| 释义 |
▪ I. skid, n.|skɪd|
Also 7 skidde, 8–9 skeed, 9 skidd.
[Of doubtful origin: both form and sense suggest some connexion with ON. skíð (see ski) and OE. scíd shide, but skid does not phonetically represent either of these.]
1. a. A beam, plank, or piece of timber, esp. one of a number upon which something rests or is supported, or by which a thing is held in position.
1609–10Cranbrook Churchw. Acc. in Stahlschmidt Bells of Kent (1887) 239 It. pd for two Skiddes for the frame of the bells, vs iiijd. 1759Phil. Trans. LI. 292 This tub was fixed upon skids (pieces of timber) about six inches thick. 1809W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 76 He had not a little the appearance of a beer barrel on skids. 1850Holtzapffel Turning III. 93 The block..is then mounted upon square pieces of wood called skids. 1859F. A. Griffiths Artil. Man. (1862) 63 There is..a skid, or transom, placed across the last step of the carriage.
b. One of a number of beams, or pieces of stone, on which a vessel is built, or placed during repair.
1856Illustr. Lond. News 2 Feb. 110/1 This [dry] dock..was 191 feet long on the stone skids at bottom. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 629 Skids,..beams resting on blocks, on which small craft are built. 1888Daily Telegr. 27 June 5/2 Boats which will float from their skids when waterborne.
c. Oil Industry. A skid beam (see sense 5 below).
1975Offshore Engin. Oct. 66/1 The order for the skids went to Hopson, Co Durham. 1976Offshore Platforms & Pipelining 20/2 Major items of drilling equipment represent skid sizes of available components.
2.
†a. A kind of sledge. Obs.
1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 182 You must have..a Kind of Skid or Sledge, upon which the tree is set a little leaning.
b. Naut. (See quot. 1750.)
α1743Bulkeley & Cummins Voy. S. Seas 8 There broke a Sea in the Ship, which..bilg'd the Cutter, and canted her off the Skeets [sic]..athwart the Barge. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780) D 2, The main skeeds, for hoisting in the boats clear of the ship's side. 1823W. Scoresby Jrnl. 303 It cleared all our boats, and occasioned only a trifling injury to some of the skeeds in its progress.
β1750T. R. Blanckley Naval Expos. 152 Skids are wooden Fenders fay'd on the Outside of the Ship, for the Conveniency of hoisting in Boats, Provisions, etc. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780), Skids, or Skeeds, are long compassing pieces of timber, formed so as to answer the vertical curve of a ship's side. 1846A. Young Naut. Dict. 284. 1893 J. A. Barry Steve Brown's Bunyip 92 The boats on the davits and the long-boat on the skids.
c. A plank or roller on which a heavy thing may be slid or pushed along.
1782‘J. H. St. John de Crèvecœur’ Lett. from Amer. Farmer iii. 110 The logs were placed with skids, and the usual contrivances: thus the rude house was raised. 1846Young Naut. Dict. 284 The name of Skids is also given to pieces of plank put under a vessel's bottom, for the purpose of launching her off when she has been driven ashore. 1848Bartlett Dict. Amer., Skid, a piece of light timber from ten to twenty feet in length, upon which heavier timber is rolled or slid from place to place. 1868Regul. Army ⁋1167 As it may become necessary to disembark without the aid of a platform, some strong skids not less than 15 feet long, should always be carried.
d. Lumbering. One of a set of peeled logs or timbers, partially sunk into the ground, and forming a roadway along or down which logs are drawn or slid; also, one of the logs forming a skidway (see 5). U.S.
1851Harper's Mag. III. 518 New skids are nicely peeled..and plentifully as well as calculatingly laid along the road. 1880Lumberman's Gaz. 14 Jan., Some of the lumber⁓men have from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 [logs] on the skids. 1893Atlantic Monthly Feb. 194/2 Then the load itself, three logs tandem,..slid over the greased skids with a gliding, majestic motion.
e. Coal-mining. (See quot.)
1883Gresley Gloss. Coal-m., Skids, slides or slippers upon which certain coal-cutting machines travel along the faces whilst at work.
f. A runner attached to the underside of an aircraft. Cf. tail skid, wing skid.
