iv. 74 The *Skew-Former..is seldom used by Joiners, but for cleansing accute angles.
1908J. Richardson Mod. Steam Engine ix. 159 Fig. 150 shows the usual bevel gear, and Fig. 151 the *skew gear now used in preference. 1929Times 2 Nov. 4/7 The oil pump, driven by skew gear from the camshaft, is in the sump. 1975Ryder & Bennett Mechanics of Machines iv. 112 Skew or spiral gears (which are helical gears of differing helix angles forming a mating pair) are used to transmit motion between non-intersecting shafts.
a1877Knight Dict. Mech. III. 2194/2 *Skew-gearing, cog-wheels with teeth placed obliquely, so as to slide into each other and avoid clashing. 1902A. C. Harmsworth et al. Motors & Motor-Driving x. 191 Another plan..substitutes for the bevel gearing what is known as skew or screw gearing.
1838Simms Publ. Wks. Gt. Brit. 8 In the *skew girders the proper wind must be preserved.
1875Carpentry & Join. 27 The iron is sometimes set at right angles to the sole of the plane and sometimes at an acute angle, when it is called a *skew iron.
1954W. E. Kelsey Carpentry, Joinery & Woodcutting Machinery xiv. 394 In practice, *skew nails are driven in various places..to prevent any movement. 1958Times 27 Mar. 5/2 In one case there was a double skew nail.
1929T. Corkhill in R. Greenhalgh Joinery & Carpentry VI. 1561 *Skew nailing, nails driven with an inclination to the surface to give greater security. 1958Times 27 Mar. 5/2 Double skew nailing was an old traditional practice. 1973P. Hutchinson Home Carpenter ii. 13 (caption) Skew nailing locks timber framing firmly in place.
1846Holtzapffel Turning II. 485 The obliquity is then given to the iron, which is inserted at an angle, as in the *skew-rebate and fillister.
1822–7Good Study Med. (1829) IV. 214 In *skew-sight or lateral vision, the axis of the eye affected usually coincides with that of the sound eye.
1850Engineer & Mach. Assist. 74 That variety of toothed-geer known as *skew-wheels.
b. Math. (see quots.); skew field, a ring whose non-zero elements form a group with respect to multiplication; a set which satisfies the axioms for a field except that multiplication is not commutative.
1848Cayley Math. Papers I. 378 Passing to the general case where the lines and points in question are not identical, which I should propose to term the theory of ‘Skew Polars’. 1867Brande & Cox Dict. Sci., etc. III. 467 Skew Surface, a ruled surface of which two successive generators do not in general intersect. 1873Cayley Math. Papers IX. 65–6 Before going further it will be convenient to establish the definition of ‘skew anti-points’. 1873Maxwell Electr. & Magn. (1881) I. 384 When they are not satisfied it is called a Skew system. 1965Patterson & Rutherford Elem. Abstract Algebra iii. 75 In certain cases we encounter systems which satisfy all the required properties for a field with one exception, the commutative law of multiplication. Such systems are known as..skew fields. 1969F. M. Hall Introd. Abstr. Algebra II. iv. 114 The only skew field of any importance is the set of quaternions.
3. Comb., as skew-eyed adj. and adv.; skew-fisted adj.; skew-nail vb.; skew-wise adv.
1658Rowland tr. Moufet's Theat. Ins. 1074 They are not one-ey'd, nor horrid skew-ey'd. a1700Dict. Cant. Crew, Skew-fisted, awkward, ungainly. 1875Morris æneid v. 445 He..his body swift writhed skew-wise from the fall. 1881Young Every Man his own Mechanic §743. 340 The edge of the shelf may be skew-nailed to the support behind. 1922Joyce Ulysses 30 And skeweyed Walter sirring his father. 1976I. Levin Boys from Brazil ii. 57 He..smiled skew-eyed at him.
b. skew-symmetric a. Math., (of a matrix or other square array of elements) having all the elements of the principal diagonal equal to zero, and each of the remaining elements equal to the negative of the element in the corresponding position on the other side of the diagonal; more generally, applied to an array of any dimension in which every element having a repeated subscript is zero and every other element is equal to the negative of elements having an odd permutation of the same subscripts; also skew-symmetrical a.; hence skew-symmetry.