1909Aëronaut. Jrnl. XIII. 119/2 The tail of the machine rests on a small skid fixed to the frame. Ibid. 120/1 The wing tips are provided with light wheels and skids. 1909A. Berget Conquest of Air ii. iii. 194 The planes rest upon two skids which form a kind of sleigh. 1947A. C. Douglas Gliding & Advanced Soaring x. 259 Very close to the usual position of the release, will be the nose fitting of the skid. 1981‘A. Hall’ Pekin Target i. 11 We put the chopper down..on one skid and a rotor tip.
g. pl. In fig. phrases describing impending downfall or defeat; the way to failure or ruin: to put the skids under (a person or thing), to arrange the downfall of; to remove or oust (esp. from office), to get rid of; to cause to fail; to hit the skids, to enter a rapid decline or deterioration; on the skids, on the way to defeat or ruin; in a steadily worsening state. colloq. (orig. U.S.).
1918H. C. Witwer in Collier's 9 Mar. 16/3 Me and Jeanne is gonna have a flat over in Brooklyn as soon as we put the skids under the Kaiser. 1920― in Ibid. 5 June 36/3 Kane Halliday, as the butlers was wonted to announce him previous to the time he hit the skids, was merely engaged to this gold mine. 1921A. G. Empey Madonna of Hills lxi. 363 As yet it would be too dangerous to flaunt Davis openly, even if he was on the ‘skids’. 1929D. Hammett Red Harvest xii. 119 ‘What did Noonan put the skids under you for?’ ‘Skids? What skids? I quit.’ 1938A. J. Liebling Back where I came From 48 The men on the Bowery..had taken to hanging around saloons, drinking on empty stomachs. Eventually they had hit the skids and been forced to abscond from the genteel communities where their wives still lingered. 1943M. McCarthy Company she Keeps v. 128 Capitalism was on the skids, and everybody ought to know about it. 1954A. Melville in Plays of Year 1954 (1955) XI. 26 You're too pigheaded to realise that the skids are well and truly under you. 1962‘K. Orvis’ Damned & Destroyed ix. 61 I'm on the skids. For good, it looks like. 1975J. Symons Three Pipe Problem xvi. 165 A plan by one gang to put the skids under another. 1976Daily Mirror 12 Mar. 23/4 They were only 378p when the {pstlg} hit the skids a week ago. 1977Irish Press 29 Sept. 12/6 The Irish shoe industry, after being on the skids for six years, may be finding its feet again.
3. a. A device for locking the wheel of a vehicle or for retarding its motion in descending a hill or slope; esp. an iron shoe chained to the vehicle and placed in front of the wheel so as to be caught between it and the ground.
1766Compl. Farmer, Skid, the chain by which the wheel of a waggon is fastened, so as to prevent its turning round, upon descending a steep hill. 1824W. J. Burchell Trav. I. 151 The remschoen (lock-shoe or skid) is a log of wood..having a groove in it to receive the felly of the wheel. 1836Sir G. Head Home Tour 87 As the laden carriages are thus raised, an iron skid is attached to the last, to prevent accident. 1874M. Collins Transmigr. I. vi. 95 We began to descend a hill so steep that the skid was necessary.
transf.1866E. C. Rye Brit. Beetles 114 This development..acts as a ‘skid’ or ‘break’ upon the base of the elytra.
b. fig. or in fig. context. A retarding influence or agency.
1841Hood Tale of a Trumpet 591 Backsliding in spite of all moral skid. 1865Daily Telegr. 12 Apr. 6 It is for ever the function of Tories to be the skid, and not the wheel. 1874Slang Dict. 292 It is often said that a talkative person might put the skid on, with advantage to his listeners. 1884Contemp. Rev. Aug. 193 Legislation does not require to have a skid on the wheels continuously.
4. a. [From the vb.] An act of skidding; also, a side-slip.
1907A. Bennett Grim Smile of Five Towns 192 At the bottom they had a severe skid. 1933Kipling in Strand Mag. Feb. 131 The Cars put up an average bag of twenty dead per diem... And so began, in skid and stink, the real blood-sport of Britain. 1972‘H. Calvin’ Take Two Popes xi. 111 The cars touched gently at 100 kph, went into a skid together and slid on to the roadside verge.
b. Aeronaut. A movement of an aircraft that includes a sideways component, esp. away from the centre of curvature of a turn. Cf. slip n.3 9 j.
1916H. Barber Aeroplane Speaks 83 The velocity of the ‘skid’, or sideways movement. 1942Tee Emm (Air Ministry) II. 65 Do a quick barrel half roll with plenty of skid. 1952A. Y. Bramble Air-plane Flight xiii. 199 Some pilots use the term ‘slip’ loosely to mean a skid. It is important to note the difference. A side-slip may occur whilst flying straight or inwards during a turn, but ‘skidding’ of the machine can occur only during yawing motion, and strictly, is always in the direction outwards, away from the turn.
5. attrib. and Comb., as skid beam (see quot. 1846); also transf., a horizontal beam supporting a deck on an oil or natural gas platform; skid-lid slang, a motor-cyclist's crash-helmet; skid mark, the mark made on the road by the tyre of a skidding vehicle (usu. pl.); skid-mounted a., mounted on runners; skid-pan, (a) (see quot. 1838; (b) a slippery road surface prepared to enable drivers to practise skid-correction; also transf.; skid-proof a., of a road, etc.: on which one cannot skid or slip (esp. in wet conditions); designed to prevent skidding; hence as v. trans., to render skid-proof; skid road, (a) a way or track formed of skids (2 d) along which logs are hauled; (b) N. Amer., orig. a downtown area frequented by loggers; now gen. = skid row; skid-way (see quot. 1893); also, an inclined way formed of skids (2 d).
1846Young Naut. Dict. 290 Spar-deck properly signifies a temporary deck laid in any part of a vessel; and the beams whereon it rests get the name of *skid-beams. 1895Daily News 31 Jan. 6/2 Lifting the heavy boats into their positions on the skid-beams over the upper deck. 1976Offshore Platforms & Pipelining 23 The distance between skid beams is the first dimension to consider when designing a platform rig.
1958Oxf. Mail 8 Feb. 8/7 *Skid-lids' importance stressed. 1968R. V. Beste Repeat Instructions vii. 71 He wore the leather jacket and round skid-lid..usual to ton-up tearaways. 1977C. Watson One Man's Meat xiii. 120 This bird in motor-cycle get-up..with that great skid-lid hiding half her face.
1937M. Allingham Dancers in Mourning iv. 59 The *skid marks were easily discernible on the flint road. 1978M. Gilbert Empty House v. 47 There were no skid marks, which would..indicate that he made no attempt to brake.
1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 16 Feb. Suppl. 24/2 Being *skid-mounted, it can readily be moved to a new site. 1975Petroleum Rev. XXIX. 135/1 AOT will provide complete prefabricated skid mounted systems into which are built flowmeters, [etc.].
1838Holloway Prov. Dict., *Skid-pan, the iron, used to Skid with. 1884C.T.C. Monthly Gaz. Nov. 347/1 These roads being composed of soft stone, and all waggons coming down with skidpans on. 1958Times 17 June 9/6 On the skid pan (which is equivalent to a road covered with wet ice). 1959News Chron. 12 Oct. 1/4 Rain turned many roads into skid-pans and caused hundreds of accidents. 1972C. Mudie Motor Boats & Boating 108 The control of a car is exact and direct whereas a boat is on the skid pan of the sea. 1976Norwich Mercury 17 Dec. 10/3 This thrilling game played at a terrific pace..on a greasy treacherous skidpan at Skinners Lane on Saturday. 1980Sunday Times (Colour Suppl.) 21 Sept. 58/2 The first days of the course are instruction in evasive driving, done on a nearby skidpan.
1937Daily Express 20 Feb. 10/2 Some roads are practically *skid-proof, others not. 1958Washington Post 25 Oct. b10/1 To skidproof concrete porch steps, it has long been the custom to sprinkle sand on freshly painted surfaces.
18807th Rep. Topogr. Surv. Adirondack Reg. 176 Advised that lumbermen had cut ‘*skid-roads’ on which logs were drawn [etc.]. 1906Log of ‘Columbia’ i. 8/1 ‘We'll likely see him in town.’.. ‘He'll be in the Skid road somewhere.’ 1925Amer. Speech I. 135 When the logger of to-day speaks of the ‘skid-road’ he means the place where loggers gather when they are in town. 1940Amer. Mercury Dec. 412 Most of the skid-road bars provide either a floor show..or a hill-billy band. 1962E. Lucia Klondike Kate iii. 98 Arriving in Dawson like some little tramp from Seattle's Skid Road. 1971Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 15 May 5/5 Young heroin users are replacing the Skid Road addicts in British Columbia. 1980Washington Post 1 Mar. a13/4 In Seattle, where the ‘Skid Row’ term originated ‘from flophouses built along the ‘Skid Road’ of lumber being ‘skidded’ to the water front’, reminders of that age remain.