[1849A. Cayley in Jrnl. für die reine und angewandte Math. XXXVIII. 93 On a λr.s = -λs.r (r ≠ 0); λr.r = 0. Ces déterminants peuvent être nommés ‘gauches et symmétriques’.] 1911T. Muir Hist. Determinants II. ix. 255 Any skew determinant is expressible in terms of *skew symmetric determinants and those of the original determinant which are not included in the latter. 1955W. Pauli Niels Bohr 45 The vectors and skew-symmetric tensors transform just like the analogous electromagnetic quantities. 1967[see bilinear a. 2]. 1980A. J. Jones Game Theory i. 44 Thus a matrix game is symmetric if its matrix is skew-symmetric.
1911T. Muir Hist. Determinants II. 269 The identity..is the twin theorem to one given in his previous paper regarding a bordered *skew symmetrical determinant of even order. 1927Proc. R. Soc. A. CXVI. 249 In any example the quickest way of showing the *skew-symmetry is to write T symbolically as a determinant. 1980A. J. Jones Game Theory i. 46 Skew-symmetry of the matrix is preserved by this operation.
B. adv. Obliquely, askew. rare.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., To look skew, or a-skew, to squint or leer, to look shy, or with an evil Eye upon one. 1815Zeluca I. 305, I hope you don't think, Ma'am, that I have looked skew at not being paid my last week.
▪ X. † skew, v.1 Obs.—1
[f. skew n.1]
intr. To become overcast.
c1400Siege Jerusalem (E.E.T.S.) 53 Þe welcon wanned anon & þe water skeweþ, Cloudes clateren gon, as þey cleue wolde.
▪ XI. skew, v.2|skjuː|
Also 5–6 skewe, 7 scew, scue, 7–8 skue, 9 'skew.
[ad. ONF. eskiu(w)er, eskuer, escuer, var. of OF. eschuer, eschever, etc.: see eschew v.1 The later development of sense is curious, as well as the apparent use of the verb-stem in the adv. askew and the adj. skew.]
†1. intr. To escape, to slip away. Obs.
a1400Morte Arth. 1562 Skilfulle skomfyture he skiftez as hym lykez, Is none so skathlye may skape, ne skewe fro his handez.
2. a. To take an oblique course or direction; to turn aside, move sideways.
c1470Henry Wallace ix. 148 Crawfurd drew saill, skewyt by, and off thaim past. 1567Drant Horace, Ep. i. i. C ij, He, that..chearelye wills the to be bould not once to skew a syde. 1637N. Whiting Albino & Bellama Author's Apol., And should they see us on our knees for blessing, They'd scue aside, as frighted at our dressing. 1703Brand Descr. Orkney & Zetland 9 We judged it safest, to keep as near it [the land] as we could, and scued away by the coast. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), To Skue or walk skuing, to waddle, to go sideling along. 1811Willan in Archaeologia XVII. 158 Skew, to go aside, or obliquely. 1813D. Anderson Poems 112 (Jam.), Contemplating ilk foppish brat,..To see them skew and skip about. 1845S. Judd Margaret i. xvii, They skewed, bustled, and bumped along.
b. To shy (as a horse), to swerve. Also fig.
1679Alsop Melius Inq. ii. viii. 370 When the Magistrate is settling the Civil peace of his Dominions, he needs not concern himself whether the people will skew or no. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia 304 Skew, to start aside, as a horse, at some object which scares him. 1851–in dialect glossaries (Northampt., Linc., etc.).
3. To squint at, to look at (or upon) sideways, esp. in a suspicious or slighting manner; hence, to make side-hits at, reflect upon, something.
1570Levins Manip. 94 To Skewe, limis oculis spectare. 1618Fletcher Loyal Subj. ii. i, Our service Neglected, and look'd lamely on, and skew'd at. 1638Sanderson Serm. (1681) II. 111 We find our selves ready..to skew at the infirmities of others. 1692R. L'Estrange Fables 460 'Tis dangerous skewing upon the errors of the age a man lives in. 1827Clare Sheph. Cal. 173 The cows stood round her in a wondering way,..Skewing at her. 1862Borrow Wild Wales III. 74 Now looking to the left, now to the right,..now skewing at an object, now leering at an individual.