1879Lumberman's Gaz. 24 Dec. 9 The *skidways through the woods are piled full of logs. 1893Scribner's Mag. June 707/1 The skidway consists of two logs or timbers about ten feet apart, laid perpendicular to the log-road.., upon which a tier of logs is placed ready to be loaded on the sleighs.
Hence ˈskidded a., provided with a skid or skids.
1935Charlottesville (Va.) Daily Progress 22 Feb. 1/1 He streaked off into the stratosphere at dawn today on a 2,447 mile flight to New York City where he planned to land on the wood skidded belly of the ship. 1961Flight LXXX. 471/2 The lift platform was variously adjusted to handle simple cargo, general ‘skidded’ cargo and fully loaded vehicles.
▸ skid mark n. (b) something resembling a skid mark made by a vehicle; spec. (slang) a faecal stain, esp. on underwear.
1968B. Humphries Wonderful World Barry McKenzie (cartoon caption) Me old man [read ma] would have a stroke if she knew I'd passed out with *skid marks on me Y-fronts! 1987K. Lette Girls' Night Out (1989) 144 With an air of contrived casualness, Soula started to tidy up the room, pausing briefly by the mirror to pat her hair and remove the skidmarks of mascara beneath her eyes. 1992I. Banks Crow Road (1993) vii. 160 You are a skid-mark on the lavatory bowl of life. But I respect you for it. 2000Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Nov. 282/2 So no more underwear with skid marks all over the apartment.
▪ II. skid
(snow-shoe): see ski.
▪ III. skid, v.1|skɪd|
[f. skid n.]
1. a. trans. To apply or fasten a skid or brake to (a wheel) in order to retard its motion; to lock (a wheel) in this way.
1674Ray S. & E.C. Words 77 To Skid a wheel: Rotam sufflaminare, with an iron hook fastned to the Axis to keep it from turning round upon the descent of a steep hill, Kent. [Hence in later Dicts.]. 1859Dickens T. Two Cities i. ii, The guard got down to skid the wheel for the descent. 1860Proc. Inst. Civ. Engineers XIX. 495 If it is required to put on the breaks harder, and to skid the wheels. 1879Man. Artill. Exerc. 133 In order that the wheels may be skidded when necessary to check the recoil.
b. To push or drag (a person) along.
1881Times 2 Feb. 4/5 He was skidded along in front of the wheel of the cab.
2. Lumbering. To haul (logs) on or along skids; to pile or place on a skid-way. Also absol.
1878Lumberman's Gaz. 6 Apr., Not one-fifth of the logs cut and skidded..have been banked. Ibid. 18 Dec. 426 Operators have been cutting and skidding for the past thirty or forty days. 1888Scribner's Mag. Dec. 655/2 The logs are then ‘skidded’ by horses or oxen into skidways.
3. a. intr. Of a wheel: To slip or be dragged along without revolving, esp. as the effect of having a skid or brake applied to it.
1838Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 160/2 An engine always gets through its work better upon a wet day than a dry one... It is true, the wheels skid more. 1854Trans. Philol. Soc. 84 A roller skids, when in a sharp turn it cuts up the turf. 1894A. Robertson Nuggets, etc. 200 We..would suddenly skid, with the break on, down a steep hill.
transf.1862F. W. Jacomb in Peaks, Passes, & Glac. Ser. ii. I. 244 We left at noon, and glissaded down the slopes to the Maison Blanche again. Mr. Mathews..skidded down with all his wonted agility.
b. To slip obliquely or sideways, esp. owing to the muddy, wet, or dusty state of the road; to side-slip. Usually said of cycle or motor-car wheels, but also of horse-vehicles or persons. Also, of the vehicle itself.
1884Pall Mall G. 12 May 10/2 While the steam-engine..was on its way to the fire the wheels ‘skidded’ against the kerb. 1886C.T.C. Gaz. IV. 137 Enough weight on the steering-wheel to prevent it skidding at all. 1892Liverpool Daily Post 4 July, The back wheel of their machine skidded, throwing the lady under the vehicle. 1907G. B. Shaw in Neolith Nov. 3 ‘The bus skidded.’ ‘So would any bus skid in this mud, going at that rate.’ 1926E. F. Spanner Naviators i. 13 A car that looks as though it is going straight can be dodged, but one that skids about like a demented dog chasing its tail is not to be faced with assurance. 1927Kipling Limits & Renewals (1932) 159 It was raining hard, and the car skidded badly. 1966G. Greene Comedians III. iii. 280 The car because of my momentary inattention skidded sideways.
c. Aeronaut. Of an aircraft: to move sideways, esp. away from the centre of curvature while turning. Cf. slip v.1 9 c.
1911Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) (Mag. Section) 9 Apr. 9/5 If the rag points up, the operator knows his machine is going down..but if it points to the side, the operator knows he is ‘skidding’. 1916H. Barber Aeroplane Speaks 22 When an aeroplane is turned to the left or the right the centrifugal force of its momentum causes it to skid sideways and outwards away from the centre of the turn. 1942R.A.F. Jrnl. 3 Oct. 35 He lost speed suddenly and skidded to the starboard. 1965C. N. Van Deventer Introd. Gen. Aeronaut. x. 233/2 If the ball moves in the direction of the turn, it indicates that the airplane is slipping toward the inside of the turn... If the ball moves in the opposite direction, the airplane is skidding toward the outside of the turn.
d. fig. To follow an incorrect or unprofitable course; to make a mistake, to err or fail. Also of prices, etc.: to fall or decline rapidly. colloq. (chiefly U.S.).
1920Literary Digest 22 May 120 Time was when the unsuccessful man merely failed, but these days, in a world scurrying about in motor-cars and breathing gasoline, he is said to ‘skid’. 1937G. Frankau More of Us vi. 67 Next morning woke a damsel heavy-lidded To wonder had she not, or had she, skidded. 1962K. Orvis Damned & Destroyed iv. 29 He had skidded until he had become merely a brilliant young pianist. 1970Computers & Humanities V. 11 Alabama Populists..tended mainly to be unsuccessful yeoman farmers who were skidding toward tenancy. 1976National Observer (U.S.) 21 Aug. 8/6 A good investment..if some unforeseen misfortune causes currencies to skid.
4. trans. To cause (a vehicle, its wheels, etc.) to skid; to turn (a corner, etc.) by means of a skidding movement.
1924‘J. Sutherland’ Circle of Stars xxiii. 238 Carter skidded the Ford to a standstill. 1928Sunday Express 19 Aug. 1/1 Viscount Curzon..was cheered as he skilfully skidded the corners. 1931G. Le Q. Martel In Wake of Tank 84 A turn through to a right angle absorbed so much power in skidding the track round that it was usually necessary to change down to first gear on the machine.
Hence ˈskidder, (a) , a lumberman who hauls logs along the skids to the skidway; (b) a tractor or other machine for skidding logs; ˈskidding ppl. a.
1870Overland Monthly V. 56/1 Another, called the ‘skidder’, skids the road. 1883in Cent. Dict., The skidders haul the logs to the pile. 1897Daily News 31 Dec. 3/1 Skidding 'buses, and the fog silence. 1905[see bummer 4]. 1945B. MacDonald Egg & I (1946) 184 These toots were the signals given by the ‘whistle punk’ to direct the operations of the skidder bringing in the logs. 1965Weekend Mag. 2 Oct. 3/3 Then it lays the denuded trunk on the ground and another machine, called ‘a skidder’, takes it to a landing area where it is cut into pulpwood lengths. 1976New Yorker 3 May 52/2 The skidder, which vaguely resembles a pair of tractors coupled together..replaced the horse not long ago as the means of ‘twitching’ a tree..from the cutter to the truck.
▪ IV. skid, v.2 rare.|skɪd|
[variant of scud v.1]
1. intr. To run or go quickly, to scud. Also, = scud v.1 2.
1815F. Burney Diary (1876) IV. lxiv. 311 They ran skidding down the aisle of the chapel..like frightened hares. 1891Kipling Barrack-room Ballads, Screw Guns i, You can skid up the trees, but you don't get away from the guns! 1940L. MacNeice Last Ditch 32 Toy sail skidding on Whitestone Pond at the peak of London.
2. trans. = scud v.1 5 a.
1891in Eng. Dial. Dict. 1897G. B. Shaw Let. 1 Mar. in Ellen Terry & Shaw (1931) 159 Get ten sovereigns and skid them out from the beach into the sea. |