†4. trans. To turn (the eyes) sidewards. Obs.
1577Stanyhurst Descr. Ireland in Holinshed Chron. (1587) II. 17/1 Pleaseth you to skew your eie towards the margent. 1582― æneid ii. (Arb.) 67 Nor backward skewd I myn eyesight..tyl that my burden I lighted.
5. To cut off, set back, insert, etc., in an oblique manner.
1611Cotgr., Embraser, to skue, or chamfret off the Iaumbes of a doore, or window. 1703R. Neve City & C. Purchaser 11 The springing of the Arch is skew'd back from the upright of the Jambs. 1777W. Gostling Walk Canterb. (ed. 2) 181 The way was skewed off with an angle. 1886F. Caddy Footsteps of Jeanne D'Arc 109 The lower room has a narrow window..skewed into the thickness of the wall.
6. To depict or represent unfairly. Also, to distort, bias.
1872C. King Sierra Nevada x, What has he done but twist and skew and distort and discolor..this whole doggonned country? 1975Amer. Speech 1972 XLVII. 284 If he sings the song, he pronounces the name and possibly skews the results. 1979Sci. Amer. Feb. 105/2 Whatever was skewing the eye-color ratio had its effect only in the course of sperm formation, not in egg formation. 1981Amer. Speech LVI. 45 If we count those informants using both big daddy and big mamma only once, to avoid falsely skewing the data, fully 39 percent of the 38 different informants..are black.
7. dial. To throw, hurl, cast, fling.
1824–in dialect glossaries, etc. (Northumbld., Yks.).
8. Statistics. To make skew (skew a. 1 c).
1929Jrnl. du Conseil IV. 219 The frequency curve has been reduced to a very small proportion of the original, the mode has been shifted 13/4 cms., and the group has been distinctly ‘skewed’. 1931Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. XXII. 85 The raising of the level of difficulty of test A will tend to skew the score-scatter positively.
Hence ˈskewing vbl. n.1, (a) the action of the verb; (b) bias, distortion; ˈskewing ppl. a.
1611Cotgr., Biseau, a bezle, bezeling, or scuing; such a slopenesse, or slope forme, as is in the point of an yron leauer, chizle, &c. 1692L'Estrange Josephus, Life (1733) 807 He prepar'd the people for his Purpose by a skewing discourse upon the Matter then in Question. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. II. 8 Jane's 'skewing cow was struck with fear. 1969Language XLV. 487 In reality the transfer at the kernel level can generally be made with far less danger of skewing than if one follows the highly involved processes. 1975Nature 13 Mar. 139/2 The degree of skewing would depend on factors such as the length of time between the act of volunteering and actual participation in the experiment.
▪ XII. skew, v.3 techn.
[Of obscure origin.]
(See quots.) Also ˈskewing vbl. n.2
1688Holme Armoury iii. 149/1 Skew, a term in Herald-Painting, which is with a Wing or Hares Foot [to] brush away all the loose edges of Silver and Gold that remains of the working of them. 1851–4Tomlinson's Cycl. Useful Arts (1866) I. 758 A brush, with which every part is carefully gone over, superfluous gold being removed from some parts, and worked into others..The process is called skewing, and the particles of gold collected from it, are sold under the name of skewings. 1870Eng. Mech. Jan. 487/1 Go over the frame with a skewing brush to remove all loose particles of gold. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2194/2.
▪ XIII. skew, v.4
[f. skew n.5]
In pass. with up: To have the vision obstructed by mist.
1842W. E. Forster in Reid Life (1888) I. v. 149 Walking I know not where—all mist before my vision, ‘skewed up’, nothing certain.
▪ XIV. skew, v.5
[? a special use of skew v.2 Cf. skew n.6]
a. to be skewed, to fail in repetition.
b. To fail in doing (a repetition).
1859Farrar Eric 53 He would laugh when any one told him how he had escaped ‘skewing’ (i.e. being turned) by reading it off. 1899‘Martello Tower’ At School & at Sea 36 Skew..signified failure in a lesson, as: ‘I skewed my rep (repetition) this morning’. 1905H. A. Vachell The Hill iii, It doesn't pay to be ‘skewed’. |